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Zeng JJ, Zhao B, An Y, Tang XB, Han S, Yang ZQ, Zhang W, Lu J. Synthesis, Characterization, and Physicochemical Properties of New [Emim][BF 3X] Complex Anion Ionic Liquids. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:371-382. [PMID: 38222565 PMCID: PMC10785297 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
A new series of complex anion ionic liquids (ILs) [Emim][BF3X] (X = CH3SO3, EtSO4, HSO4, Tosylate) were synthesized and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry analysis, and thermogravimetry. The physicochemical properties of these ILs, such as density, viscosity, conductivity, and surface tension, were measured and correlated with thermodynamic and empirical equations in the temperature range of 293.15-358.15 K under ambient conditions, and the thermal expansion coefficient, standard molar entropy, lattice potential energy, viscosity activation energy, surface enthalpy, and surface entropy were further calculated from experimental values. According to the temperature-dependent viscosity and conductivity, [Emim][BF3X] ILs follow the Walden rule, and they are classified as "good (or super) ionic liquids".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Jun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine
& Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi’an Modern
Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine
& Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi’an Modern
Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Yu An
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine
& Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi’an Modern
Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine
& Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi’an Modern
Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Sheng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine
& Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi’an Modern
Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine
& Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi’an Modern
Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine
& Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi’an Modern
Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine
& Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi’an Modern
Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
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2
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Fatyeyeva K, Rogalsky S, Makhno S, Tarasyuk O, Soto Puente JA, Marais S. Polyimide/Ionic Liquid Composite Membranes for Middle and High Temperature Fuel Cell Application: Water Sorption Behavior and Proton Conductivity. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E82. [PMID: 32353977 PMCID: PMC7281338 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10050082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Four water insoluble room-temperature protic ionic liquids (PILs) based on the N-alkylimidazolium cation with the alkyl chain length from 1 to 4 and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anion were synthesized and their chemical structure was confirmed by the 1H NMR and 19F NMR analysis. PILs were revealed to be thermally stable up to 360 and 400 °C. At the same time, the proton conductivity of PILs was found to be dependent mostly on the temperature and, to a less extent, on the type of the cation, i.e., the increase of the conductivity from ~3 × 10-4 S/cm at 25 °C to 2 × 10-2 S/cm at 150 °C was observed. The water vapour sorption capacity of PILs was evaluated as a function of relative humidity and the influence of the alkyl chain length on the phase behaviour in the PIL-water system was discussed. The composite polyimide/PILs membranes were prepared by the PIL immobilization in the porous polymer (Matrimid® 5218) film. The composite membranes showed a high level of proton conductivity (~10-3 S/cm) at elevated temperatures (up to 160 °C). The obtained results reveal that the elaborated composite polyimide/PIL membranes are promising candidates for the application as proton exchange membrane at middle and high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Fatyeyeva
- Polymères Biopolymères Surfaces (PBS), Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA ROUEN, CNRS, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Sergiy Rogalsky
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 50, Kharkivske Schose, 02160 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Stanislav Makhno
- Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 17, General Naumov St., 03164 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oksana Tarasyuk
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 50, Kharkivske Schose, 02160 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Jorge Arturo Soto Puente
- Polymères Biopolymères Surfaces (PBS), Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA ROUEN, CNRS, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Marais
- Polymères Biopolymères Surfaces (PBS), Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA ROUEN, CNRS, 76000 Rouen, France
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3
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Philippi F, Pugh D, Rauber D, Welton T, Hunt PA. Conformational design concepts for anions in ionic liquids. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6405-6422. [PMID: 35432848 PMCID: PMC8959527 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01379j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interchangeable functional groups for imide ions are investigated computationally, new ILs with low/high viscosity are designed a priori and experimentally characterised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub
- Imperial College London
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
| | - David Pugh
- Department of Chemistry
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub
- Imperial College London
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
| | - Daniel Rauber
- Department of Chemistry
- Saarland University
- Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub
- Imperial College London
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
| | - Patricia A. Hunt
- Department of Chemistry
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub
- Imperial College London
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
