1
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Dobre A, Koutsoukos S, Philippi F, Rauber D, Kay CWM, Palumbo O, Roessler MM, Welton T. Understanding the effects of targeted modifications on the 1 : 2 Choline And GEranate structure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:8858-8872. [PMID: 38426306 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05271k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
1 : 2 Choline-and-geranate (CAGE) is an ionic liquid (IL) widely studied for its biomedical applications. However, both its industrial-scale preparation and its long-term storage are problematic so finding more suitable candidates which retain its advantageous properties is crucial. As a first step towards this we have conducted a targeted modification study to understand the effects of specific functional groups on the properties of CAGE. 1 : 2 Choline-and-octanoate and 1 : 2 butyltrimethylammonium-and-octanoate were synthesised and their thermal and rheological properties examined in comparison to those of CAGE. Using differential scanning calorimetry and polarising microscopy, the model compound was found to be an isotropic liquid, while the analogues were room-temperature liquid-crystals which transition to isotropic liquids upon heating. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the thermal behaviour of the studied systems was even more complex, with the ILs also undergoing a thermally-activated relaxation process. Furthermore, we have used electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, along with a variety of spin probes with different functional groups, in order to understand the chemical environment experienced by solutes in each system. The EPR spectra indicate that the radicals experience two distinct environments (polar and nonpolar) in the liquid-crystalline phase, but only one average environment in the isotropic phase. The liquid-crystalline phase experiments also showed that the relative populations of the two domains depend on the nature of the solutes, with polar or strongly hydrogen-bonding solutes preferring the polar domain. For charged solutes, the EPR spectra showed line-broadening, suggesting that their ionic nature leads to complex, unresolved interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dobre
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Spyridon Koutsoukos
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.
- Centre for Pulse EPR Spectroscopy (PEPR), Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Daniel Rauber
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christopher W M Kay
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, Saarbrücken, Germany
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Oriele Palumbo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maxie M Roessler
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.
- Centre for Pulse EPR Spectroscopy (PEPR), Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.
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2
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Goloviznina K, Bakis E, Philippi F, Scaglione N, Rekis T, Laimina L, Costa Gomes M, Padua A. Attraction between Like Charged Ions in Ionic Liquids: Unveiling the Enigma of Tetracyanoborate Anions. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:248-253. [PMID: 38165169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Intermolecular interactions in ionic liquids are mainly governed by Coulombic forces. Attraction between cations has been previously observed and was attributed to dispersion interactions between nonpolar moieties, hydrogen bonding, or π stacking. In this study, we present the intriguing behavior of tetracyanoborate anions in ionic liquids that, unlike their dicyanamide and tricyanomethanide counterparts, form dimers in both solid and liquid phases. A joint simulation and experimental study uncovers the origin of such anion-anion attraction: stabilization by induction and dispersion forces between several cyano groups, which is strong enough to overcome electrostatic repulsion. These findings open up new opportunities in the rational design of ionic liquids, where interactions between ions of the same charge can be controlled and fine-tuned by the presence of cyano groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Goloviznina
- Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux (PHENIX), Sorbonne Université and CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Eduards Bakis
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 1, Riga LV-1001, Latvia
| | - Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Scaglione
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon and CNRS, F-69364 Lyon, France
| | - Toms Rekis
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 1, Riga LV-1001, Latvia
| | - Laura Laimina
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 1, Riga LV-1001, Latvia
| | - Margarida Costa Gomes
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon and CNRS, F-69364 Lyon, France
| | - Agilio Padua
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon and CNRS, F-69364 Lyon, France
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3
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Shigenobu K, Tsuzuki S, Philippi F, Sudoh T, Ugata Y, Dokko K, Watanabe M, Ueno K, Shinoda W. Molecular Level Origin of Ion Dynamics in Highly Concentrated Electrolytes. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:10422-10433. [PMID: 38015036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Single-ion conducting liquid electrolytes are key to achieving rapid charge/discharge in Li secondary batteries. The Li+ transference (or transport) numbers are the defining properties of such electrolytes and have been discussed in the framework of concentrated solution theories. However, the connection between macroscopic transference and microscopic ion dynamics remains unclear. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to obtain direct information regarding the microscopic behaviors in highly concentrated electrolytes, and the relationships between these behaviors and the transference number were determined under anion-blocking conditions. Various solvents with different donor numbers (DNs) were used along with a Li salt of the weakly Lewis basic bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide anion for electrolyte preparation. Favorable ordered Li+ structuring and a continuous Li+ conduction pathway were observed for the fluoroethylene carbonate-based electrolyte due to its low DN. The properties were less pronounced at higher DNs, e.g., for the dimethyl sulfoxide-based electrolyte. The τLi-solventlife/τdipolerelax ratio was introduced as a factor for ion dynamics, and the two mechanisms of ion transport were considered an exchange mechanism (τLi-solventlife/τdipolerelax < 1) and a vehicle mechanism (translational motion of solvated Li+) (τLi-solventlife/τdipolerelax ≥ 1). Vehicle-type transport was dominant with high DNs, while exchangeable transport was preferable at lower DNs. These findings should aid the further selection of solvents and Li salts to prepare single-ion conducting electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Shigenobu
