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Kolodziejczyk-Czepas J. Clovamide and Its Derivatives-Bioactive Components of Theobroma cacao and Other Plants in the Context of Human Health. Foods 2024; 13:1118. [PMID: 38611422 PMCID: PMC11011365 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Clovamide (N-caffeoyl-L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, N-caffeoyldopamine, N-caffeoyl-L-DOPA) is a derivative of caffeic acid, belonging to phenolamides (hydroxycinnamic acid amides). Despite a growing interest in the biological activity of natural polyphenolic substances, studies on the properties of clovamide and related compounds, their significance as bioactive components of the diet, as well as their effects on human health are a relatively new research trend. On the other hand, in vitro and in vivo evidence indicates the considerable potential of these substances in the context of maintaining human health or using them as pharmacophores. The name "clovamide" directly derives from red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), being the first identified source of this compound. In the human diet, clovamides are mainly present in chocolate and other cocoa-containing products. Furthermore, their occurrence in some medicinal plants has also been confirmed. The literature reports deal with the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antiplatelet/antithrombotic and anticancer properties of clovamide-type compounds. This narrative review summarizes the available data on the biological activity of clovamides and their potential health-supporting properties, including prospects for the use of these compounds for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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Molino S, Pilar Francino M, Ángel Rufián Henares J. Why is it important to understand the nature and chemistry of tannins to exploit their potential as nutraceuticals? Food Res Int 2023; 173:113329. [PMID: 37803691 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Tannins comprise a large group of polyphenols that can differ widely in chemical composition and molecular weight. The use of tannins dates back to antiquity, but it is only in recent years that their potential use as nutraceuticals associated with the human diet is beginning to be exploited. Although the biological effects of these phytocomplexes have been studied for many years, there are still several open questions regarding their chemistry and biotransformation. The vastness of the molecules that make up the class of tannins has made their characterisation, as well as their nomenclature and classification, a daunting task. This review has been written with the aim of bringing order to the chemistry of tannins by including aspects that are sometimes still overlooked or should be updated with new research in order to understand the potential of these phytocomplexes as active ingredients or technological components for nutraceutical products. Future trends in tannin research should address many questions that are still open, such as determining the exact biosynthetic pathways of all classes of tannins, the actual biological effects determined by the interaction of tannins with other molecules, their metabolization, and the best extraction methods, but with a view to market requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Molino
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Silvateam Spa, R&D Unit, San Michele Mondovì, Italy
| | - M Pilar Francino
- Area de Genòmica i Salut, Fundació per al Foment de la Investigació Sanitària i Biomèdica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO-Salut Pública), València, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - José Ángel Rufián Henares
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Choi SR, Lee H, Singh D, Cho D, Chung JO, Roh JH, Kim WG, Lee CH. Bidirectional Interactions between Green Tea (GT) Polyphenols and Human Gut Bacteria. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:1317-1328. [PMID: 37435870 PMCID: PMC10619559 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2306.06014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Green tea (GT) polyphenols undergo extensive metabolism within gastrointestinal tract (GIT), where their derivatives compounds potentially modulate the gut microbiome. This biotransformation process involves a cascade of exclusive gut microbial enzymes which chemically modify the GT polyphenols influencing both their bioactivity and bioavailability in host. Herein, we examined the in vitro interactions between 37 different human gut microbiota and the GT polyphenols. UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS analysis of the culture broth extracts unravel that genera Adlercreutzia, Eggerthella and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KACC11451 promoted C-ring opening