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Azzini E, Peña-Corona SI, Hernández-Parra H, Chandran D, Saleena LAK, Sawikr Y, Peluso I, Dhumal S, Kumar M, Leyva-Gómez G, Martorell M, Sharifi-Rad J, Calina D. Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin in Alzheimer's disease: Targeting neuroinflammation strategies. Phytother Res 2024; 38:3169-3189. [PMID: 38616356 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, leading to neuronal loss. Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound derived from Curcuma longa, has shown potential neuroprotective effects due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This review aims to synthesize current preclinical data on the anti-neuroinflammatory mechanisms of curcumin in the context of AD, addressing its pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and potential as a therapeutic adjunct. An exhaustive literature search was conducted, focusing on recent studies within the last 10 years related to curcumin's impact on neuroinflammation and its neuroprotective role in AD. The review methodology included sourcing articles from specialized databases using specific medical subject headings terms to ensure precision and relevance. Curcumin demonstrates significant neuroprotective properties by modulating neuroinflammatory pathways, scavenging reactive oxygen species, and inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Despite its potential, challenges remain regarding its limited bioavailability and the scarcity of comprehensive human clinical trials. Curcumin emerges as a promising therapeutic adjunct in AD due to its multimodal neuroprotective benefits. However, further research is required to overcome challenges related to bioavailability and to establish effective dosing regimens in human subjects. Developing novel delivery systems and formulations may enhance curcumin's therapeutic potential in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Azzini
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), Rome, Italy
| | - Sheila I Peña-Corona
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Héctor Hernández-Parra
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Deepak Chandran
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Amrita School of Agricultural Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - Yousef Sawikr
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine University of Ajdabiya, Ajdabiya, Libya
| | - Ilaria Peluso
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), Rome, Italy
| | - Sangram Dhumal
- Division of Horticulture, RCSM College of Agriculture, Kolhapur, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
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Matthewman C, Krishnakumar IM, Swick AG. Review: bioavailability and efficacy of 'free' curcuminoids from curcumagalactomannoside (CGM) curcumin formulation. Nutr Res Rev 2024; 37:14-31. [PMID: 36655498 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422423000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The golden spice turmeric with its main bioactive component curcumin is one of the most popular and extensively studied nutraceuticals. Despite numerous pre-clinical studies reporting positive pharmacodynamics of turmeric extracts and curcumin, the main issues in translating the pharmacological effects to clinical efficacy have been to overcome its poor pharmacokinetics and to deliver significant amounts of the biologically relevant forms of the actives to various tissues. This review is aimed at providing a first critical evaluation of the current published literature with the novel curcumagalactomannoside (CGM) formulation of curcumin using fenugreek galactomannan dietary fibre, specifically designed to address curcumin poor pharmacokinetics. We describe CGM and its technology as a food-grade formulation to deliver 'free' unconjugated curcuminoids with enhanced bioavailability and improved pharmacokinetic properties. The therapeutic relevance of improving bioavailability of 'free' curcuminoids and some of the technical challenges in the measurement of the 'free' form of curcuminoids in plasma and tissues are also discussed. A total of twenty-six manuscripts are reviewed here, including fourteen pre-clinical and twelve clinical studies that have investigated CGM pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy in various animal models and human conditions. Overall current scientific evidence suggests CGM formulation has improved bioavailability and tissue distribution of the biologically relevant unconjugated forms of turmeric actives called 'free' curcuminoids that may be responsible for the superior clinical outcomes reported with CGM treatments in comparison with unformulated standard curcumin across multiple studies.
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Das SS, Gopal PM, Thomas JV, Mohan MC, Thomas SC, Maliakel BP, Krishnakumar IM, Pulikkaparambil Sasidharan BC. Influence of CurQfen ®-curcumin on cognitive impairment: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, 3-arm, 3-sequence comparative study. FRONTIERS IN DEMENTIA 2023; 2:1222708. [PMID: 39081970 PMCID: PMC11285547 DOI: 10.3389/frdem.2023.1222708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Background Although curcumin is a blood-brain-barrier permeable molecule with the ability to bind and segregate β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, its poor oral bioavailability, rapid biotransformation to inactive metabolites, fast elimination from the systemic circulation, and hence the poor neuronal uptake has been limiting its clinical efficacy under neurodegenerative conditions. Objective We hypothesized that the highly bioavailable CurQfen-curcumin (CGM), which has been shown to possess significant blood-brain-barrier permeability and brain bioavailability, would ameliorate dementia in neurodegenerative conditions. Methods In the present double-blinded placebo-controlled 3-arm 3-sequence comparative study, 48 subjects characterized with moderate dementia due to the onset of Alzheimer's disease were randomized into three