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Aslan G, Marinis T, Eggers K. Attention networks in multilingual adults who do and who do not stutter. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS 2024:1-23. [PMID: 38423006 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2024.2316288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated whether multilinguals who stutter differ from multilinguals who do not stutter in terms of attention networks. Towards that end, it measured (a) performance differences in attention networks between multilinguals who stutter and those who do not stutter and (b) the correlation between stuttering characteristics and attention networks. Twenty-four multilingual Dutch-English speaking adults (20-46y), half of whom were diagnosed with stuttering, completed the Attentional Network Task (ANT) that evaluates the attention networks of alerting, orienting, and executive control. A language and social background questionnaire and a lexical decision task (LexTALE) assessed the participants' language proficiency. The Stuttering Severity Instrument 4th Ed. and the Brief Version of the Unhelpful Thoughts and Beliefs About Stuttering Scale were used to evaluate stuttering characteristics. The two groups did not differ in the ANT in terms of reaction time and error rate scores. Furthermore, no differences were observed in the three attention networks between the groups. Lastly, no correlation was found between stuttering characteristics and attention networks. The results suggest that the attention abilities of multilinguals who stutter do not differ from multilinguals who do not stutter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Aslan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Theo Marinis
- Department of Linguistics, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Kurt Eggers
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Speech-Language Therapy and Audiology, Thomas More, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Neumann Y. A case study of bilingual neurogenic stuttering: Measures of fluency, emotion, and articulation rate. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2024; 107:106385. [PMID: 38065050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2023.106385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study explores the features of bilingual neurogenic stuttering and the potential connection between emotion and articulation rate on speech disfluencies. METHOD The participant is a 59-year old, Yiddish-English bilingual male with a moderate non-fluent aphasia. Thirty-two narratives (16 in each language), elicited using cue words, were analyzed for frequency of disfluency, type of disfluency (stuttering vs. non-stuttering-like), word-type (content vs. function), within-word location of disfluency, and occurrence of accessory behaviors. Additionally, the percentage and type of emotion (positive vs. negative) expressed, and articulation rate (fluent syllables spoken/duration of fluent utterances) was assessed. RESULTS Disfluency occurred in each language with approximately equal frequency. The most common stuttering-like disfluencies were repetitions (monosyllabic, sound, and syllable) and prolongations. The most common non-stuttering-like disfluencies were self-correction/revisions, phrase and multisyllabic word repetitions, and pauses (silent and filled). In both languages, disfluencies occurred on both content and function words, but primarily content words, and in any position of the word, although primarily initial position. No accessory behaviors were noted. There was a similar amount of emotion words used in each language although the first acquired language, L1/Yiddish, had an overall more positive tone, and his second acquired language, L2/English, had a more negative tone. Additionally, there was a negative relationship between emotion and the number of disfluencies in L1/Yiddish, and a positive relationship in L2/English. A faster articulation rate was found in his native and more proficient language, Yiddish, than English. There was a negative relationship between articulation rate and the number of disfluencies in L1/Yiddish, and a positive relationship in L2/English. CONCLUSIONS Cross-linguistics differences for emotion and articulation rate demonstrates that these aspects impact on fluency and contributes to the disfluencies in each language. Clinical implications of the study demonstrates the importance of assessment of bilingual (i.e., proficiency and dominance) and fluency features of each language in the diagnostic process and the significance of considering emotional processes and articulation rate as part of a comprehensive intervention plan for acquired stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Neumann
- Associate Professor, Director of the Undergraduate Program in Communication Sciences & Disorders, Department of Linguistics & Communication Disorders, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Queens, NY 11367, United States.
