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Garg S, Kumar P, Greene GW, Mishra V, Avisar D, Sharma RS, Dumée LF. Nano-enabled sensing of per-/poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from aqueous systems - A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 308:114655. [PMID: 35131704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Per-/poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are an emerging class of environmental contaminants used as an additive across various commodity and fire-retardant products, for their unique thermo-chemical stability, and to alter their surface properties towards selective liquid repellence. These properties also make PFAS highly persistent and mobile across various environmental compartments, leading to bioaccumulation, and causing acute ecotoxicity at all trophic levels particularly to human populations, thus increasing the need for monitoring at their repositories or usage sites. In this review, current nano-enabled methods towards PFAS sensing and its monitoring in wastewater are critically discussed and benchmarked against conventional detection methods. The discussion correlates the materials' properties to the sensitivity, responsiveness, and reproducibility of the sensing performance for nano-enabled sensors in currently explored electrochemical, spectrophotometric, colorimetric, optical, fluorometric, and biochemical with limits of detection of 1.02 × 10-6 μg/L, 2.8 μg/L, 1 μg/L, 0.13 μg/L, 6.0 × 10-5 μg/L, and 4.141 × 10-7 μg/L respectively. The cost-effectiveness of sensing platforms plays an important role in the on-site analysis success and upscalability of nano-enabled sensors. Environmental monitoring of PFAS is a step closer to PFAS remediation. Electrochemical and biosensing methods have proven to be the most reliable tools for future PFAS sensing endeavors with very promising detection limits in an aqueous matrix, short detection times, and ease of fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafali Garg
- University of Delhi, Bioresources and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- University of Delhi, Bioresources and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, India
| | - George W Greene
- Deakin University, Institute for Frontier Materials, Burwood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vandana Mishra
- University of Delhi, Bioresources and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, India; University of Delhi, Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability, Institute of Eminence, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Dror Avisar
- Tel Aviv University, School for Environmental and Earth Sciences, Water Research Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Radhey Shyam Sharma
- University of Delhi, Bioresources and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Studies, India; University of Delhi, Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability, Institute of Eminence, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Ludovic F Dumée
- Khalifa University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Khalifa University, Center for Membrane and Advanced Water Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Khalifa University, Research and Innovation Center on CO(2) and Hydrogen, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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2
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Katano H, Uematsu K, Kuroda Y, Osakai T. Gibbs Transfer Energies of Ions from a Mixed Solvent of 2H,3H-Decafluoropentane and 1,2-Dichloroethane to Water. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:1031-1035. [PMID: 31155545 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of hydrophilic, lipophilic, and fluorophilic ions at the interface between water (W) and a mixed solvent (MIX) of 2H,3H-decafluoropentane (DFP) and 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) was studied voltammetrically and potentiometrically, and the formal Gibbs transfer energies of the ions from MIX to W, ΔG0'tr,MIX→W, were determined. The ΔG0'tr,MIX→W values of all the ions tested were higher than those from DFP to W. Namely, the ions would exist more stably in MIX than DFP, even for fluorophilic ions. This is due to the addition of DCE, which has a higher dielectric constant. A comparison of ΔG0'tr,MIX→W with that from DCE to W showed a superior affinity of fluorophilic ions to the fluorous solvent in spite of equivolume addition of DCE. Therefore, the mixed solvent would be a practically superior extraction medium for fluorophilic ions. In practice, the MIX | methylene blue+ (W) system showed higher extractability of a fluorophilic ion C8F17SO3- than the DFP | W and DCE | W systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Katano
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University
| | - Kohei Uematsu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University
| | - Yasuhiro Kuroda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University
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Anderson EL, Mousavi MPS, Aly YH, Chen XV, Simcik MF, Bühlmann P. Remediation of Perfluorooctylsulfonate Contamination by in Situ Sequestration: Direct Monitoring of PFOS Binding to Polyquaternium Polymers. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:1068-1076. [PMID: 31459383 PMCID: PMC6648715 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In situ methods for the sequestration of perfluorooctyl-1-sulfonate (PFOS) that are based on PFOS binding to polyquaternium polymers were reported previously, providing an approach to immobilize and concentrate PFOS in situ. To apply these methods in real life, the concentrations of polymers that permit efficient sequestration must be determined. This is only possible if the stoichiometry and strength of PFOS binding to polyquaternium polymers are known. Here, we report on the use of fluorous-phase ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) to determine the equilibrium constants characterizing binding of PFOS to poly(dimethylamine-co-epichlorohydrin) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium) in simulated groundwater and in soil suspensions. We introduce a new method to interpret potentiometric data for surfactant binding to the charged repeat unit of these polyions by combining a 1:1 binding model with the ISE response model. This allows for straightforward prediction and fitting of experimental potentiometric data in one step. Data fit the binding model for poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and poly(dimethylamine-co-epichlorohydrin) chloride in soil-free conditions and in the presence of soil from Tinker Air Force Base. When the total PFOS concentration in a soil system is known, knowledge of these PFOS binding characteristics permits quantitative prediction of the mobile (free) and polymer-bound fractions of PFOS as a function of the concentrations of the polyquaternium polymer. Because the technique reported here is based on the selective in situ determination of the free ionic surfactant, we expect it to be similarly useful for determining the sequestration of a variety of other ionic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L. Anderson