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Seiji Tsuzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Taku Sudoh
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ugata
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Advanced Chemical Energy Research Centre (ACERC), Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Kaoru Dokko
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Advanced Chemical Energy Research Centre (ACERC), Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Watanabe
- Advanced Chemical Energy Research Centre (ACERC), Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ueno
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Advanced Chemical Energy Research Centre (ACERC), Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Wataru Shinoda
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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4
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Rauber D, Philippi F, Schroeder D, Morgenstern B, White AJP, Jochum M, Welton T, Kay CWM. Room temperature ionic liquids with two symmetric ions. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10340-10346. [PMID: 37772103 PMCID: PMC10530934 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03240j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Room temperature ionic liquids typically contain asymmetric organic cations. The asymmetry is thought to enhance disorder, thereby providing an entropic counter-balance to the strong, enthalpic, ionic interactions, and leading, therefore, to lower melting points. Unfortunately, the synthesis and purification of such asymmetric cations is typically more demanding. Here we introduce novel room temperature ionic liquids in which both cation and anion are formally symmetric. The chemical basis for this unprecedented behaviour is the incorporation of ether-containing side chains - which increase the configurational entropy - in the cation. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the ether-containing side chains transiently sample curled configurations. Our results contradict the long-standing paradigm that at least one asymmetric ion is required for ionic liquids to be molten at room temperature, and hence open up new and simpler design pathways for these remarkable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rauber
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University Campus B 2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Daniel Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University Campus B 2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University Campus B 2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Marlon Jochum
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials Campus D2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Christopher W M Kay
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University Campus B 2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London 17-19 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AH UK
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5
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Palumbo O, Paolone A, Philippi F, Rauber D, Welton T. Dynamics in Quaternary Ionic Liquids with Non-Flexible Anions: Insights from Mechanical Spectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11046. [PMID: 37446222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work investigates how mechanical properties and ion dynamics in ionic liquids (ILs) can be affected by ILs' design while considering possible relationships between different mechanical and transport properties. Specifically, we study mechanical properties of quaternary ionic liquids with rigid anions by means of Dynamical Mechanical Analysis (DMA). We are able to relate the DMA results to the rheological and transport properties provided by viscosity, conductivity, and diffusion coefficient measurements. A good agreement is found in the temperature dependence of different variables described by the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann model. In particular, the mechanical spectra of all the measured liquids showed the occurrence of a relaxation, for which the analysis suggested its attribution to a diffusive process, which becomes evident when the ion dynamics are not affected by the fast structural reorganization of flexible anions on a local level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriele Palumbo
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Paolone
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Daniel Rauber
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK
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6
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Shigenobu K, Philippi F, Tsuzuki S, Kokubo H, Dokko K, Watanabe M, Ueno K. On the concentration polarisation in molten Li salts and borate-based Li ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:6970-6978. [PMID: 36804678 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05710g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Electrolytes that transport only Li ions play a crucial role in improving rapid charge and discharge properties in Li secondary batteries. Single Li-ion conduction can be achieved via liquid materials such as Li ionic liquids containing Li+ as the only cations because solvent-free fused Li salts do not polarise in electrochemical cells, owing to the absence of neutral solvents that allow polarisation in the salt concentration and the inevitably homogeneous density in the cells under anion-blocking conditions. However, we found that borate-based Li ionic liquids induce concentration polarisation in a Li/Li symmetric cell, which results in their transference (transport) numbers under anion-blocking conditions (tabcLi) being well below unity. The electrochemical polarisation of the borate-based Li ionic liquids was attributed to an equilibrium shift caused by exchangeable B-O coordination bonds in the anions to generate Li salts and borate-ester solvents at the electrode/electrolyte interface. By comparing borate-based Li ionic liquids containing different ligands, the B-O bond strength and extent of ligand exchange were found to be directly linked to the tabcLi values. This study confirms that the presence of dynamic exchangeable bonds causes electrochemical polarisation and provides a reference for the rational molecular design of Li ionic liquids aimed at achieving single-ion conducting liquid electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Shigenobu
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan.
| | - Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan.
| | - Seiji Tsuzuki
- Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kokubo
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan.