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4
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Chen M, White B, Kasprzak CR, Long TE. Advances in phosphonium-based ionic liquids and poly(ionic liquid)s as conductive materials. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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5
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Fareghi-Alamdari R, Hatefipour R. Low viscosity azide-containing mono and dicationic ionic liquids with unsaturated side chain. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Alamdari RF–, Hatefipour R. Detonation Nanodiamond as a New Option for Reduction of the Viscosity of one Novel Di–azide Functionalized Monocationic Ionic Liquid. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Fareghi – Alamdari
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Malek - Ashtar University of Technology Tehran I.R.Iran
| | - Razieh Hatefipour
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Malek - Ashtar University of Technology Tehran I.R.Iran
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7
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Fiegenbaum F, Peres G, de Souza MO, Martini EM, de Souza RF. Physicochemical characterisation of aqueous solutions of tetra-alkyl-ammonium-sulfonic acid ionic liquid. J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Ionic conductivities of binary mixture of emim-FPI and acetonitrile. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02723-9_1417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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9
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Ionic conductivities of binary mixture of emim-FAP and acetonitrile. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02723-9_1416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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10
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Fareghi-Alamdari R, Hatefipour R, Rakhshi M, Zekri N. Novel diol functionalized dicationic ionic liquids: synthesis, characterization and DFT calculations on H-bonding influence on thermophysical properties. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17188e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DFT was used to investigate the roles of H-bonding on the thermophysical properties of two novel diol functionalized dicationic ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Fareghi-Alamdari
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Malek – Ashtar University of Technology
- Tehran
- Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Razieh Hatefipour
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Malek – Ashtar University of Technology
- Tehran
- Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mehdi Rakhshi
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Kashan
- Kashan
- Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Negar Zekri
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Malek – Ashtar University of Technology
- Tehran
- Islamic Republic of Iran
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11
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Sprenger JAP, Konieczka SZ, Brede FA, Kerpen C, Drisch M, Franz K, Ignat'ev N, Reiss GJ, Frank W, Finze M. N
,
N′
‐Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)oxamidates: Synthesis and Thermal, Electrochemical, Spectroscopic, and Structural Properties. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan A. P. Sprenger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, http://https://http://www‐anorganik.chemie.uni‐wuerzburg.de/forschungsgruppen/prof_dr_m_finze/
| | - Szymon Z. Konieczka
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, http://https://http://www‐anorganik.chemie.uni‐wuerzburg.de/forschungsgruppen/prof_dr_m_finze/
| | - Franziska A. Brede
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, http://https://http://www‐anorganik.chemie.uni‐wuerzburg.de/forschungsgruppen/prof_dr_m_finze/
| | - Christoph Kerpen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, http://https://http://www‐anorganik.chemie.uni‐wuerzburg.de/forschungsgruppen/prof_dr_m_finze/
| | - Michael Drisch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, http://https://http://www‐anorganik.chemie.uni‐wuerzburg.de/forschungsgruppen/prof_dr_m_finze/
| | - Klaus‐Dieter Franz
- Merck KGaA, PM‐APR‐FT, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nikolai Ignat'ev
- Merck KGaA, PM‐APR‐FT, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Guido J. Reiss
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Walter Frank
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, http://https://http://www‐anorganik.chemie.uni‐wuerzburg.de/forschungsgruppen/prof_dr_m_finze/
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12
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Shaplov AS, Lozinskaya EI, Vlasov PS, Morozova SM, Antonov DY, Aubert PH, Armand M, Vygodskii YS. New family of highly conductive and low viscous ionic liquids with asymmetric 2,2,2-trifluoromethylsulfonyl-N-cyanoamide anion. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.02.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Ignat’ev N, Finze M, Sprenger J, Kerpen C, Bernhardt E, Willner H. New hydrophobic ionic liquids with perfluoroalkyl phosphate and cyanofluoroborate anions. J Fluor Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Moritz R, Wagner M, Schollmeyer D, Baumgarten M, Müllen K. Hydrophobic Encapsulated Phosphonium Salts-Synthesis of Weakly Coordinating Cations and their Application in Wittig Reactions. Chemistry 2015; 21:9119-25. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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15
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Ignat’ev N, Bader J, Koppe K, Hoge B, Willner H. Recent progress in perfluoroalkyl-phosphorus chemistry. J Fluor Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Hammer BAG, Moritz R, Stangenberg R, Baumgarten M, Müllen K. The polar side of polyphenylene dendrimers. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:4072-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00245h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The site-specific functionalization of poly(phenylene) dendrimers can produce macromolecules with a range of different polarities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralf Moritz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | | | | | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