groups (N = 16/group) and supplemented with 400 mg × 2/day of either placebo (MCC), unformulated standard curcumin complex with 95% purity (USC), or CGM as a sachet for six months. The relative changes in cognitive and locomotor functions and biochemical markers were compared. Results Supplementation with CGM produced significant (P < 0.05) improvement in the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale (GLFS) scores in both intra- and inter-group comparison by 2 × 2 repeated measures (RM) ANOVA. Further, analysis of the serum levels of specific biomarkers (BDNF, Aβ42, tau protein, IL-6, and TNF-α) also revealed a significant (P < 0.05) improvement among CGM subjects as compared to placebo and the USC groups. Conclusion Supplementation with CGM as sachet was found to offer significant delay in the progress of Alzheimer's disease, as evident from the improvements in locomotive and cognitive functions related to dementia. Clinical trial registration http://ctri.nic.in, identifier: CTRI/2018/03/012410.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Syam Das
- Akay Natural Ingredients, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Prasad M. Gopal
- Alzheimer's and Related Disorders Society of India, Kochi, Kerala, India
- Centre for Neuroscience, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Jestin V. Thomas
- Leads Clinical Research & Bio Services Private Limited, Bengaluru, India
| | - Mohind C. Mohan
- Centre for Neuroscience, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Siju C. Thomas
- Alzheimer's and Related Disorders Society of India, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | | | | | - Baby Chakrapani Pulikkaparambil Sasidharan
- Centre for Neuroscience, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, India
- Centre for Excellence in Neurodegeneration and Brain Health, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Louis M, Balakrishnan A, Joseph A, Shanmughan P, Maliakel B, Illathu Madhavamenon K. Two-Stage Supramolecular Self-Assembly-Directed Collagen-Peptide-Decorated Liposomal Complexes of Curcumin Microspheres with Enhanced Solubility and Bioavailability. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:26243-26252. [PMID: 37521668 PMCID: PMC10372937 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Green formulations of phytonutrients with enhanced solubility and bioavailability are of great significance in nutrition therapy. In the present contribution, we hypothesized that the collagen peptides could be a safe, natural, food-grade, and cost-effective functional agent for the surface decoration and stabilization of liposomes in powder form and hence a "green" solution for the oral delivery of phytonutrients. The present study reports a two-stage supramolecular self-assembly-directed process for the preparation of collagen peptide-decorated liposomal complexes of curcumin (CCL) [10% (w/w)] as microspheres (125 ± 25 μm) with improved solubility (1.46 × 105-fold) and sustained-release properties under gastrointestinal pH conditions. The molecular self-assembly of collagen peptides around the lipid bilayers and the various noncovalent interactions and conformational changes leading to the supramolecular assembly to act as a matrix for the encapsulation of lipid vesicles of curcumin were clear from the spectroscopic studies (UV-vis, fluorescence, FTIR, and circular dichroism). Further investigation of pharmacokinetics following a randomized double-blinded controlled trial on healthy volunteers (n = 15) demonstrated that the oral administration of 2.5 g of CCL sachet (250 mg of curcumin) enhanced the plasma concentration (Cmax: 118 vs. 4.3 ng/mL), the elimination half-life (4.2 vs. 0.7 h), and bioavailability as per the area under the curve over 12 h [AUC0-12h (CCL) = 506·8 vs. AUC0-12h (C95) = 9.47 (53-fold)], when the plasma concentration of curcumin was estimated with triple quadruple tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS).
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Hegde M, Girisa S, BharathwajChetty B, Vishwa R, Kunnumakkara AB. Curcumin Formulations for Better Bioavailability: What We Learned from Clinical Trials Thus Far? ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:10713-10746. [PMID: 37008131 PMCID: PMC10061533 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin has been credited with a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties for the prevention and treatment of several chronic diseases such as arthritis, autoimmune diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hemoglobinopathies, hypertension, infectious diseases, inflammation, metabolic syndrome, neurological diseases, obesity, and skin diseases. However, due to its weak solubility and bioavailability, it has limited potential as an oral medication. Numerous factors including low water solubility, poor intestinal permeability, instability at alkaline pH, and fast metabolism contribute to curcumin's limited oral bioavailability. In order to improve its oral bioavailability, different formulation techniques such as coadministration with piperine, incorporation into micelles, micro/nanoemulsions, nanoparticles, liposomes, solid dispersions, spray drying, and noncovalent complex formation with galactomannosides have been investigated with in vitro cell culture models, in vivo animal models, and humans. In the current study, we extensively reviewed clinical trials on various generations of curcumin formulations and their safety and efficacy in the treatment of many diseases. We also summarized the dose, duration, and mechanism of action of these formulations. We have also critically reviewed the advantages and limitations of each of these formulations compared to various placebo and/or available standard care therapies for these ailments. The highlighted integrative concept embodied in the development of next-generation formulations helps to minimize bioavailability and safety issues with least or no adverse side effects and the provisional new dimensions presented in this direction may add value in the prevention and cure of complex chronic diseases.