| | - Kaoru Dokko
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan. .,Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Watanabe
- Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ueno
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan. .,Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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7
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Bejaoui YKJ, Philippi F, Stammler HG, Radacki K, Zapf L, Schopper N, Goloviznina K, Maibom KAM, Graf R, Sprenger JAP, Bertermann R, Braunschweig H, Welton T, Ignat'ev NV, Finze M. Insights into structure-property relationships in ionic liquids using cyclic perfluoroalkylsulfonylimides. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2200-2214. [PMID: 36845914 PMCID: PMC9945419 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06758g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Room temperature ionic liquids of cyclic sulfonimide anions ncPFSI (ring size: n = 4-6) with the cations [EMIm]+ (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium), [BMIm]+ (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium) and [BMPL]+ (BMPL = 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium) have been synthesized. Their solid-state structures have been elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and their physicochemical properties (thermal behaviour and stability, dynamic viscosity and specific conductivity) have been assessed. In addition, the ion diffusion was studied by pulsed field gradient stimulated echo (PFGSTE) NMR spectroscopy. The decisive influence of the ring size of the cyclic sulfonimide anions on the physicochemical properties of the ILs has been revealed. All ILs show different properties compared to those of the non-cyclic TFSI anion. While these differences are especially distinct for ILs with the very rigid 6cPFSI anion, the 5-membered ring anion 5cPFSI was found to result in ILs with relatively similar properties. The difference between the properties of the TFSI anion and the cyclic sulfonimide anions has been rationalized by the rigidity (conformational lock) of the cyclic sulfonimide anions. The comparison of selected IL properties was augmented by MD simulations. These highlight the importance of π+-π+ interactions between pairs of [EMIm]+ cations in the liquid phase. The π+-π+ interactions are evident for the solid state from the molecular structures of the [EMIm]+-ILs with the three cyclic imide anions determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes K. J. Bejaoui
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Am Hubland97074 WürzburgGermany
| | - Frederik Philippi
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research HubWhite City CampusLondon W12 0BZUK
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie (ACS), Centre for Molecular Materials (CM2)Universitätsstr. 25D-33615 BielefeldGermany
| | - Krzysztof Radacki
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Ludwig Zapf
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Nils Schopper
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Kateryna Goloviznina
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauxF-75005 ParisFrance
| | - Kristina A. M. Maibom
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Am Hubland97074 WürzburgGermany
| | - Roland Graf
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Jan A. P. Sprenger
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Am Hubland97074 WürzburgGermany
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Tom Welton
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research HubWhite City CampusLondon W12 0BZUK
| | - Nikolai V. Ignat'ev
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Am Hubland97074 WürzburgGermany,Consultant, Merck KGaA64293 DarmstadtGermany
| | - Maik Finze
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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8
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Rauber D, Philippi F, Becker J, Zapp J, Morgenstern B, Kuttich B, Kraus T, Hempelmann R, Hunt P, Welton T, Kay CWM. Anion and ether group influence in protic guanidinium ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:6436-6453. [PMID: 36779955 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05724g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids are attractive liquid materials for many advanced applications. For targeted design, in-depth knowledge about their structure-property-relations is urgently needed. We prepared a set of novel protic ionic liquids (PILs) with a guanidinium cation with either an ether or alkyl side chain and different anions. While being a promising cation class, the available data is insufficient to guide design. We measured thermal and transport properties, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra as well as liquid and crystalline structures supported by ab initio computations and were able to obtain a detailed insight into the influence of the anion and the ether substitution on the physical and spectroscopic properties. For the PILs, hydrogen bonding is the main interaction between cation and anion and the H-bond strength is inversely related to the proton affinity of the constituting acid and correlated to the increase of 1H and 15N chemical shifts. Using anions from acids with lower proton affinity leads to proton localization on the cation as evident from NMR spectra and self-diffusion coefficients. In contrast, proton exchange was evident in ionic liquids with triflate and trifluoroacetate anions. Using imide-type anions and ether side groups decreases glass transitions as well as fragility, and accelerated dynamics significantly. In case of the ether guanidinium ionic liquids, the conformation of the side chain adopts a curled structure as the result of dispersion interactions, while the alkyl chains prefer a linear arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rauber
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Julian Becker
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Josef Zapp
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Campus B 2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Björn Kuttich
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tobias Kraus
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. .,INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Hempelmann
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Patricia Hunt
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.,School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Christopher W M Kay
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. .,London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK.