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17
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Guleria A, Singh AK, Adhikari S, Sarkar SK. Radiation induced physicochemical changes in FAP (fluoro alkyl phosphate) based imidazolium ionic liquids and their mechanistic pathways: influence of hydroxyl group functionalization of the cation. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:609-25. [PMID: 24132212 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt51265g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Future applications of ionic liquids (ILs) in a variety of areas, especially those having high radiation fields such as the nuclear fuel cycle and in space technology, are under serious consideration nowadays. For such applications to be possible, however, radiation stability of the ILs is an important issue that needs to be addressed. We envisaged that the ultra-hydrophobic, bulky and hydrolytically stable FAP (tris(perfluoroalkyl)trifluorophosphate) anion might shield the radiolytically vulnerable imidazolium cations from degradation and our result shows that these anions indeed enhance their radiolytic stability. However, introduction of a hydroxyl group into the alkyl side chain of the imidazolium moiety resulted in significant changes in the physical properties of the IL with respect to onset temperatures, conductivity and the electrochemical window. Furthermore, a nonlinear trend in absorbance with an increase in radiation dose accompanied by NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and mass spectrometry studies clearly demonstrated that the presence of the hydroxyl group promotes various degradation channels. Interestingly, a perturbation of the hydrogen bond between the hydroxyl group (present in the side chain of the cation) and the fluorine atom of the anion (OHF) was evident in the case of irradiated hydroxyl functionalized FAP ILs. Besides, the hydrogen gas yields of the ILs were determined and found to be comparable to those of a radiolytically stable aromatic compound, benzene. Finally, through transient spectroscopic studies we could delineate the mechanism of the radiation induced changes in the physicochemical properties of the non-hydroxyl and hydroxyl containing FAP ILs. We have clearly demonstrated that a simple functionalization of the molecular structure of the FAP based imidazolium ILs might cause marked differences in the reactivity, reaction center and the nature of the radiolytic products, which eventually lead to significant changes in their physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurav Guleria
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India.
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18
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Shahriari R, Dehghani MR, Behzadi B. Thermodynamic Modeling of Aqueous Ionic Liquid Solutions Using PC-SAFT Equation of State. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie3012984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Shahriari
- Thermodynamics Research Laboratory, School
of Chemical
Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Dehghani
- Thermodynamics Research Laboratory, School
of Chemical
Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Bahman Behzadi
- Thermodynamics Research Laboratory, School
of Chemical
Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina L. Odinets
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia.
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20
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Türp D, Nguyen TTT, Baumgarten M, Müllen K. Uniquely versatile: nano-site defined materials based on polyphenylene dendrimers. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1nj20449a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Freudenmann D, Wolf S, Wolff M, Feldmann C. Ionic liquids: new perspectives for inorganic synthesis? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:11050-60. [PMID: 21990270 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids are credited with a number of unusual properties. These include a low vapor pressure, a wide liquid-phase range, weakly coordinating properties, and a high thermal/chemical stability. These properties are certainly of great interest for inorganic synthesis and the creation of novel inorganic compounds. On the other hand, the synthesis repertoire for preparing inorganic compounds has always been broad, ranging from syntheses in solutions and melts to solid-state reactions, and from crystal growth in the gas phase to high-pressure syntheses. What new aspects can ionic liquids then add to the synthesis of inorganic compounds? This Minireview uses some early examples to show that the use of ionic liquids indeed provides access to unusual inorganic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Freudenmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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22
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Freudenmann D, Wolf S, Wolff M, Feldmann C. Ionische Flüssigkeiten - neue Perspektiven für die anorganische Synthesechemie? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Ondo D, Tkadlecová M, Dohnal V, Rak J, Kvíčala J, Lehmann JK, Heintz A, Ignatiev N. Interaction of Ionic Liquids Ions with Natural Cyclodextrins. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:10285-97. [DOI: 10.1021/jp205039g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jochen K. Lehmann
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Hermannstrasse 14, D-18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Heintz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Hermannstrasse 14, D-18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Nikolai Ignatiev
- PC-RL ILs, Merck KGaA, Frankfurterstrasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
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24
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Türp D, Wagner M, Enkelmann V, Müllen K. Synthesis of Nanometer-Sized, Rigid, and Hydrophobic Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201007070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Türp D, Wagner M, Enkelmann V, Müllen K. Synthesis of Nanometer-Sized, Rigid, and Hydrophobic Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:4962-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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