reaction in GT catechins. In addition, L. plantarum also hydrolyzed catechin galloyl esters to produce gallic acid and pyrogallol, and also converted flavonoid glycosides to their aglycone derivatives. Biotransformation of GT polyphenols into derivative compounds enhanced their antioxidant bioactivities in culture broth extracts. Considering the effects of GT polyphenols on specific growth rates of gut bacteria, we noted that GT polyphenols and their derivate compounds inhibited most species in phylum Actinobacteria, Bacteroides, and Firmicutes except genus Lactobacillus. The present study delineates the likely mechanisms involved in the metabolism and bioavailability of GT polyphenols upon exposure to gut microbiota. Further, widening this workflow to understand the metabolism of various other dietary polyphenols can unravel their biotransformation mechanisms and associated functions in human GIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Rin Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunji Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Digar Singh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Cho
- Amorepacific R&I Center, Yonggu-daero, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Oh Chung
- Amorepacific R&I Center, Yonggu-daero, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwa Roh
- Amorepacific R&I Center, Yonggu-daero, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Gi Kim
- Amorepacific R&I Center, Yonggu-daero, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Bioactive-Metabolome Network, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Assessing the Effectiveness of Chemical Marker Extraction from Amazonian Plant Cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) by PSI-HRMS/MS and LC-HRMS/MS. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030367. [PMID: 36984807 PMCID: PMC10056743 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Employing a combination of liquid chromatography electrospray ionization and paper spray ionization high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry, extracts from cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) pulp prepared with either water, methanol, acetonitrile or combinations thereof were subjected to metabolite fingerprinting. Among the tested extractors, 100% methanol extracted preferentially phenols and cinnamic acids derivatives, whereas acetonitrile and acetonitrile/methanol were more effective in extracting terpenoids and flavonoids, respectively. And while liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry detected twice as many metabolites as paper spray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, the latter proved its potential as a screening technique. Comprehensive structural annotation showed a high production of terpenes, mainly oleanane triterpene derivatives. of the mass spectra Further, five major metabolites with known antioxidant activity, namely catechin, citric acid, epigallocatechin-3′-glucuronide, 5,7,8-trihydroxyflavanone, and asiatic acid, were subjected to molecular docking analysis using the antioxidative enzyme peroxiredoxin 5 (PRDX5) as a model receptor. Based on its excellent docking score, a pharmacophore model of 5,7,8-trihydroxyflavanone was generated, which may help the design of new antioxidants.
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Zagmignan A, Mendes YC, Mesquita GP, dos Santos GDC, Silva LDS, de Souza Sales AC, Castelo Branco SJDS, Junior ARC, Bazán JMN, Alves ER, de Almeida BL, Santos AKM, Firmo WDCA, Silva MRC, Cantanhede Filho AJ, de Miranda RDCM, da Silva LCN. Short-Term Intake of Theobroma grandiflorum Juice Fermented with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus ATCC 9595 Amended the Outcome of Endotoxemia Induced by Lipopolysaccharide. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15041059. [PMID: 36839417 PMCID: PMC9962425 DOI: 10.3390/nu15041059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Endotoxemia is a condition caused by increasing levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) characterized by an impaired systemic response that causes multiple organ dysfunction. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus ATCC 9595 is a strain with probiotic potential which shows immunomodulatory properties. The incorporation of this bacterium in food rich in bioactive compounds, such as cupuaçu juice (Theobroma grandiflorum), could result in a product with interesting health properties. This work evaluated the effects of the oral administration of cupuaçu juice fermented with L. rhamnosus on the outcome of LPS-induced endotoxemia in mice. C57BL/6 mice (12/group) received oral doses (100 µL) of saline solution and unfermented or fermented cupuaçu juice (108 CFU/mL). After 5 days, the endotoxemia was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of LPS (10 mg/kg). The endotoxemia severity