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Athira K, Syam Das S, Swick A, Krishnakumar IM, Abdul Vahab A. Oral bioavailability and neuroprotective effect of a novel food-grade formulation of fisetin using fenugreek-galactomannan hydrogel scaffolds. PHARMANUTRITION 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2023.100329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Sravani AB, Mathew EM, Ghate V, Lewis SA. A Sensitive Spectrofluorimetric Method for Curcumin Analysis. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:1517-1527. [PMID: 35526207 PMCID: PMC9080346 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-02947-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin (CUR), a natural polyphenolic compound extracted from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa, is used as a pharmaceutical agent, spice in food, and as a dye. Currently, CUR is being investigated for cancer treatment in Phase-II clinical trials. CUR also possesses excellent activities like anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-oxidant, therefore quality control is crucial. The present research work was to develop a new, simple, validated and time-saving rapid 96-well plate spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of CUR. The developed method was compared with routinely used high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. The developed method were found to be linear in the concentration range of 15 to 3900 ng/mL with R2 ≥ 0.9983 for spectrofluorimetric and 50-7500 ng/mL with R2 ≥ 0.9999 for HPLC method. Accuracy, intraday and interday precision was adequate, with RSD lower than the suggested limits. The limits for the detection and the quantification of CUR were 7 and 15 ng/mL for spectrofluorimetric, and 25 and 50 ng/mL for HPLC respectively. The Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated the similarities between the two methods. The 96-well plate method was successfully applied to determine CUR in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and chitosan nanoparticles (Chi-NPs). The developed spectrofluorimetric method can hence serve as a possible replacement for the HPLC method for the quantification of CUR in healthcare and food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Boyina Sravani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), 576104, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Elizabeth Mary Mathew
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Vivek Ghate
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), 576104, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Shaila A Lewis
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), 576104, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
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Joseph A, Balakrishnan A, Shanmughan P, Maliakel B, Illathu Madhavamenon K. Micelle/Hydrogel Composite as a "Natural Self-Emulsifying Reversible Hybrid Hydrogel (N'SERH)" Enhances the Oral Bioavailability of Free (Unconjugated) Resveratrol. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:12835-12845. [PMID: 35474815 PMCID: PMC9026114 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The poor oral bioavailability, rapid biotransformation to less active metabolites, and fast elimination from systemic circulation have been identified as the major limitations responsible for the clinical insignificance of many drug candidates and phytonutrients. Despite the technological advancements in the nanoformulations of synthetic drugs, there exist many challenges for nutritional therapy, due to the regulatory issues, use of high levels of synthetic emulsifiers and polymers, low stability, low loading levels, mainly liquid state, etc. Herein, we report the characterization and human pharmacokinetics of a natural self-emulsifying hybrid-hydrogel formulation of trans-resveratrol prepared by uniformly impregnating resveratrol micelles into the fenugreek galactomannan hydrogel scaffold to form a water-soluble micelle/hydrogel composite in powder form (RF-20). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size analysis by dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated the uniform impregnation of resveratrol micelles within the galactomannan hydrogel matrix to form a soluble (average particle size of 172.0 ± 10.4 nm and -21.0 ± 2.5 mV zeta potential) and amorphous powder form with smooth and translucent surface morphology for RF-20, with no chemical alterations. Upon pharmacokinetic studies on healthy human subjects (n = 16) following a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, 2-arm, 4-sequence crossover design and tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS), 80 mg of trans-resveratrol from RF-20 provided enhanced free resveratrol bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties compared to the unformulated resveratrol with 98% purity. The enhancement in bioavailability was more when supplemented in sachet (12.98-fold) form than the capsule (10.48-fold) with improved absorption (C max = 50.97 ± 15.82 ng/mL), circulation half-life (t 1/2 = 7.01 ± 1.44 h), and sustained delivery (T max = 4.71 ± 0.73 h), as compared to the unformulated form (C max = 15.07 ± 5.10 ng/mL; t 1/2 = 1.58 ± 0.65 h; T max = 1.21 ± 0.42 h).
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Banik K, Khatoon E, Hegde M, Thakur KK, Puppala ER, Naidu VGM, Kunnumakkara AB. A novel bioavailable curcumin-galactomannan complex modulates the genes responsible for the development of chronic diseases in mice: A RNA sequence analysis. Life Sci 2021; 287:120074. [PMID: 34687757 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic diseases or non-communicable diseases are a major burden worldwide due to the lack of highly efficacious treatment modalities and the serious side effects associated with the available therapies. PURPOSE/STUDY DESIGN A novel self-emulsifying formulation of curcumin with fenugreek galactomannan hydrogel scaffold as a water-dispersible non-covalent curcumin-galactomannan molecular complex (curcumagalactomannosides, CGM) has shown better bioavailability than curcumin and can be used for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. However, the exact potential of this formulation has not been studied, which would pave the way for its use for the prevention and treatment of multiple chronic diseases. METHODS The whole transcriptome analysis (RNAseq) was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the liver tissues of mice treated with LPS to investigate the potential of CGM on the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Expression analysis using DESeq2 package, GO, and pathway analysis of the differentially expressed transcripts was performed using UniProtKB and KEGG-KAAS server. RESULTS The results showed that 559 genes differentially expressed between the liver tissue of control mice and CGM treated mice (100 mg/kg b.wt. for 14 days), with adjusted p-value below 0.05, of which 318 genes were significantly upregulated and 241 were downregulated. Further analysis showed that 33 genes which were upregulated (log2FC > 8) in the disease conditions were significantly downregulated, and 32 genes which were downregulated (log2FC < -8) in the disease conditions were significantly upregulated after the treatment with CGM. CONCLUSION Overall, our study showed CGM has high potential in the prevention and treatment of multiple chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Banik
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India; DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Elina Khatoon
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India; DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Mangala Hegde
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India; DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Krishan Kumar Thakur
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India; DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Eswara Rao Puppala
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Educational Research (NIPER) Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - V G M Naidu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Educational Research (NIPER) Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India; DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India.
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Mechanistic Insight into the Effects of Curcumin on Neuroinflammation-Driven Chronic Pain. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080777. [PMID: 34451874 PMCID: PMC8397941 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a persistent and unremitting condition that has immense effects on patients' quality of life. Studies have shown that neuroinflammation is associated with the induction and progression of chronic pain. The activation of microglia and astrocytes is the major hallmark of spinal neuroinflammation leading to neuronal excitability in the projection neurons. Excessive activation of microglia and astrocytes is one of the major contributing factors to the exacerbation of pain. However, the current chronic pain treatments, mainly by targeting the neuronal cells, remain ineffective and unable to meet the patients' needs. Curcumin, a natural plant product found in the Curcuma genus, improves chronic pain by diminishing the release of inflammatory mediators from the spinal glia. This review details the role of curcumin in microglia and astrocytes both in vitro and in vivo and how it improves pain. We also describe the mechanism of curcumin by highlighting the major glia-mediated cascades in pain. Moreover, the role of curcumin on inflammasome and epigenetic regulation is discussed. Furthermore, we discuss the strategies used to improve the efficacy of curcumin. This review illustrates that curcumin modulating microglia and astrocytes could assure the treatment of chronic pain by suppressing spinal neuroinflammation.