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9
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Beckmann JBB, Rauber D, Philippi F, Goloviznina K, Ward-Williams JA, Sederman AJ, Mantle MD, Pádua A, Kay CWM, Welton T, Gladden LF. Molecular Dynamics of Ionic Liquids from Fast-Field Cycling NMR and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:7143-7158. [PMID: 36094902 PMCID: PMC9511496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Understanding the connection between the molecular structure
of
ionic liquids and their properties is of paramount importance for
practical applications. However, this connection can only be established
if a broad range of physicochemical properties on different length
and time scales is already available. Even then, the interpretation
of the results often remains ambiguous due to the natural limits of
experimental approaches. Here we use fast-field cycling (FFC) to access
both translational and rotational dynamics of ionic liquids. These
combined with a comprehensive physicochemical characterization and
MD simulations provide a toolkit to give insight into the mechanisms
of molecular mechanics. The FFC results are consistent with the computer
simulation and conventional physicochemical approaches. We show that
curling of the side chains around the positively charged cationic
core is essential for the properties of ether-functionalized ionic
liquids, and we demonstrate that neither geometry nor polarity alone
are sufficient to explain the macroscopic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian B B Beckmann
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Rauber
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kateryna Goloviznina
- Laboratoire de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon & CNRS, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Jordan A Ward-Williams
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | - Andy J Sederman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | - Mick D Mantle
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | - Agílio Pádua
- Laboratoire de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon & CNRS, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Christopher W M Kay
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn F Gladden
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
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10
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Philippi F, Rauber D, Palumbo O, Goloviznina K, McDaniel J, Pugh D, Suarez S, Fraenza CC, Padua A, Kay CWM, Welton T. Flexibility is the key to tuning the transport properties of fluorinated imide-based ionic liquids. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9176-9190. [PMID: 36093026 PMCID: PMC9384794 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03074h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids are becoming increasingly popular for practical applications such as biomass processing and lithium-ion batteries. However, identifying ionic liquids with optimal properties for specific applications by trial and error is extremely inefficient since there are a vast number of potential candidate ions. Here we combine experimental and computational techniques to determine how the interplay of fluorination, flexibility and mass affects the transport properties of ionic liquids with the popular imide anion. We observe that fluorination and flexibility have a large impact on properties such as viscosity, whereas the influence of mass is negligible. Using targeted modifications, we show that conformational flexibility provides a significant contribution to the success of fluorination as a design element. Contrary to conventional wisdom, fluorination by itself is thus not a guarantor for beneficial properties such as low viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Daniel Rauber
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University Campus B2.2 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Oriele Palumbo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | | | - Jesse McDaniel
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia 30332-0400 USA
| | - David Pugh
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Sophia Suarez
- Department of Physics, Brooklyn College of CUNY Brooklyn New York 11210 USA
| | - Carla C Fraenza
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College of CUNY New York 10065 USA
| | - Agilio Padua
- Laboratoire de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS 69364 Lyon France
| | - Christopher W M Kay
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University Campus B2.2 Saarbrücken Germany
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London 17-19 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AH UK
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
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11
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Guan Y, Clark R, Philippi F, Zhang X, Welton T. How do external forces related to mass and charge affect the structures and dynamics of an ionic liquid?. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:204312. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0091322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are novel promising materials widely used in various fields. Their structures and properties can be tuned by means of external perturbations, thus further broadening their applications. Herein, forces proportional to atomic mass (mass-related field) and atomic charge (electric field) are applied in molecular dynamics simulations to the IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide to investigate the origin of the resulting changes in structures and dynamics. The results show that both electric and mass-related fields cause the ion cages to expand and deform, eventually leading to their breakdown to produce a transformation of IL from cage structure to channel-like structure, which results in faster self-diffusion of ions in the directions of the applied force and to a lesser extent other directions. Further comparison of electric and mass-related fields demonstrates that only the electric fields reorientate cations to produce a hydrodynamically favoured conformation in the force direction which shows faster diffusion. The cis isomer of the anion is preferred in the presence of the electric fields, whereas applying the forces proportional to mass does not change the anion conformer equilibrium significantly. The results presented in this work aid in the understanding of how ions adjust their structures to adapt to external perturbations and facilitates the application of ILs as electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongji Guan
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Ryan Clark
- Imperial College Department of Chemistry, United Kingdom
| | | | - Xiaoping Zhang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Thomas Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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12
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Khudozhitkov AE, Donoshita M, Stepanov AG, Philippi F, Rauber D, Hempelmann R, Kitagawa H, Kolokolov DI, Ludwig R. High‐Temperature Quantum Tunneling and Hydrogen Bonding Rearrangements Characterize the Solid‐Solid Phase Transitions in a Phosphonium‐Based Protic Ionic Liquid. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200257. [PMID: 35187737 PMCID: PMC9311734 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E. Khudozhitkov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Prospekt Akademika Lavrentieva 5 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University Pirogova Street 2 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Masaki Donoshita
- Division of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Alexander G. Stepanov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Prospekt Akademika Lavrentieva 5 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University Pirogova Street 2 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Frederik Philippi