was evaluated daily using a score based on grooming behavior, mobility, presence of piloerection, and weeping eyes. After 6 h and 120 h, the mice (6/group) were euthanized for analysis of cell counts (in peritoneal lavage and serum) and organ weight. L. rhamnosus grew in cupuaçu juice and produced organic acids without the need for supplementation. The bacteria counts were stable in the juice during storage at 4 °C for 28 days. The fermentation with L. rhamnosus ATCC 9595 changed the metabolites profile of cupuaçu juice due to the biotransformation and enhancement of some compounds. In general, the administration of L. rhamnosus-fermented juice allowed a significant improvement in several characteristics of endotoxemic status (weight loss, hypothermia, severity index, cell migration). In addition, treatment with fermented juice significantly reduced the weight of the spleen, liver, intestine, and kidneys compared to the saline-treated endotoxemic group. Taken together, our data show that short-term intake therapy of cupuaçu juice fermented with L. rhamnosus ATCC 9595 can reduce systemic inflammation in an experimental model of LPS-induced endotoxemia in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrielle Zagmignan
- Laboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gestão de Serviços e Programas de Saúde, Universidade CEUMA, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental, Universidade CEUMA, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Yasmim Costa Mendes
- Laboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lucas dos Santos Silva
- Laboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Universidade CEUMA, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Edinalva Rodrigues Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gestão de Serviços e Programas de Saúde, Universidade CEUMA, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil
| | | | - Anne Karoline Maiorana Santos
- Laboratório de Extração e Cromatografia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Maranhão, Campus Monte Castelo, São Luís 65030-005, MA, Brazil
| | - Wellyson da Cunha Araújo Firmo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gestão de Serviços e Programas de Saúde, Universidade CEUMA, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Campus Imperatriz, Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão, Imperatriz 65900-000, MA, Brazil
| | | | - Antônio José Cantanhede Filho
- Laboratório de Extração e Cromatografia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Maranhão, Campus Monte Castelo, São Luís 65030-005, MA, Brazil
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Theobroma cacao and Theobroma grandiflorum: Botany, Composition and Pharmacological Activities of Pods and Seeds. Foods 2022; 11:foods11243966. [PMID: 36553708 PMCID: PMC9778104 DOI: 10.3390/foods11243966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocoa and cupuassu are evergreen Amazonian trees belonging to the genus Theobroma, with morphologically distinct fruits, including pods and beans. These beans are generally used for agri-food and cosmetics and have high fat and carbohydrates contents. The beans also contain interesting bioactive compounds, among which are polyphenols and methylxanthines thought to be responsible for various health benefits such as protective abilities against cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders and other metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. Although these pods represent 50-80% of the whole fruit and provide a rich source of proteins, they are regularly eliminated during the cocoa and cupuassu transformation process. The purpose of this work is to provide an overview of recent research on cocoa and cupuassu pods and beans, with emphasis on their chemical composition, bioavailability, and pharmacological properties. According to the literature, pods and beans from cocoa and cupuassu are promising ecological and healthy resources.
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Febrianto NA, Zhu F. Comparison of bioactive components and flavor volatiles of diverse cocoa genotypes of Theobroma grandiflorum, Theobroma bicolor, Theobroma subincanum and Theobroma cacao. Food Res Int 2022; 161:111764. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Wang X, Chen K, Wang S, Wang Q, Hu Y, Yin F, Liu X, Zhou DY. Distribution of tyrosol fatty acid esters in the gastrointestinal tract of mice and their hydrolysis characteristic by the gut microbiota. Food Funct 2022; 13:2998-3008. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fo04029d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic lipids have been approved as safe and effective antioxidants, are also a potential ingredient for functional foods. However, the characteristics of gastrointestinal distribution and microbial hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal...