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Fichman S, Adelman C, Altman C. Unique Patterns of Bilingual Speech: Factors Affecting Disfluency Rates in Russian-Hebrew Bilingual Children. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2023; 66:4896-4912. [PMID: 37931116 DOI: 10.1044/2023_jslhr-23-00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bilingual children often demonstrate a high rate of disfluencies, which might impact the diagnostic evaluation of fluency disorders; however, research on the rates and types of disfluencies in bilinguals' two languages is limited. The purpose of this research is to profile disfluencies of two types, stuttering-like disfluencies (SLDs) and other disfluencies (ODs), in the speech of Russian-Hebrew bilingual typically developing children, focusing on cross-linguistic differences and the effect of language proficiency in both languages. METHOD Spontaneous narratives based on the Frog, Where Are You? (Mayer, 1969) picture book were collected in both languages from 40 bilingual Russian-Hebrew children aged 5;6-6;6 (years;months). The transcribed narratives were coded for SLD (sound, syllable, and monosyllabic word repetitions) and OD (multisyllabic word/phrase repetitions, interjections, and revisions), and their frequencies per 100 syllables were calculated. RESULTS Overall, most children had a percentage of SLD and OD below the cutoff point and within the existing criteria for stuttering diagnosis established based on monolingual data, but several children exceeded this stuttering criterion. Monosyllabic word repetitions (part of SLD) and interjections (part of OD) were more frequent in Hebrew than in Russian. Lower proficiency was associated with a higher percentage of monosyllabic word repetitions and of interjections in both languages. CONCLUSIONS Bilingual disfluency criteria are needed, since based on the existing monolingual criteria, some children might be erroneously assessed as children who stutter, thus leading to overdiagnosis. The results support the claim that proficiency is an important factor in the production of disfluencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sveta Fichman
- Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem, Israel
- Talpiot College of Education, Holon, Israel
| | - Cahtia Adelman
- Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem, Israel
- Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Carmit Altman
- Faculty of Education, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Rojas R, Irani F, Gusewski S, Camacho N. A cross-sectional investigation of disfluencies in typically developing Spanish-English bilingual children. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2023; 77:105988. [PMID: 37331088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.105988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the language skills and the type and frequency of disfluencies in the spoken narrative production of typically developing Spanish-English bilingual children. METHOD A cross-sectional sample of 106 bilingual children (50 boys; 56 girls) enrolled in kindergarten through Grade 4, produced a total of 212 narrative retell language samples in English and Spanish. A specialized fluency coding system was implemented to index the percentage of total (%TD) and stuttering-like disfluencies (%SLD) in each language. Large-scale reference databases were used to classify children's dual language proficiency profiles (balanced, English dominant, Spanish dominant) based on language sample analysis measures of morphosyntax and lexical diversity. RESULTS The bilingual Spanish-English children in this study did not demonstrate significant cross-linguistic differences for mean %TD or %SLD. However, the mean %TD and %SLD in both languages exceeded the risk threshold based on monolingual English-speaking norms. English dominant bilingual children demonstrated significantly lower %TD in English than Spanish. Spanish dominant children demonstrated significantly lower %SLD in Spanish than English. CONCLUSIONS This study included the largest sample size of bilingual Spanish-English children investigated to date from a fluency perspective. The frequency of disfluencies was found to be variable across participants and change dynamically as a function of grade and dual language proficiency profiles, indicating the need for studies that employ larger sample sizes and longitudinal designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Rojas
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing: Sciences and Disorders, University of Kansas, Dole Center, Room 3001, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States.
| | - Farzan Irani
- Department of Communication Disorders, Willow Hall 249, Texas State University, Round Rock, TX 78665, United States
| | - Svenja Gusewski
- Department of Communication Disorders, Southern Connecticut State University, 400 Fitch Street St, HHS 228, New Haven, CT 06515, United States
| | - Natalia Camacho
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing, University of Texas at Dallas, 1966 Inwood Road, Dallas, TX 72353, United States