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Maral P. S. Mousavi
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Yousof H. Aly
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Xin V. Chen
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Matt F. Simcik
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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4
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Lugert‐Thom EC, Gladysz JA, Rábai J, Bühlmann P. Cleaning of pH Selective Electrodes with Ionophore‐doped Fluorous Membranes in NaOH Solution at 90 °C. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Lugert‐Thom
- Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant St. SE Minneapolis, MN 55455 United States
| | - John A. Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University P.O. Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842 United States
| | - József Rábai
- Institute of Chemistry Eötvös Loránd University Pázmány Péter sétány 1-A, H- 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant St. SE Minneapolis, MN 55455 United States
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Bieg C, Fuchsberger K, Stelzle M. Introduction to polymer-based solid-contact ion-selective electrodes—basic concepts, practical considerations, and current research topics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:45-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9945-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Carey JL, Whitcomb DR, Chen S, Penn RL, Bühlmann P. Potentiometric in Situ Monitoring of Anions in the Synthesis of Copper and Silver Nanoparticles Using the Polyol Process. ACS NANO 2015; 9:12104-12114. [PMID: 26580413 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Potentiometric sensors, such as polymeric membrane, ion-selective electrodes (ISEs), have been used in the past to monitor a variety of chemical processes. However, the use of these sensors has traditionally been limited to aqueous solutions and moderate temperatures. Here we present an ISE with a high-capacity ion-exchange sensing membrane for measurements of nitrate and nitrite in the organic solvent propylene glycol at 150 °C. It is capable of continuously measuring under these conditions for over 180 h. We demonstrate the usefulness of this sensor by in situ monitoring of anion concentrations during the synthesis of copper and silver nanoparticles in propylene glycol using the polyol method. Ion chromatography and a colorimetric method were used to independently confirm anion concentrations measured in situ. In doing so, it was shown that in this reaction the co-ion nitrate is reduced to nitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse L Carey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - David R Whitcomb
- Carestream Health , 1 Imation Way, Oakdale, Minnesota 55128, United States
| | - Suyue Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - R Lee Penn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Mikhelson KN, Peshkova MA. Advances and trends in ionophore-based chemical sensors. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pechenkina IA, Mikhelson KN. Materials for the ionophore-based membranes for ion-selective electrodes: Problems and achievements (review paper). RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193515020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Garada MB, Kabagambe B, Kim Y, Amemiya S. Ion-Transfer Voltammetry of Perfluoroalkanesulfonates and Perfluoroalkanecarboxylates: Picomolar Detection Limit and High Lipophilicity. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11230-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5027836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed B. Garada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Benjamin Kabagambe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Yushin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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Chen LD, Lai CZ, Granda LP, Fierke MA, Mandal D, Stein A, Gladysz JA, Bühlmann P. Fluorous Membrane Ion-Selective Electrodes for Perfluorinated Surfactants: Trace-Level Detection and in Situ Monitoring of Adsorption. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7471-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac401424j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li D. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis
Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Chun-Ze Lai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis
Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Laura P. Granda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis
Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Melissa A. Fierke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis
Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Debaprasad Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Andreas Stein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis
Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - John A. Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis
Minnesota 55455, United States
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Lai CZ, Fierke MA, Corrêa da Costa R, Gladysz JA, Stein A, Bühlmann P. Highly selective detection of silver in the low ppt range with ion-selective electrodes based on ionophore-doped fluorous membranes. Anal Chem 2011; 82:7634-40. [PMID: 20799720 DOI: 10.1021/ac1013767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ionophore-doped sensing membranes exhibit greater selectivities and wider measuring ranges if their membrane matrixes are noncoordinating and solvate interfering ions poorly. This is particularly true for fluorous phases, which are the least polar and polarizable condensed phases known. In this work, fluorous membrane matrixes were used to prepare silver ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). Sensing membranes composed of perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene, sodium tetrakis[3,5-bis(perfluorohexyl) phenyl]borate, and one of four fluorophilic Ag(+)-selective ionophores with one or two thioether groups were investigated. All electrodes exhibited Nernstian responses to Ag(+) in a wide range of concentrations. Their selectivities for Ag(+) over interfering ions were found to depend on host preorganization and the length of the -(CH(2))(n)- spacers separating the coordinating thioether group from the strongly electron withdrawing perfluoroalkyl groups. ISEs based on the most selective of the four ionophores, that is, 1,3-bis(perfluorodecylethylthiomethyl)benzene, provided much higher selectivities for Ag(+) over many alkaline and heavy metal ions than most Ag(+) ISEs reported in the literature (e.g., log K(Ag,J)(pot) for K(+), -11.6; Pb(2+), -10.2; Cu(2+), -13.0; Cd(2+), -13.2). Moreover, the use of this ionophore with a linear perfluorooligoether as membrane matrix and solid contacts consisting of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) carbon resulted in a detection limit for Ag(+) of 4.1 ppt (3.8 × 10(-1)1 M).