- Physikalische Chemie Universität des Saarlandes Campus B2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Daniel Rauber
- Physikalische Chemie Universität des Saarlandes Campus B2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Rolf Hempelmann
- Physikalische Chemie Universität des Saarlandes Campus B2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Division of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Daniil I. Kolokolov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Prospekt Akademika Lavrentieva 5 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University Pirogova Street 2 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Ralf Ludwig
- Department LL&M University of Rostock Albert-Einstein-Str. 25 18059 Rostock Germany
- Institut für Chemie Abteilung für Physikalische Chemie Universität Rostock Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2 18059 Rostock Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse Universität Rostock e.V. Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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13
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Khudozhitkov AE, Donoshita M, Stepanov AG, Philippi F, Rauber D, Hempelmann R, Kitagawa H, Kolokolov DI, Ludwig R. Cover Feature: High‐Temperature Quantum Tunneling and Hydrogen Bonding Rearrangements Characterize the Solid‐Solid Phase Transitions in a Phosphonium‐Based Protic Ionic Liquid (Chem. Eur. J. 23/2022). Chemistry 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E. Khudozhitkov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Prospekt Akademika Lavrentieva 5 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University Pirogova Street 2 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Masaki Donoshita
- Division of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Alexander G. Stepanov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Prospekt Akademika Lavrentieva 5 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University Pirogova Street 2 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Frederik Philippi
- Physikalische Chemie Universität des Saarlandes Campus B2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Daniel Rauber
- Physikalische Chemie Universität des Saarlandes Campus B2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Rolf Hempelmann
- Physikalische Chemie Universität des Saarlandes Campus B2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Division of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Daniil I. Kolokolov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Prospekt Akademika Lavrentieva 5 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Novosibirsk State University Pirogova Street 2 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Ralf Ludwig
- Department LL&M University of Rostock Albert-Einstein-Str. 25 18059 Rostock Germany
- Institut für Chemie Abteilung für Physikalische Chemie Universität Rostock Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2 18059 Rostock Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse Universität Rostock e.V. Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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14
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Koutsoukos S, Philippi F, Rauber D, Pugh D, Kay CWM, Welton T. Effect of the cation structure on the properties of homobaric imidazolium ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:6453-6468. [PMID: 35244651 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05169e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this work we investigate the structure-property relationships in a series of alkylimidazolium ionic liquids with almost identical molecular weight. Using a combination of theoretical calculations and experimental measurements, we have shown that re-arranging the alkyl side chain or adding functional groups results in quite distinct features in the resultant ILs. The synthesised ILs, although structurally very similar, cover a wide spectrum of properties ranging from highly fluid, glass forming liquids to high melting point crystalline salts. Theoretical ab initio calculations provide insight on minimum energy orientations for the cations, which then are compared to experimental X-ray crystallography measurements to extract information on hydrogen bonding and to verify our understanding of the studied structures. Molecular dynamics simulations of the simplest (core) ionic liquids are used in order to help us interpret our experimental results and understand better why methylation of C2 position of the imidazolium ring results in ILs with such different properties compared to their non-methylated analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Koutsoukos
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Daniel Rauber
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - David Pugh
- Department of Chemistry, Britannia House, Kings College London, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Christopher W M Kay
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.
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15
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Philippi F, Rauber D, Eliasen KL, Bouscharain N, Niss K, Kay CWM, Welton T. Pressing matter: why are ionic liquids so viscous? Chem Sci 2022; 13:2735-2743. [PMID: 35340854 PMCID: PMC8890108 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06857a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Room temperature ionic liquids are considered to have huge potential for practical applications such as batteries. However, their high viscosity presents a significant challenge to their use changing from niche to ubiquitous. The modelling and prediction of viscosity in ionic liquids is the subject of an ongoing debate involving two competing hypotheses: molecular and local mechanisms versus collective and long-range mechanisms. To distinguish between these two theories, we compared an ionic liquid with its uncharged, isoelectronic, isostructural molecular mimic. We measured the viscosity of the molecular mimic at high pressure to emulate the high densities in ionic liquids, which result from the Coulomb interactions in the latter. We were thus able to reveal that the relative contributions of coulombic compaction and the charge network interactions are of similar magnitude. We therefore suggest that the optimisation of the viscosity in room temperature ionic liquids must follow a dual approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Daniel Rauber
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University Campus B2.2 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Kira Lieberkind Eliasen
- "Glass and Time", IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University P.O. Box 260 DK-4000 Roskilde Denmark
| | | | - Kristine Niss
- "Glass and Time", IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University P.O. Box 260 DK-4000 Roskilde Denmark
| | - Christopher W M Kay
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University Campus B2.2 Saarbrücken Germany.,London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London 17-19 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AH UK
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
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16