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Ege D. Action Mechanisms of Curcumin in Alzheimer's Disease and Its Brain Targeted Delivery. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14123332. [PMID: 34208692 PMCID: PMC8234049 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AD is a chronic neurodegenerative disease. Many different signaling pathways, such as Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, ROS/JNK, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR are involved in Alzheimer’s disease and crosstalk between themselves. A promising treatment involves the uses of flavonoids, and one of the most promising is curcumin; however, because it has difficulty permeating the blood–brain barrier (BBB), it must be encapsulated by a drug carrier. Some of the most frequently studied are lipid nanocarriers, liposomes, micelles and PLGA. These carriers are further conjugated with brain-targeting agents such as lactoferrin and transferrin. In this review paper, curcumin and its therapeutic effects, which have been examined in vivo, are analyzed and then the delivery systems to the brain are addressed. Overall, the analysis of the literature revealed great potential for curcumin in treating AD and indicated the challenges that require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Ege
- Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Rasathane Cd, Kandilli Campus, Istanbul 34684, Turkey
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12
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Pancholi V, Smina TP, Kunnumakkara AB, Maliakel B, Krishnakumar IM. Safety assessment of a highly bioavailable curcumin-galactomannoside complex (CurQfen) in healthy volunteers, with a special reference to the recent hepatotoxic reports of curcumin supplements: A 90-days prospective study. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1255-1264. [PMID: 34195017 PMCID: PMC8233102 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CGM did not cause adverse effects or significant variations in clinical parameters. Liver and renal function markers were in normal range after CGM supplementation. CGM was proved to be devoid of adjuvants, synthetic curcumin and contaminants. CGM has 100 % natural clean label status comprising vegan, allergen-free ingredients.
Recently, there is a growing concern about the use of curcumin supplements owing to a few reported hepatotoxicity related adverse events among some of the long-term consumers. Even though no clear evidence was elucidated for the suspected toxicity, the addition of adjuvants that inhibits body’s essential detoxification pathways, adulteration with synthetic curcumin, and presence of contaminants including heavy metals, chromate, illegal dyes, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, and pyrrole alkaloids were suggested as plausible reasons. Considering these incidences and speculations, there is a need to critically evaluate the safety of curcumin supplements for prolonged intake. The present study is an evaluation of the safety of curcumin-galactomannoside complex (CGM), a highly bioavailable curcumin formulation with demonstrated high free curcuminoids delivery. Twenty healthy human volunteers were evaluated for toxic manifestations of CGM when supplemented with 1000 mg per day (∼380 mg curcuminoids) for 90-days. CGM supplementation did not cause any adverse effects or clinically significant variations in the vital signs, hematological parameters, lipid profile and renal function markers of the volunteers, indicating its safety. Liver function enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and bilirubin were in the normal range after 90-day supplementation of CGM. In summary, no adverse effects were observed under the conditions of the study. CGM can be considered as a safe curcumin supplement for regular consumption and is devoid of any adulterants or contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhavi Pancholi
- Department of General Medicine, Medistar Hospital & Research Center, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Balu Maliakel
- R&D Centre, Akay Natural Ingredients, Cochin, Kerala, India
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Kannan RG, Abhilash MB, Dinesh K, Syam DS, Balu M, Sibi I, Krishnakumar IM. Brain regional pharmacokinetics following the oral administration of curcumagalactomannosides and its relation to cognitive function. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:1928-1939. [PMID: 33877014 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1913951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Though a number of bioavailable formulations of curcuminoids have been reported and available commercially as nutraceuticals for brain health, systematic informations on their blood-brain-barrier permeability and brain tissue distribution have not been reported. The present study was aimed to investigate the brain regional pharmacokinetics of curcuminoids following both single dose and repeated dose oral administration of a self-emulsifying food-grade formulation of curcuminoids using fenugreek galactomannan hydrogel scaffold as 'curcumagalactomannosides' (CGM), and its influence on cognitive functions in comparison with unformulated natural curcuminoids (NC) in Wistar rats. METHODS CGM was given to animals in single dose (100 mg curcuminoids/kg b. wt.) and repeated dose (100 mg curcuminoids/kg b. wt. for 28 days) and the concentration of total curcuminoids at various parts of brain was evaluated at different time points using Ultra-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization triple quadruple tandem mass spectroscopy (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) system. Another set of animals were also fed with CGM at single dose (100 mg curcuminoids/kg b. wt.) and repeated dose (100 mg curcuminoids/kg b. wt. for 28 days) and the behavioural studies were conducted using open field test and radial arm maze. RESULTS UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analyses of plasma revealed significant absorption of unconjugated (free) curcuminoids upon both single and repeated dose administration of CGM with maximum concentrations of 173.34 ± 27.12 ng/mL and 223.22 ± 32.73 ng/mL, respectively. Further analysis of brain tissues demonstrated significant blood-brain-barrier permeability. Brain regional pharmacokinetics (AUC, Cmax and t1/2) indicated a relative distribution order of hippocampus > striatum > cerebellum > cerebral cortex > brain stem. Supplementation of CGM for 28 days also offered significant (p < 0.05) improvement in locomotor activity and reduction in spatial memory errors as compared to NC. The NC treatment also improved the behaviour better than the vehicle-treated group. CONCLUSION CGM could distribute significant amount of free curcuminoids, in brain especially in the hippocampus at both single and repeated dose administration with an elimination half-life of 2.6 h. CGM also showed a positive impact in behaviour of animals in comparison with normal unformulated curcuminoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramalingam G Kannan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India