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ze Lai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Corrêa da Costa R, Buffeteau T, Guerzo AD, McClenaghan ND, Vincent JM. Reversible hydrocarbon/perfluorocarbon phase-switching of [Ru(bipy)3]2+ driven by supramolecular heteromeric fluorous carboxylate–carboxylic acid H-bond interactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:8250-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12641e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mandal D, Gladysz JA. Syntheses of fluorous quaternary ammonium salts and their application as phase transfer catalysts for halide substitution reactions in extremely nonpolar fluorous solvents. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Chen LD, Mandal D, Gladysz JA, Bühlmann P. Chemical stability and application of a fluorophilic tetraalkylphosphonium salt in fluorous membrane anion-selective electrodes. NEW J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9nj00696f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jing P, Rodgers PJ, Amemiya S. High lipophilicity of perfluoroalkyl carboxylate and sulfonate: implications for their membrane permeability. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:2290-6. [PMID: 19170492 PMCID: PMC2664102 DOI: 10.1021/ja807961s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Here we report on remarkably high lipophilicity of perfluoroalkyl carboxylate and sulfonate. A lipophilic nature of this emerging class of organic pollutants has been hypothesized as an origin of their bioaccumulation and toxicity. Both carboxylate and sulfonate, however, are considered hydrophilic while perfluroalkyl groups are not only hydrophobic but also oleophobic. Partition coefficients of a homologous series of perfluoroalkyl and alkyl carboxylates between water and n-octanol were determined as a measure of their lipophilicity by ion-transfer cyclic voltammetry. Very similar lipophilicity of perfluoroalkyl and alkyl chains with the same length is demonstrated experimentally for the first time by fragment analysis of the partition coefficients. This finding is important for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of perfluoroalkyl compounds. Interestingly, approximately 2 orders of magnitude higher lipophilicity of a perfluoroalkyl carboxylate or sulfonate in comparison to its alkyl counterpart is ascribed nearly exclusively to their oxoanion groups. The higher lipophilicity originates from a strong electron-withdrawing effect of the perfluoroalkyl group on the adjacent oxoanion group, which is weakly hydrated to decrease its hydrophilicity. In fact, the inductive effect is dramatically reduced for a fluorotelomer with an ethylene spacer between perfluorohexyl and carboxylate groups, which is only as lipophilic as its alkyl counterpart, nonanoate, and is 400 times less lipophilic than perfluorononanoate. The high lipophilicity of perfluoroalkyl carboxylate and sulfonate implies that their permeation across such a thin lipophilic membrane as a bilayer lipid membrane is limited by their transfer at a membrane/water interface. The limiting permeability is lower and less dependent on their lipophilicity than the permeability controlled by their diffusion in the membrane interior as assumed in the classical solubility-diffusion model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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Lai CZ, Koseoglu SS, Lugert EC, Boswell PG, Rábai J, Lodge TP, Bühlmann P. Fluorous polymeric membranes for ionophore-based ion-selective potentiometry: how inert is Teflon AF? J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:1598-1606. [PMID: 19133768 PMCID: PMC3227678 DOI: 10.1021/ja808047x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluorous media are the least polar and polarizable condensed phases known. Their use as membrane materials considerably increases the selectivity and robustness of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). In this research, a fluorous amorphous perfluoropolymer was used for the first time as a matrix for an ISE membrane. Electrodes for pH measurements with membranes composed of poly[4,5-difluoro-2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dioxole]-co-poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (87% dioxole monomer content; known as Teflon AF2400) as polymer matrix, a linear perfluorooligoether as plasticizer, sodium tetrakis[3,5-bis(perfluorohexyl)phenyl]borate providing for ionic sites, and bis[(perfluorooctyl)propyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamine as H+ ionophore were investigated. All electrodes had excellent potentiometric selectivities, showed Nernstian responses to H+ over a wide pH range, exhibited enhanced mechanical stability, and maintained their selectivity over at least 4 weeks. For membranes of low ionophore concentration, the polymer affected the sensor selectivity noticeably at polymer concentrations exceeding 15%. Also, the membrane resistance increased quite strongly at high polymer concentrations, which cannot be explained by the Mackie-Meares obstruction model. The selectivities and resistances depend on the polymer concentration because of a functional group associated with Teflon AF2400, with a concentration of one functional group per 854 monomer units of the polymer. In the fluorous environment of these membranes, this functional group binds to Na+, K+, Ca2+, and the unprotonated ionophore with binding constants of 10(3.5), 10(1.8), 10(6.8), and 10(4.4) M(-1), respectively. Potentiometric and spectroscopic evidence indicates that these functional groups are COOH groups formed by the hydrolysis of carboxylic acid fluoride (COF) groups originally present in Teflon AF2400. The use of higher ionophore concentrations removes the undesirable effect of these COOH groups almost completely. Alternatively, the C(=O)F groups can be eliminated chemically, or they can be used to readily introduce new functionalities.
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