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Brundage SB, Ratner NB. Linguistic aspects of stuttering: research updates on the language-fluency interface. TOPICS IN LANGUAGE DISORDERS 2022; 42:5-23. [PMID: 35321534 PMCID: PMC8936424 DOI: 10.1097/tld.0000000000000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although commonly defined as a speech disorder, stuttering interacts with the language production system in important ways. Our purpose is to summarize research findings on linguistic variables that influence stuttering assessment and treatment. METHOD AND RESULTS Numerous topics are summarized. First, we review research that has examined linguistic features that increase stuttering frequency and influence where it occurs. Second, we tackle the question of whether or not persons who stutter exhibit subtle language differences or deficits. Next, we explore language factors that appear to influence recovery from early stuttering in children. The final topic discusses the unique challenges inherent in differentially diagnosing stuttering in bilingual children. Clinical implications for each topic are discussed. DISCUSSION The article concludes with a discussion of the unique differences in the integration of language and speech demands by people who stutter, when compared to people who are typically fluent, and their clinical ramifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley B Brundage
- Professor and Chair, Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Nan Bernstein Ratner
- Professor, Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
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Chaudhary C, Maruthy S, Guddattu V, Krishnan G. A systematic review on the role of language-related factors in the manifestation of stuttering in bilinguals. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2021; 68:105829. [PMID: 33556665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2021.105829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bilingual(s) who stutter (BWS) provide an opportunity to explore the link between stuttering and language. Unlike in monolinguals, stuttering in bilinguals could be influenced by both speaker-related language (e.gs. dominance & proficiency) and linguistic typology-related factors (e.g., structure of languages). However, the available literature is largely inconclusive on these factors. In this context, we systematically reviewed the literature to compile evidence on the influence of such factors on BWS. METHOD We followed the conventional systematic review process that included five databases. Further, the quality of the included articles was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for quality rating. RESULT Thirteen articles passed the selection criteria. Review of these articles revealed that language proficiency and dominance are the important factors that affect stuttering frequency in BWS. Though the linguistic typology is portrayed as a factor on the differential manifestation of dysfluencies in both languages of the BWS, the literature does not provide substantiating data for this. Further, the lack of uniformity in assessing and reporting language dominance and proficiency are the major drawbacks in the existing literature on stuttering in BWS. CONCLUSION This review identifies proficiency and dominance as the major factors that influence the stuttering frequency in BWS. Currently, the evidence for the influence of typological differences between languages of the BWS on stuttering largely remains whimsical. Future research shall employ the recommended tasks and metrics while assessing the dysfluencies in BWS so that findings across centres become comparable, which in turn, could yield valid inferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchal Chaudhary
- Department of Speech and Hearing, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Santosh Maruthy
- Department of Speech-Language Sciences, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Manasgangothri, Mysore, 570006, India
| | - Vasudeva Guddattu
- Department of Data Sciences, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Gopee Krishnan
- Department of Speech and Hearing, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Choo AL, Smith SA. Bilingual children who stutter: Convergence, gaps and directions for research. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2020; 63:105741. [PMID: 31883649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2019.105741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this systematic review is to examine the early interactions between bilingualism and stuttering to synthesize knowledge that could inform diagnosis and treatment for bilingual children who stutter. METHOD Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, ERIC Ebsco, and Google Scholar were searched with no limits placed on the year of publication. Search terms consisted of: ("stuttering" [MeSH] OR "stutter") AND ("child" [MeSH] OR "children") AND ("multilingualism" [MeSH] OR "bilingualism"). Inclusion criteria were children who stutter, bilinguals who stutter, empirical research articles, and published in peer review journals. Exclusion criteria were studies that reported on only adults, only monolinguals, or were not published in English. RESULTS A total of 50 articles met the criteria. There was convergence with monolingual studies reporting sexually dimorphic and familial trends in the prevalence of stuttering and rates of recovery. Findings surrounding language proficiency, cross-linguistic stuttering severity, and development were ambivalent. Results point to the difficulty in identifying stuttering in bilingual children, and the need for culturally competent research and interpretations. CONCLUSION Current findings offer a fragmented view of bilingual development and echoes a recurring theme, i.e., the current understanding of bilingualism and stuttering is limited and more research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Leen Choo
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Georgia State University, 30 Pryor St SW, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States.