| | | | - Kumar Dinesh
- Akay Natural Ingredients, R&D Centre, Cochin, India
| | - Das S Syam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kerala, India
| | | | - Ittiyavirah Sibi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India
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Abhilash MB, Kumar D, Deepti A, Nair A, Greet V, An-Katrien V, Mieke VDD, Das Sivadasan S, Maliakel B, Chakrapani PS B, Illathu Madhavamenon K. Enhanced absorption of curcuminoids and 3-Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid from fenugreek galactomannan hydrogel beadlets: A natural approach to the co-delivery of lipophilic phytonutrients. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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15
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Khanna A, Das S S, Kannan R, Swick AG, Matthewman C, Maliakel B, Ittiyavirah SP, Krishnakumar IM. The effects of oral administration of curcumin-galactomannan complex on brain waves are consistent with brain penetration: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 25:1240-1249. [PMID: 33295851 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1853410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OVERVIEW A novel highly bioavailable curcumin-galactomannan (CGM) formulation was shown to have improved blood-brain-barrier (BBB) permeability of free curcuminoids in animal models; however, this has not been established in humans. The present study was conducted to determine the functional effects of CGM on brain waves in healthy individuals, owing to its BBB permeability. METHODS A total of 18 healthy volunteers aged 35-65 were randomly assigned to consume 500 mg CGM, Unformulated curcumin (UC) or Placebo capsules twice daily for 30 days. Electroencephalogram (EEG) measurements, audio-visual reaction time tests and a working memory test were conducted at baseline and after 30 days. RESULTS Supplementation of CGM resulted in a significant increase in α- and β-waves (p < 0.05) as well as a significant reduction in α/β ratio in comparison with unformulated curcumin and placebo groups. Furthermore, the CGM showed significant reduction in the audio-reaction time (29.8 %; p < 0.05) in comparison with placebo and 24.6% (p < 0.05) with unformulated curcumin. The choice-based visual-reaction time was also significantly decreased (36%) in CGM as compared to unformulated curcumin and placebo which produced 15.36% and 5.2% respectively. CONCLUSION The observed increase in α and β waves and reduction in α/β ratio in the CGM group suggest that CGM can influence the brain waves in healthy subjects in a manner consistent with penetration of the blood-brain-barrier. The EEG results correlated with improved audio-visual and working memory tests which further support the role of CGM on memory improvements and fatigue reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Khanna
- Aman Hospital and Research Centre, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Syam Das S
- R&D Centre, Akay Natural Ingredients, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - R Kannan
- School of Pharmacy, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | | | | | - Balu Maliakel
- R&D Centre, Akay Natural Ingredients, Cochin, Kerala, India
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16
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Thomas JV, Smina TP, Khanna A, Kunnumakkara AB, Maliakel B, Mohanan R, Krishnakumar IM. Influence of a low-dose supplementation of curcumagalactomannoside complex (CurQfen) in knee osteoarthritis: A randomized, open-labeled, active-controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res 2020; 35:1443-1455. [PMID: 33210408 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A 6-week, randomized, open-label, active-controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the influence of a low-dose curcumagalactomannosides (CGM) (400 mg once daily) in OA subjects. The treatment was compared with a standard combination of 500 mg glucosamine hydrochloride (GLN) and 415 mg chondroitin sulphate (CHN), supplied as a single oral dose twice a day. Out of 84 subjects randomized, 72 subjects who have completed the study were evaluated for the safety and efficacy of the treatments at baseline and subsequent visits (day 28 and 42), by measuring walking performance, VAS, KPS, and WOMAC scores. CGM exhibited 47.02, 21.43, and 206% improvement in VAS, KPS, and walking performance, respectively, compared to the baseline. Similarly, there was 31.17, 32.93, 36.44, and 35% improvement in the pain, stiffness, physical function, and total WOMAC scores. CGM also caused a substantial reduction in the serum inflammatory marker levels. The results indicate that a short-term supplementation of a low dosage CGM exerted superior beneficial effects than a high-dosage CHN-GLN combination in alleviating the pain and symptoms of OA subjects. Further clinical trials of extended duration in a larger population is required to substantiate the efficacy of CGM in the long-term management of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jestin V Thomas
- Leads Clinical Research & Bio Services Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India
| | | | - Aman Khanna
- Aman Hospital and Research Center, Vadodara, India
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
| | - Balu Maliakel
- R&D Centre, Akay Natural Ingredients Pvt. Ltd., Cochin, India
| | - Ratheesh Mohanan
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Thomas College, Pala, Kottayam, India
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Khanna A, Das SS, Smina TP, Thomas JV, Kunnumakkara AB, Maliakel B, Krishnakumar IM, Mohanan R. Curcumagalactomannoside/Glucosamine Combination Improved Joint Health Among Osteoarthritic Subjects as Compared to Chondroitin Sulfate/Glucosamine: Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Study. J Altern Complement Med 2020; 26:945-955. [PMID: 32678677 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2020.