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AMORIM IS, AMORIM DS, LOPES ABR, LEAL ADB, MONTEIRO JDS, CASTRO VCGD, BRAGA ACC, SILVA BAD. Effect of adding Theobroma grandiflorum and Hylocereus polyrhizus pulps on the nutritional value and sensory characteristics of bread. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.92921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Sharma R. Bioactive food components for managing cellular senescence in aging and disease: A critical appraisal and perspectives. PHARMANUTRITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2021.100281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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A scientific approach to extraction methods and stability of pigments from Amazonian fruits. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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Foodomics technology: promising analytical methods of functional activities of plant polyphenols. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03781-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Cladis DP, Simpson AMR, Cooper KJ, Nakatsu CH, Ferruzzi MG, Weaver CM. Blueberry polyphenols alter gut microbiota & phenolic metabolism in rats. Food Funct 2021; 12:2442-2456. [PMID: 33629093 PMCID: PMC8011555 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03457f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Consuming polyphenol-rich fruits and vegetables, including blueberries, is associated with beneficial health outcomes. Interest in enhancing polyphenol intakes via dietary supplements has grown, though differences in fruit versus supplement matrix on gut microbiota and ultimate phenolic metabolism to bioactive metabolites are unknown. To evaluate this, 5-month-old, ovariectomized, Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged for 90 d with a purified extract of blueberry polyphenols (0, 50, 250, or 1000 mg total polyphenols per kg bw per d) or lyophilized blueberries (50 mg total polyphenols per kg bw per d, equivalent to 150 g fresh blueberries per day in humans). Urine, feces, and tissues were assessed for gut microbiota and phenolic metabolism. Significant dose- and food matrix-dependent effects were observed at all endpoints measured. Gut microbial populations showed increased diversity at moderate doses but decreased diversity at high doses. Urinary phenolic metabolites were primarily observed as microbially derived metabolites and underwent extensive host xenobiotic phase II metabolism. Thus, blueberry polyphenols in fruit and supplements induce differences in gut microbial communities and phenolic metabolism, which may alter intended health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis P Cladis
- Dept. of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Dr, W Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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COSTA RSD, SANTOS OVD, RODRIGUES AMDC, RIBEIRO-COSTA RM, CONVERTI A, SILVA JÚNIOR JOC. Functional product enriched with the microencapsulated extract of cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum Schum.) seed by-product. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.11319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Polyphenols and Other Bioactive Compounds of Sideritis Plants and Their Potential Biological Activity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163763. [PMID: 32824863 PMCID: PMC7464829 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the growing problem of obesity associated with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, causes of obesity are extensively investigated. In addition to a high caloric diet and low physical activity, gut microbiota disturbance may have a potential impact on excessive weight gain. Some reports indicate differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora of obese people in comparison to lean. Bioactive compounds of natural origin with beneficial and multifaceted effects on the body are more frequently used in prevention and treatment of many metabolic diseases including obesity. Sideritis scardica is traditionally consumed as mountain tea in the Balkans to strengthen the body and improve mood. Many reports indicate a positive effect on digestive system, weight loss, and prevention of insulin resistance. Additionally, it exhibits antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effects. The positive effect of Sideritis scardica extracts on memory and general cognitive abilities is indicated as well. The multilevel positive effect on the body appears to originate from the abundant occurrence of phenolic compounds, especially phenolic acids in Sideritis scardica extracts. However, mechanisms underlying their action require careful discussion and further research. Therefore, the objective of this review is to summarize the available knowledge on the role and mechanism of action of biologically active compounds of Sideritis scardica and other related species from the genus Sideritis.
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Curimbaba T, Almeida-Junior L, Chagas A, Quaglio A, Herculano A, Di Stasi L. Prebiotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of edible Amazon fruits. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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COSTA RSD, SANTOS OVD, LANNES SCDS, CASAZZA AA, ALIAKBARIAN B, PEREGO P, RIBEIRO-COSTA RM, CONVERTI A, SILVA JÚNIOR JOC. Bioactive compounds and value-added applications of cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum Schum.) agroindustrial by-product. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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C-ring cleavage metabolites of catechin and epicatechin enhanced antioxidant activities through intestinal microbiota. Food Res Int 2020; 135:109271. [PMID: 32527491 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The changes in DPPH radical-scavenging capability of catechin and epicatechin during 24 h incubation with fecal microbiota in vitro and the targeted analysis of the characteristic metabolites by using UPLC-Q-TOF indicated that increase in antioxidant activity was synchronous with the accumulation of C-ring cleavage metabolites. Therefore, C-ring cleavage metabolite, 1-(3',4'-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(2'',4'',6''-trihydroxyphenyl)propan-2-ol (3,4-DHPP-2-ol), was separated from incubation liquid. The antioxidant activities of this metabolite and other 11 metabolites were examined through DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant capability (FRAC). The results indicated that all metabolites with the structure of 3',4'-dihydroxylated had high antioxidant activity, especially 3,4-DHPP-2-ol, whose EC50 was 5.97 μM in DPPH assay, 2 times as high as that of catechin, and 1.8 times as high as that of epicatechin. But the metabolites with the structure of monohydroxylated or unhydroxylated on the benzene ring hardly exhibited antioxidant activity.