| | - Sara Ashley Smith
- Department of Teaching and Learning, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
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Kashyap P, Maruthy S. Stuttering frequency and severity in Kannada-English balanced bilingual adults. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS 2019; 34:271-289. [PMID: 31274015 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2019.1637459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There is limited research concerning the nature of stuttering in balanced bilinguals. Hence, the aim of this study was to compare aspects of stuttering between two languages in balanced bilinguals who stutter (BWS). Eighteen adult Kannada-English BWS participated in the study, with Kannada as the first language (L1) and English as the second language (L2). As indicated by online language proficiency test results, all the participants were highly proficient balanced bilinguals. Audio-video recordings were done in both the languages across three tasks (reading, spontaneous speech, and telephonic conversation) and two situations (within the clinic and beyond clinic). They were analyzed for percentage of syllables stuttered (%SS) and perceptual severity rating scores (SEV). Results suggest significantly higher %SS in English compared to Kannada for both spontaneous speech (SS) and telephonic conversation (TC) tasks. SEV scores indicated significantly higher scores for English compared to Kannada for TC task. A significant positive correlation was also found across the %SS-SEV pair. Results highlight variability in the nature of stuttering in balanced BWS. Apart from the other factors, differences in the linguistic structure may be one of the reasons for differences in stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kashyap
- Department of Speech-Language Sciences, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysuru, India
| | - Santosh Maruthy
- Department of Speech-Language Sciences, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysuru, India
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Byrd CT, Bedore LM, Ramos D. The disfluent speech of bilingual spanish-english children: considerations for differential diagnosis of stuttering. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch 2015; 46:30-43. [PMID: 25215876 DOI: 10.1044/2014_lshss-14-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The primary purpose of this study was to describe the frequency and types of speech disfluencies that are produced by bilingual Spanish-English (SE) speaking children who do not stutter. The secondary purpose was to determine whether their disfluent speech is mediated by language dominance and/or language produced. METHOD Spanish and English narratives (a retell and a tell in each language) were elicited and analyzed relative to the frequency and types of speech disfluencies produced. These data were compared with the monolingual English-speaking guidelines for differential diagnosis of stuttering. RESULTS The mean frequency of stuttering-like speech behaviors in the bilingual SE participants ranged from 3% to 22%, exceeding the monolingual English standard of 3 per 100 words. There was no significant frequency difference in stuttering-like or non-stuttering-like speech disfluency produced relative to the child's language dominance. There was a significant difference relative to the language the child was speaking; all children produced significantly more stuttering-like speech disfluencies in Spanish than in English. CONCLUSION Results demonstrate that the disfluent speech of bilingual SE children should be carefully considered relative to the complex nature of bilingualism.
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Maruthy S, Raj N, Geetha MP, Priya CS. Disfluency characteristics of Kannada-English bilingual adults who stutter. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2015; 56:19-28. [PMID: 26102268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The primary purpose of the present study was to investigate whether stuttering frequency differs between two languages in Kannada-English bilingual adults who stutter. The second purpose was to compare the relationship between grammatical class (content-function word dichotomy) and stuttering frequency in two languages. In addition, we also examined whether types of disfluencies vary between content and function words in two languages. Twenty-five bilingual adults who stutter that were proficient in both languages (mean age=22.5 years, SD=3.0) participated in the present study. Spontaneous speech samples were recorded in both Kannada and English and stuttering frequencies were calculated in both languages and for each type of grammatical category. Further, different types of disfluencies were noted for each type of grammatical category in both the languages. Results revealed significantly greater stuttering in L2 (English) compared to L1 (Kannada). In both the languages, significantly higher content words were stuttered compared to function words. When the comparison was done between two languages, significantly higher content words were stuttered in L1 compared to L2, whereas significantly higher function words were stuttered in L2 compared to L1. The types of disfluencies did not vary between content and function words and between two languages. Present results suggest that frequency and other aspects of stuttering may depend on the proficiency of the language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Maruthy
- All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Manasagangothri, Mysore, India.
| | - Nimisha Raj
- All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Manasagangothri, Mysore, India
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Lim VPC, Lincoln M, Onslow M, Chan YH. English-only treatment of bilingual speakers who stutter: Generalization of treatment effects from English to Mandarin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2014; 17:431-440. [PMID: 25430634 DOI: 10.3109/17549507.2014.979874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Speech language pathologists often do not speak the dominant language of their clients and so the language of treatment is an important consideration. This research investigated whether stuttering treatment delivered in English resulted in reductions in stuttering in English and Mandarin bilingual Singaporean speakers. METHOD Participants were 19 English-Mandarin bilinguals who stuttered. They received a speech re-structuring intensive program (IP) delivered in English only. Three 10-minute conversations in English and Mandarin, sampled at pre-treatment, immediately post IP, 4 weeks post IP and 12 weeks post IP, were analysed by two English-Mandarin bilingual clinicians for percentage of syllables stuttered (%SS). RESULT After English-only treatment, stuttering reductions were found to generalize to Mandarin. Stuttering reductions were significantly higher in English compared to Mandarin at 4 weeks post-IP, but there was no significant difference in the stuttering reductions between languages at the end of IP and at 12 weeks post-IP. Mean %SS scores for English and Mandarin were comparable with the outcome data reported for a similar intensive speech-restructuring program for monolingual English-speaking adults. CONCLUSION The results of this study show that stuttering reductions can be achieved in two languages following treatment in one language only. Future research in this area is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie P C Lim
- Speech Therapy Department, Singapore General Hospital , Singapore
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