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: A combination of curcumagalactomannosides (CGM) (400 mg) with glucosamine hydrochloride (GLN) (500 mg) was evaluated against a standard dietary supplement combination chondroitin sulfate (CHN) (415 mg)/GLN (500 mg) for their effectiveness in alleviating the pain and symptoms among osteoarthritic subjects. Design: Randomized, double-blinded and active-controlled study. Settings/Location: The study was conducted in a hospital-based research center in Vadodara, Gujarat, India. Subjects: Eighty subjects (38 males and 42 females), with confirmed osteoarthritis (OA) (Class I-III), were randomized into two parallel groups designated as Group I (CGM-GLN) and Group II (CHN-GLN). Interventions: All the study subjects were supplemented with their corresponding intervention capsules (ether CGM along with GLN or CHN along with GLN), as a single oral dose twice a day, once in the morning 10-15 min before breakfast and again in the evening before dinner, for 84 days. Outcome measures: A validated treadmill uphill walking protocol was used for the study, and the efficiency of supplementation was evaluated using visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score, and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaire at the baseline, 28th, and 84th day following the treatment. Mechanism of action of CGM-GLN combination was analyzed by measuring the levels of serum inflammatory markers interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM) at the baseline and 84th day. Results: CGM-GLN was found to offer significant beneficial effects to pain, stiffness, and physical function of OA subjects compared with CHN-GLN, which was evident from the improvement in walking performance, VAS score, KPS score, and WOMAC score. The efficiency of CGM-GLN was almost double compared with the CHN-GLN by the end of the study (84th day). A significant reduction of inflammatory serum marker levels was observed among CGM-GLN subjects compared with CHN-GLN subjects. Compared with the baseline, CGM-GLN produced 54.52%, 59.08%, and 22.03% reduction in IL-1β, IL-6, and sVCAM levels, respectively. Whereas CHN-GLN group of subjects expressed only 23.17%, 21.38%, and 6.82% reduction in IL-1β, IL-6, and sVCAM levels, respectively. Conclusions: In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the potential benefits of CGM-GLN supplements in alleviating the symptoms and function of OA subjects compared with the standard CHN-GLN treatment. The augmented efficacy of CGM-GLN combination could be attributed to the enhanced anti-inflammatory effect of CGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Khanna
- Aman Hospital and Research Center, Vadodara, India
| | | | | | - Jestin V Thomas
- Leads Clinical Research & Bio Services Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India
| | | | - Balu Maliakel
- R&D Centre, Akay Natural Ingredients Pvt. Ltd., Cochin, India
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18
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Joseph MSc A, John PhD F, Thomas MSc JV, Sivadasan SDP, Maliakel PhD B, Mohan PhD R, I M K. Influence of a Novel Food-Grade Formulation of Red Chili Extract ( Capsicum annum) on Overweight Subjects: Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study. J Diet Suppl 2020; 18:387-405. [PMID: 32578488 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1780363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Capsaicinoids from pungent red chilies (Capsicum annum and Capsicum frutescens) have received significant attention as a natural supplement for the management of obesity. However, the consumption of chili extract at physiologically relevant dosage of capsaicinoids is a challenge owing to its pungency and gastrointestinal discomforts. The present study reports the systemic absorption, safety and influence of a novel, food-grade, and sustained-release formulation of capsaicinoids-rich red chili extract using fenugreek dietary fiber (Capsifen®). Twenty-four healthy overweight subjects were randomized into placebo (n = 12) and Capsifen (n = 12) groups and supplemented with 200 mg × 1/day of Capsifen (4 mg capsaicinoids/day) for 28 days. Influence of Capsifen on eating behavior and appetite was followed by Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) and Council of Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire (CNAQ), respectively. Consumption of Capsifen did not reveal any adverse events or deviations in hematology and biochemical parameters related to safety. However, a significant decrease in body weight (2.1%), w/h ratio (4%) and body mass index (BMI) (2.2%) were observed among Capsifen group when compared to placebo. The TFEQ and appetite analysis revealed a significant improvement in uncontrolled eating and reduction in appetite among Capsifen subjects. The UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis confirmed the absorption of capsaicinoids from CAP supplementation. The study further demonstrated the safety and tolerability of Capsifen at the investigational dosage. Thus, the significant reduction in anthropometric parameters such as body weight, w/h ratio, and BMI along with the improvement in eating behaviour as well as appetite, indicated the potential body weight management effect of Capsifen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Febi John PhD
- Akay Natural Ingredients Pvt. Ltd., Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Jestin V Thomas MSc
- Leads Clinical Research and Bio Services Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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19
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Liju VB, Thomas A, Sivadasan SD, Kuttan R, Maliakel B, Im K. Amelioration of Radiation-Induced Damages in Mice by Curcuminoids: The Role of Bioavailability. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:617-629. [PMID: 32449395 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1766092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study investigated the role of free curcuminoids bioavailability on the relative radioprotective efficacy of natural unformulated curcuminoids. MATERIALS AND METHODS A food-grade bioavailable formulation of curcuminoids as curcumagalactomannosides (CGM) and unformulated curcuminoids (UC) were employed for the study. Swiss albino mice were randomized into Normal control, Radiation control, Radiation + UC, and Radiation + CGM groups and irradiated with γ-radiation of 6, 8, 10 and 12 Gy. Survival rate, hematological and biochemical parameters, bone marrow cellularity, chromosomal aberrations and histopathology of intestine were followed as a measure of the relative efficacy.Results and Discussion: Oral administration with both UC and CGM at 100 mg/kg. b.wt. produced significant radioprotective effect over the untreated control group of animals. However, CGM treatment was found to provide better clastogenic and genotoxic potential as compared to UC. Further, the histopathology analysis of intestine confirmed the better protective effect of CGM over UC-treated animals. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated the positive role of the bioavailability of curcuminoids in the amelioration of radiation-induced damages in mice since CGM treatment exerted better survival rate and radioprotective effect as compared with UC, despite the relatively low concentrations of curcuminoids in CGM (39% w/w).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angel Thomas
- Amala Cancer Research Center, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | | | | | - Balu Maliakel
- R&D Centre, Akay Natural Ingredients Pvt. Ltd., Kerala, India
| | - Krishnakumar Im
- R&D Centre, Akay Natural Ingredients Pvt. Ltd., Kerala, India