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Mainly Dimers and Trimers of Chinese Bayberry Leaves Proanthocyanidins (BLPs) are Utilized by Gut Microbiota: In Vitro Digestion and Fermentation Coupled with Caco-2 Transportation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25010184. [PMID: 31906397 PMCID: PMC6982776 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese bayberry leaf proanthocyanidins (BLPs) are Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) oligomers or polymers, which have a lot of health-promoting activity. The activity is closely related to their behavior during in vitro digestion, which remains unknown and hinders further investigations. To clarify the changes of BLPs during gastrointestinal digestion, further research is required. For in vitro digestion, including gastric-intestinal digestion, colon fermentation was applied. Caco-2 monolayer transportation was also applied to investigate the behavior of different BLPs with different degrees of polymerization. The trimers and the tetramers were significantly decreased during in vitro gastric-intestinal digestion resulting in a significant increase in the content of dimers. The dimers and trimers were the main compounds utilized by gut microbiota and they were assumed not to degrade through cleavage of the inflavan bond. The monomers and dimers were able to transport through the Caco-2 monolayer at a rate of 10.45% and 6.4%, respectively.
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Tao W, Zhang Y, Shen X, Cao Y, Shi J, Ye X, Chen S. Rethinking the Mechanism of the Health Benefits of Proanthocyanidins: Absorption, Metabolism, and Interaction with Gut Microbiota. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:971-985. [PMID: 33336996 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins, as the oligomers or polymers of flavan-3-ol, are widely discovered in plants such as fruits, vegetables, cereals, nuts, and leaves, presenting a major part of dietary polyphenols. Although proanthocyanidins exert several types of bioactivities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective activity, their exact mechanisms remain unclear. Due to the complexity of the structure of proanthocyanidins, such as their various monomers, different linkages and isomers, investigation of their bioavailability and metabolism is limited, which further hinders the explanation of their bioactivities. Since the large molecular weight and degree of polymerization limit the bioavailability of proanthocyanidins, the major effective site of proanthocyanidins is proposed to be in the gut. Many studies have revealed the effects of proanthocyanidins from different sources on changing the composition of gut microbiota based on in vitro and in vivo models and the bioactivities of their metabolites. However, the metabolic routes of proanthocyanidins by gut microbiota and their mutual interactions are still sparse. Thus, this review summarizes the chemistry, absorption, and metabolic pathways of proanthocyanidins ranging from monomers to polymers, as well as the mutual interactions between proanthocyanidins and gut microbiota, in order to better understand how proanthocyanidins exert their health-promoting functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyang Tao
- Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Inst. of Food Science, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Univ., Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Inst. of Food Science, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Univ., Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xuemin Shen
- Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Inst. of Food Science, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Univ., Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanping Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business Univ. (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
| | - John Shi
- Guelph Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Xingqian Ye
- Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Inst. of Food Science, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Univ., Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shiguo Chen
- Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Inst. of Food Science, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Univ., Hangzhou, 310058, China
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21
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Intestinal metabolism of baicalein after oral administration in mice: Pharmacokinetics and mechanisms. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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22
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Antioxidant Properties of Amazonian Fruits: A Mini Review of In Vivo and In Vitro Studies. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8204129. [PMID: 30911350 PMCID: PMC6398032 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8204129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana, and French Guiana share an area of 7,295,710 km2 of the Amazon region. It is estimated that the Amazonian forest offers the greatest flora and fauna biodiversity on the planet and on its surface could cohabit 50% of the total existing living species; according to some botanists, it would contain about 16-20% of the species that exist today. This region has native fruit trees in which functional properties are reported as antioxidant and antiproliferative characteristics. Amazon plants offer a great therapeutic potential attributed to the content of bioactive phytochemicals. The aim of this mini review is to examine the state of the art of the main bioactive components of the most studied Amazonian plants. Among the main functional compounds reported were phenolic compounds, unsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, phytosterols, and tocopherols, with flavonoids and carotenoids being the groups of greatest interest. The main beneficial effect reported has been the antioxidant effect, evaluated in most of the fruits investigated; other reported functional properties were antimicrobial, antimutagenic, antigenotoxic, analgesic, immunomodulatory, anticancer, bronchodilator, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory, including hypercholesterolemic effects, leishmanicidal activity, induction of apoptosis, protective action against diabetes, gastroprotective activity, and antidepressant effects.