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Philippi F, Goloviznina K, Gong Z, Gehrke S, Kirchner B, Pádua AAH, Hunt PA. Charge transfer and polarisability in ionic liquids: a case study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:3144-3162. [PMID: 35040843 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04592j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The practical use of ionic liquids (ILs) is benefiting from a growing understanding of the underpinning structural and dynamic properties, facilitated through classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The predictive and explanatory power of a classical MD simulation is inextricably linked to the underlying force field. A key aspect of the forcefield for ILs is the ability to recover charge based interactions. Our focus in this paper is on the description and recovery of charge transfer and polarisability effects, demonstrated through MD simulations of the widely used 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [C4C1im][NTf2] IL. We study the charge distributions generated by a range of ab initio methods, and present an interpolation method for determining atom-wise scaled partial charges. Two novel methods for determining the mean field (total) charge transfer from anion to cation are presented. The impact of using different charge models and different partial charge scaling (unscaled, uniformly scaled, atom-wise scaled) are compared to fully polarisable simulations. We study a range of Drude particle explicitly polarisable potentials and shed light on the performance of current approaches to counter known problems. It is demonstrated that small changes in the charge description and MD methodology can have a significant impact; biasing some properties, while leaving others unaffected within the structural and dynamic domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Kateryna Goloviznina
- Laboratoire de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon & CNRS, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Zheng Gong
- Laboratoire de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon & CNRS, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Sascha Gehrke
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4+6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Barbara Kirchner
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4+6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Agílio A H Pádua
- Laboratoire de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon & CNRS, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Patricia A Hunt
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.,School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
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17
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Rauber D, Philippi F, Kuttich B, Becker J, Kraus T, Hunt P, Welton T, Hempelmann R, Kay CWM. Curled cation structures accelerate the dynamics of ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:21042-21064. [PMID: 34522943 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02889h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids are modern liquid materials with potential and actual implementation in many advanced technologies. They combine many favourable and modifiable properties but have a major inherent drawback compared to molecular liquids - slower dynamics. In previous studies we found that the dynamics of ionic liquids are significantly accelerated by the introduction of multiple ether side chains into the cations. However, the origin of the improved transport properties, whether as a result of the altered cation conformation or due to the absence of nanostructuring within the liquid as a result of the higher polarity of the ether chains, remained to be clarified. Therefore, we prepared two novel sets of methylammonium based ionic liquids; one set with three ether substituents and another set with three butyl side chains, in order to compare their dynamic properties and liquid structures. Using a range of anions, we show that the dynamics of the ether-substituted cations are systematically and distinctly accelerated. Liquefaction temperatures are lowered and fragilities increased, while at the same time cation-anion distances are slightly larger for the alkylated samples. Furthermore, pronounced liquid nanostructures were not observed. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that the origin of the altered properties of the ether substituted ionic liquids is primarily due to a curled ether chain conformation, in contrast to the alkylated cations where the alkyl chains retain a linear conformation. Thus, the observed structure-property relations can be explained by changes in the geometric shape of the cations, rather than by the absence of a liquid nanostructure. Application of quantum chemical calculations to a simplified model system revealed that intramolecular hydrogen-bonding is responsible for approximately half of the stabilisation of the curled ether-cations, whereas the other half stems from non-specific long-range interactions. These findings give more detailed insights into the structure-property relations of ionic liquids and will guide the development of ionic liquids that do not suffer from slow dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rauber
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Björn Kuttich
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Julian Becker
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Tobias Kraus
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany. .,INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Patricia Hunt
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.,School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Rolf Hempelmann
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Christopher W M Kay
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany. .,London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK.
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18
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Koutsoukos S, Philippi F, Malaret F, Welton T. A review on machine learning algorithms for the ionic liquid chemical space. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6820-6843. [PMID: 34123314 PMCID: PMC8153233 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01000j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There are thousands of papers published every year investigating the properties and possible applications of ionic liquids. Industrial use of these exceptional fluids requires adequate understanding of their physical properties, in order to create the ionic liquid that will optimally suit the application. Computational property prediction arose from the urgent need to minimise the time and cost that would be required to experimentally test different combinations of ions. This review discusses the use of machine learning algorithms as property prediction tools for ionic liquids (either as standalone methods or in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations), presents common problems of training datasets and proposes ways that could lead to more accurate and efficient models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Koutsoukos
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Francisco Malaret
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
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19
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Abstract
Ionic liquids are extremely versatile and continue to find new applications in academia as well as industry. This versatility is rooted in the manifold of possible ion types, ion combinations, and ion variations. However, to fully exploit this versatility, it is imperative to understand how the properties of ionic liquids arise from their constituents. In this work, we discuss targeted modifications as a powerful tool to provide understanding and to enable design. A 'targeted modification' is a deliberate change in the structure of an ionic liquid. This includes chemical changes in an experiment as well as changes to the parameterisation in a computer simulation. In any case, such a change must be purposeful to isolate what is of interest, studying, as far as is possible, only one concept at a time. The concepts can then be used as design elements. However, it is often found that several design elements interact with each other - sometimes synergistically, and other times antagonistically. Targeted modifications are a systematic way of navigating these overlaps. We hope this paper shows that understanding ionic liquids requires experimentalists and theoreticians to join forces and provides a tool to tackle the difficult transition from understanding to design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.