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20
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Zhang B, Yang J, Qin Z, Li S, Xu J, Yao Z, Zhang X, Gonzalez FJ, Yao X. Mechanism of the efflux transport of demethoxycurcumin-O-glucuronides in HeLa cells stably transfected with UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217695. [PMID: 31150474 PMCID: PMC6544300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Demethoxycurcumin (DMC) is a safe and natural food-coloring additive, as well as an agent with several therapeutic properties. However, extensive glucuronidation in vivo has resulted in its poor bioavailability. In this study, we aimed to investigate the formation of DMC-O-glucuronides by uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) and its transport by breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) in HeLa cells stably transfected with UGT1A1 (named HeLa1A1 cells). The chemical inhibitors Ko143 (a selective BCRP inhibitor) and MK571 (a pan-MRP inhibitor) both induced an obvious decrease in the excretion rate of DMC-O-glucuronides and a significant increase in intracellular DMC-O-glucuronide concentrations. Furthermore, BCRP knock-down resulted in a marked reduction in the level of excreted DMC-O-glucuronides (maximal 55.6%), whereas MRP1 and MRP4 silencing significantly decreased the levels of excreted DMC-O-glucuronides (a maximum of 42.9% for MRP1 and a maximum of 29.9% for MRP3), respectively. In contrast, neither the levels of excreted DMC-O-glucuronides nor the accumulation of DMC-O-glucuronides were significantly altered in the MRP4 knock-down HeLa cells. The BCRP, MRP1 and MRP3 transporters were identified as the most important contributors to the excretion of DMC-O-glucuronides. These results may significantly contribute to improving our understanding of mechanisms underlying the cellular disposition of DMC via UGT-mediated metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zifei Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZQ); (ZY)
| | - Shishi Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinjin Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihong Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZQ); (ZY)
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Mohan R, Jose S, Sukumaran S, S A, S S, John G, I M K. Curcumin‐galactomannosides mitigate alcohol‐induced liver damage by inhibiting oxidative stress, hepatic inflammation, and enhance bioavailability on TLR4/MMP events compared to curcumin. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22315. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ratheesh Mohan
- Department of BiochemistrySt. Thomas College Kottayam Kerala India
| | - Svenia Jose
- Department of BiochemistrySt. Thomas College Kottayam Kerala India
| | - Sandya Sukumaran
- Department of Inorganic and Physical ChemistryIndian Institute of Science Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Asha S
- Department of BiochemistrySt. Thomas College Kottayam Kerala India
| | - Sheethal S
- Department of BiochemistrySt. Thomas College Kottayam Kerala India
| | - Grace John
- Department of BiochemistrySt. Thomas College Kottayam Kerala India
| | - Krishnakumar I M
- R&D Centre, Akay Flavours & Aromatics Pvt Ltd Cochin Kerala India
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22
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E. R. S, P. P. B, Nair SS, Maliakel B, Kuttan R, I. M. K. Comparative neuroprotective effects of native curcumin and its galactomannoside formulation in carbofuran-induced neurotoxicity model. Nat Prod Res 2018; 34:1456-1460. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1514401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu E. R.
- Amala Cancer research Centre, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Binitha P. P.
- Amala Cancer research Centre, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Saritha S. Nair
- R&D Centre, Akay Flavours & Aromatics Ltd, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
| | - Balu Maliakel
- R&D Centre, Akay Flavours & Aromatics Ltd, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
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Hayun H, Rahmawati R, Harahap Y, Sari SP. Development of UPLC–MS/MS method for quantitative analysis of curcumin in human plasma. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2018. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2017.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hayun Hayun
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Rina Rahmawati
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Yahdiana Harahap
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Santi Purna Sari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
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Catanzaro M, Corsini E, Rosini M, Racchi M, Lanni C. Immunomodulators Inspired by Nature: A Review on Curcumin and Echinacea. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112778. [PMID: 30373170 PMCID: PMC6278270 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is an efficient integrated network of cellular elements and chemicals developed to preserve the integrity of the organism against external insults and its correct functioning and balance are essential to avoid the occurrence of a great variety of disorders. To date, evidence from literature highlights an increase in immunological diseases and a great attention has been focused on the development of molecules able to modulate the immune response. There is an enormous global demand for new effective therapies and researchers are investigating new fields. One promising strategy is the use of herbal medicines as integrative, complementary and preventive therapy. The active components in medical plants have always been an important source of clinical therapeutics and the study of their molecular pharmacology is an enormous challenge since they offer a great chemical diversity with often multi-pharmacological activity. In this review, we mainly analysed the immunomodulatory/antinflammatory activity of Echinacea spp. and Curcuma longa, focusing on some issues of the phytochemical research and on new possible strategies to obtain novel agents to supplement the present therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Catanzaro
- Department of Drug Sciences-Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Michela Rosini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marco Racchi
- Department of Drug Sciences-Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Cristina Lanni