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Dantas AM, Mafaldo IM, Oliveira PMDL, Lima MDS, Magnani M, Borges GDSC. Bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds in native and exotic frozen pulps explored in Brazil using a digestion model coupled with a simulated intestinal barrier. Food Chem 2019; 274:202-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Silva da Costa R, de Farias Silva N, Gabbay Alves TV, Fernandes da Silva M, do Socorro Barros Brasil D, Ribeiro-Costa RM, Converti A, Carréra Silva JO. Antioxidant Activity of an Industrial Cupuassu Seed By-product: Molecular Modeling of Phenolic Compounds. Chem Eng Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201800299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Russany Silva da Costa
- Federal University of Pará, College of Pharmacy; R&D Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Laboratory; Rua Augusto Corrêa 1, Guamá 66075-110 Belém, PA Brazil
| | - Natália de Farias Silva
- Federal University of Pará, College of Pharmacy; R&D Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Laboratory; Rua Augusto Corrêa 1, Guamá 66075-110 Belém, PA Brazil
| | - Taís Vanessa Gabbay Alves
- Federal University of Pará, College of Pharmacy; Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Laboratory; Rua Augusto Corrêa 1, Guamá 66075-110 Belém, PA Brazil
| | - Milena Fernandes da Silva
- Federal University of Pernambuco; Bioscience Center; Avenida Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitária 50670-901 Recife, PE Brazil
| | | | - Roseane Maria Ribeiro-Costa
- Federal University of Pará, College of Pharmacy; Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Laboratory; Rua Augusto Corrêa 1, Guamá 66075-110 Belém, PA Brazil
| | - Attilio Converti
- Genoa University; Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pole of Chemical Engineering; Via Opera Pia 15 16145 Genoa Italy
| | - José Otávio Carréra Silva
- Federal University of Pará, College of Pharmacy; R&D Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Laboratory; Rua Augusto Corrêa 1, Guamá 66075-110 Belém, PA Brazil
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25
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Burgos-Edwards A, Jiménez-Aspee F, Theoduloz C, Schmeda-Hirschmann G. Colonic fermentation of polyphenols from Chilean currants ( Ribes spp.) and its effect on antioxidant capacity and metabolic syndrome-associated enzymes. Food Chem 2018; 258:144-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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26
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Lu Y, Li W, Yang X. Soybean soluble polysaccharide enhances absorption of soybean genistein in mice. Food Res Int 2018; 103:273-279. [PMID: 29389615 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to probe the promoting effects of soybean soluble polysaccharide (SSPS) on bioavailability of genistein in mice and the underlying molecular mechanism. Male Kunming mice (n=8) were administered intragastrically with either saline, SSPS (5mg/kgbw), genistein (100mg/kgbw), or SSPS (5 or 50mg/kgbw) together with genistein (100mg/kgbw) for consecutive 28days. UPLC-qTOF/MS analysis showed that co-administration of SSPS and genistein in mice caused significant elevation in the urinary levels of genistein and its metabolites (p<0.05). Furthermore, the fecal excretion of genistein was also enhanced by co-administration of SSPS. However, the feces level of dihydrogenistein, a characteristic metabolite of genistein degraded by gut microorganism, was dose-dependently decreased by the combined treatment of SSPS. Additionally, co-treatment of SSPS with genistein also decreased the small intestinal levels of uridinediphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), sulfotransferase (SULT), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated protein-1 (MRP1), and multidrug resistance-associated protein-2 (MRP2) in mice. These findings suggest that the inhibition of SSPS against small intestinal first-pass metabolism of genistein is involved in the promoting effect of genistein bioavailability in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalong Lu
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China; School of life science and biotechnology, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China.
| | - Xingbin Yang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
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