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20
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Philippi F, Pugh D, Rauber D, Welton T, Hunt PA. Conformational design concepts for anions in ionic liquids. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6405-6422. [PMID: 35432848 PMCID: PMC8959527 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01379j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interchangeable functional groups for imide ions are investigated computationally, new ILs with low/high viscosity are designed a priori and experimentally characterised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub
- Imperial College London
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
| | - David Pugh
- Department of Chemistry
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub
- Imperial College London
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
| | - Daniel Rauber
- Department of Chemistry
- Saarland University
- Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub
- Imperial College London
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
| | - Patricia A. Hunt
- Department of Chemistry
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub
- Imperial College London
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
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21
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Philippi F, Rauber D, Kuttich B, Kraus T, Kay CWM, Hempelmann R, Hunt PA, Welton T. Ether functionalisation, ion conformation and the optimisation of macroscopic properties in ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:23038-23056. [PMID: 33047758 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03751f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids are an attractive material class due to their wide liquid range, intrinsic ionic conductivity, and high chemical as well as electrochemical stability. However, the widespread use of ionic liquids is hindered by significantly higher viscosities compared to conventional molecular solvents. In this work, we show how the transport properties of ionic liquids can be altered significantly, even for isostructural ions that have the same backbone. To this end, structure-property relationships have been determined for a set of 16 systematically varied representative ionic liquids. Variations in molecular structure include ammonium vs. phosphonium, ether vs. alkyl side chains, and rigid vs. flexible anions. Ab initio calculations are used to relate molecular structures to the thermal, structural and transport properties of the ionic liquids. We find that the differences in properties of ether and alkyl functionalised ionic liquids are primarily dependent on minimum energy geometries, with the conformational flexibility of ether side chains appearing to be of secondary importance. We also show unprecedented correlations between anion conformational flexibility and transport properties. Critically, increasing fluidity upon consecutive introduction of ether side chains and phosphonium centres into the cation is found to be dependent on whether the anion is flexible or rigid. We demonstrate that targeted design of functional groups based on structure-property relationships can yield ionic liquids of exceptionally high fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.
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22
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Philippi F, Quinten A, Rauber D, Springborg M, Hempelmann R. Density Functional Theory Descriptors for Ionic Liquids and the Introduction of a Coulomb Correction. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:4188-4200. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b01831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Philippi
- Physical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Anna Quinten
- Physical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Daniel Rauber
- Physical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Transfercenter Sustainable Electrochemistry, Saarland University and KIST Europe, Am Markt, Zeile 3, 66125 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Springborg
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Rolf Hempelmann
- Physical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Transfercenter Sustainable Electrochemistry, Saarland University and KIST Europe, Am Markt, Zeile 3, 66125 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Philippi F, Rauber D, Zapp J, Präsang C, Scheschkewitz D, Hempelmann R. Multiple Ether-Functionalized Phosphonium Ionic Liquids as Highly Fluid Electrolytes. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:443-455. [PMID: 30480374 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are promising electrolytes, although their often high viscosity remains a serious drawback. The latter can be addressed by the introduction of multiple ether functionalization. Based on the highly atom efficient synthesis of tris(2-ethoxyethyl) phosphine, several new phosphonium ionic liquids were prepared, which allows studying the influence of the ether side chains. Their most important physicochemical properties have been determined and will be interpreted using established approaches like ionicity, hole theory, and the Walden plot. There is striking evidence that the properties of phosphonium ionic liquids with the methanesulfonate anion are dominated by aggregation, whereas the two triple ether functionalized ILs with the highest fluidity show almost ideal behavior with other factors being dominant. It is furthermore found that the deviation from ideality is not significantly changed upon introduction of the ether side chains, although a very beneficial impact on the fluidity of ILs is observed. Multiple ether functionalization therefore proves as a powerful tool to overcome the disadvantages of phosphonium ionic liquids with large cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Philippi
- Physical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Daniel Rauber
- Physical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Transfercentre Sustainable Electrochemistry, Saarland University and KIST Europe, Am Markt, Zeile 3, 66125, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Josef Zapp
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Campus B 2 3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Carsten Präsang
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Hempelmann
- Physical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Transfercentre Sustainable Electrochemistry, Saarland University and KIST Europe, Am Markt, Zeile 3, 66125, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Philippi F, Rauber D, Springborg M, Hempelmann R. Density Functional Theory Descriptors for Ionic Liquids and the Charge-Transfer Interpretation of the Haven Ratio. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:851-861. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b10827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Philippi