- Department of Drug Sciences-Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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T. Krishnareddy N, Thomas JV, Nair SS, N. Mulakal J, Maliakel BP, Krishnakumar IM. A Novel Curcumin-Galactomannoside Complex Delivery System Improves Hepatic Function Markers in Chronic Alcoholics: A Double-Blinded, randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9159281. [PMID: 30345312 PMCID: PMC6174784 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9159281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Considering the recent interest in free (unconjugated) curcuminoids delivery, the present study investigated the efficacy of a novel food-grade free-curcuminoids delivery system (curcumin-galactomannoside complex; CGM) in improving the hepatic function markers (inflammation and oxidative stress) in chronic alcoholics. The double-blinded, placebo-controlled study randomized 48 subjects with elevated serum transaminases and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels, who were allocated to two groups (n=24) and to receive either placebo or CGM at (250 mg × 2)/day for 8 weeks. While liver function markers (transaminases and GGT) in the placebo group showed an increase (~ 9.5%), CGM group indicated a significant decrease in transaminases (31%) and GGT (29%) from the baseline levels. The beneficial effect of CGM was also clear from the significant increase (p <0.001) in endogenous antioxidants (GSH, SOD, and GPx) and decrease in inflammatory markers (IL-6 and CRP) levels (p <0.001) as compared to both the baseline and placebo group. To summarize, the nutritional intervention of CGM-curcumin was found to offer a significant hepatoprotective effect to attenuate the alcohol induced alterations to hepatic function markers. The Indian Medical Council and Drug Controller General of India approved Clinical Trial Registry No. CTRI/2018/03/012385.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jestin V. Thomas
- Leads Clinical Research & Bio Services Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India
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Liu Y, Siard M, Adams A, Keowen ML, Miller TK, Garza F, Andrews FM, Seeram NP. Simultaneous quantification of free curcuminoids and their metabolites in equine plasma by LC-ESI-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018. [PMID: 29529492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The human health benefits attributed to turmeric/curcumin spice has resulted in its wide utilization as a dietary supplement for companion pets and other animals including horses. While the quantification of free curcuminoids (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin) and their phase-2 metabolites (curcumin-O-sulfate, curcumin-O-glucuronide) have been extensively investigated in human and rodent biological samples (primarily plasma and serum), there is lack of similar data for horses. Herein, we report a validated LC-ESI-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of the aforementioned free curcuminoids and their metabolites in equine plasma. The linearity of the aforementioned curcuminoids and curcumin-O-sulfate was in the range of 0.5-1000 ng/mL and 1-1000 ng/mL for curcumin-O-glucuronide with 85-115% accuracy and <15% precision in equine plasma. The method was validated based on US FDA criteria and applied to characterize the pharmacokinetics of curcumin-O-sulfate in equine plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Liu
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Melissa Siard
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Amanda Adams
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Michael L Keowen
- Equine Health Studies Program, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Skip Bertman Drive, 1843 Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Travis K Miller
- Equine Health Studies Program, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Skip Bertman Drive, 1843 Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Frank Garza
- Equine Health Studies Program, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Skip Bertman Drive, 1843 Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Frank M Andrews
- Equine Health Studies Program, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Skip Bertman Drive, 1843 Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Navindra P Seeram
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
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Safety, Tolerance, and Enhanced Efficacy of a Bioavailable Formulation of Curcumin With Fenugreek Dietary Fiber on Occupational Stress: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2016; 36:236-43. [PMID: 27043120 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000000508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery systems capable of delivering free (unconjugated) curcuminoids is of great therapeutic significance, since the absorption of bioactive and permeable form plays a key factor in mediating the efficacy of a substance which undergoes rapid biotransformation. Considering the recent understanding on the relatively high bioactivities and blood-brain-barrier permeability of free curcuminoids over their conjugated metabolites, the present human study investigated the safety, antioxidant efficacy, and bioavailability of CurQfen (curcumagalactomannoside [CGM]), a food-grade formulation of natural curcumin with fenugreek dietary fiber that has shown to possess improved blood-brain-barrier permeability and tissue distribution in rats. In this randomized double-blinded and placebo-controlled trial, 60 subjects experiencing occupational stress-related anxiety and fatigue were randomized to receive CGM, standard curcumin, and placebo for 30 days (500 mg twice daily). The study demonstrated the safety, tolerance, and enhanced efficacy of CGM in comparison with unformulated standard curcumin. A significant improvement in the quality of life (P < 0.05) with considerable reduction in stress (P < 0.001), anxiety (P < 0.001), and fatigue (P < 0.001) was observed among CGM-treated subjects as compared with the standard curcumin group, when monitored by SF-36, Perceived Stress Scale with 14 items, and Beck Anxiety Inventory scores. Improvement in the quality of life was further correlated with the significant enhancement in endogenous antioxidant markers (P < 0.01) and reduction in lipid peroxidation (P < 0.001). Further comparison of the free curcuminoids bioavailability after a single-dose (500 mg once per day) and repeated-dose (500 mg twice daily for 30 days) oral administration revealed enhanced absorption and improved pharmacokinetics of CGM upon both single- (30.7-fold) and repeated-dose (39.1-fold) administrations.
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Kumar D, Jacob D, PS S, Maliakkal A, NM J, Kuttan R, Maliakel B, Konda V, IM K. Enhanced bioavailability and relative distribution of free (unconjugated) curcuminoids following the oral administration of a food-grade formulation with fenugreek dietary fibre: A randomised double-blind crossover study. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Enhanced absorption and pharmacokinetics of fresh turmeric (Curcuma Longa L) derived curcuminoids in comparison with the standard curcumin from dried rhizomes. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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