- Physical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Daniel Rauber
- Physical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Transfercenter Sustainable Electrochemistry, Saarland University and KIST Europe, Am Markt, Zeile 3, 66125 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Springborg
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Rolf Hempelmann
- Physical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Transfercenter Sustainable Electrochemistry, Saarland University and KIST Europe, Am Markt, Zeile 3, 66125 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Rauber D, Philippi F, Zapp J, Kickelbick G, Natter H, Hempelmann R. Transport properties of protic and aprotic guanidinium ionic liquids. RSC Adv 2018; 8:41639-41650. [PMID: 35559272 PMCID: PMC9091945 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07412g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are a promising class of solvents, functional fluids and electrolytes that are of high interest for both basic as well as applied research. For further fundamental understanding of ILs and a successful implementation in technical processes, a deeper insight into transport properties and their interrelations is of particular importance. In this contribution we synthesised a series of mostly novel protic and aprotic ILs based on the tetramethylguanidinium (TMG) cation that is a derivative of the superbase guanidine. Different substitution patterns and anions from acids with broadly varied pKa values were investigated. We measured general properties, such as thermal transitions and densities of these ILs, as well as their transport quantities by means of rheology, impedance spectroscopy and NMR diffusometry. Different models for the correlation of the transport properties, namely the Nernst–Einstein, Walden and Stokes–Einstein–Sutherland relations were applied. The deviation from ideal behaviour of fully dissociated electrolytes, often termed as ionicity, was quantified by the reciprocal Haven ratio, fractional Walden rule and ionicity obtained from the Walden plot. Velocity cross-correlation coefficients were calculated to gain further insight into the correlation between ion movements. Both protic and aprotic TMG ILs show transport properties comparable to other ILs with similar molecular weight and high ionicity values especially in contrast to other protic ILs. Lowest ionicity values were found for the protic ILs with smallest ΔpKa values between constituting acid and base. This can either be explained by stronger hydrogen bonding between cation and anion or lower anti-correlations between the oppositely charged ions. These results aim to provide insight into the properties of this interesting cations class and a deeper understanding of the transport properties of ILs and their interrelations in general. New protic and aprotic ionic liquids based on superbase cations show promising properties and enrich the field of cation classes![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rauber
- Physical Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
- Transfercenter Sustainable Electrochemistry
| | | | - Josef Zapp
- Pharmaceutical Biology
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Guido Kickelbick
- Inorganic Solid State Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Harald Natter
- Physical Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
- Transfercenter Sustainable Electrochemistry
| | - Rolf Hempelmann
- Physical Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
- Transfercenter Sustainable Electrochemistry
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Rauber D, Philippi F, Hempelmann R. Catalyst retention utilizing a novel fluorinated phosphonium ionic liquid in Heck reactions under fluorous biphasic conditions. J Fluor Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Novel phosphonium-based ionic liquids with different anions as well as side chain composition and length in the cations exhibit transport properties deviating from ideal behaviour. This is attributed to the ionicity and is evident from the Haven ratio and the fractional Walden rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Philippi
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - D. Rauber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
- Transfercenter Sustainable Electrochemistry
| | - J. Zapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - R. Hempelmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
- Transfercenter Sustainable Electrochemistry
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Fabjan C, Garche J, Harrer B, Jörissen L, Kolbeck C, Philippi F, Tomazic G, Wagner F. The vanadium redox-battery: an efficient storage unit for photovoltaic systems. Electrochim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(01)00763-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bello E, Reuss L, Orozco R, Philippi F, De los Reyes MP. [Arterial hypertension and aortic arteritis]. Rev Med Chil 1973; 101:309-13. [PMID: 4759258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Schneegans E, Tordo L, Philippi F. [Psychotherapeutic approach to anorexic children]. Rev Neuropsychiatr Infant 1971; 19:609-14. [PMID: 5160089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Philippi F. [Reception for Prof. Laurence H. Kyle]. Rev Med Chil 1967; 95:219-20. [PMID: 4881859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Allende J, Oberhauser E, Philippi F, Vukusic A, Lazcano F, Ríos E. [The febrile complications of acute renal insufficiency]. Rev Med Chil 1966; 94:776-81. [PMID: 5997542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Brailovsky D, Philippi F, Rojas F, Dooner H, Gómez R, Kukolj S. [Current status of the use of diuretics]. Rev Med Chil 1966; 94:539-55. [PMID: 5991495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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34
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Allende J, Lopez O, Oberhauser E, Litvak J, Philippi F, Solis F. [Renal scintiscanning with neohydrin Hg203]. Rev Med Chil 1966; 94:103-6. [PMID: 5987335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Vukusic A, Lazcano F, Allende J, Oberhauser E, De Rose N, Cancino E, Philippi F, Fernandez I. [Experience with 37 cases of extracorporeal dialysis]. Rev Med Chil 1965; 93:321-7. [PMID: 4283806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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36
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Vukusic A, Oberhauser E, Lazcano F, Allende J, Acosta V, Morales-Malva JA, Philippi F. [3 Cases of nephrotic syndrome of unusual etiology]. Rev Med Chil 1965; 93:343-8. [PMID: 5845738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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