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Anju T, Rai NKSR, Kumar A. Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.: a multipurpose plant with multiple uses in traditional ethnic culinary and ethnomedicinal preparations. JOURNAL OF ETHNIC FOODS 2022; 9:10. [PMCID: PMC8900104 DOI: 10.1186/s42779-022-00125-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Various plants form the basis of multiple traditional ethnic cuisines and ethnomedicinal practices across the globe. The ethnic cuisines cater to the nutritional, dietary and medicinal requirements of the tribal and rural communities even today. Using literature from various scholarly databases, this study was conducted to consolidate a comprehensive review on the use of Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. in various traditional ethnic cuisines and ethnomedicinal preparations across the globe. The survey shows that it is used in multiple ethnic cuisines and is variously known in different countries and among the communities. Further, it possesses multiple nutritional and ethnomedicinal properties. Considering its importance in ethnic foods and ethnomedicinal preparations, it is important to investigate the nutritional composition, phytochemical constitution and pharmacological basis of ethnomedicinal uses. Therefore, we further compiled this information and found that it is a rich source of both micro- and macronutrients and packed with several bioactive compounds. Survey of pharmacological studies on its traditional medicinal uses supports its ethnomedicinal properties. Despite its importance in traditional food and ethnomedicinal systems, it remains underexplored. Limited information on the toxicity of its various extracts shows that further studies should be conducted to understand its safety aspects. Further clinical studies to prospect possible drug candidates from it should be attempted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thattantavide Anju
- Department of Plant Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Periye, Kasaragod, Kerala 671316 India
| | - Nishmitha Kumari S. R. Rai
- Department of Plant Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Periye, Kasaragod, Kerala 671316 India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Plant Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Periye, Kasaragod, Kerala 671316 India
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Zhang BD, Cheng JX, Zhang CF, Bai YD, Liu WY, Li W, Koike K, Akihisa T, Feng F, Zhang J. Sauropus androgynus L. Merr.-A phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 257:112778. [PMID: 32205260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sauropus androgynus L. Merr is an underexploited perennial shrub traditionally used as a medicinal plant in South Asia and Southeast Asia. The plant is regarded as not just a green vegetable for diet, but as a traditional herb for certain aliments. For instance, it has traditionally been used to relieve fever, to treat ulcers and diabetes, to promote lactation and eyesight, and to reduce obesity. AIM OF THE STUDY This paper aims to review the botany, phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, and pharmacological activities of S. androgynus, and discuss the known chemical constituents at work in S. androgynus-induced bronchiolitis obliterans for providing new ideas to the mechanism of the disease and pharmacology research of the plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS The data presented in this review were collected from published literatures as well as the electronic databases of PubMed, CNKI, Web of Science, SCI finder, ACS, Science Direct, Wiley, Springer, Taylor, Google Scholar, and a number of unpublished resources, (e.g. books, and Ph.D. and M.Sc. dissertations). RESULTS The scientific literature indicates that S. androgynus is a valuable and popular herbal medicine whose nutritional value is also higher than that of other commonly used vegetables. Phytochemical analyses identified high content of fatty acids, flavonoids, and polyphenols as the major bioactive components in S. androgynus. Crude extracts and phytochemical compounds isolated from S. androgynus show a wide spectrum of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, skin whitening, anti-diabetic, and immunoregulatory activities. The traditional use, such as increasing lactation, treating ulcers and diabetes, and reducing obesity, have been evaluated and studied with various methods. Numerous reports have revealed the unusual link between the consumption of S. androgynus and the induction of a chronic and irreversible obstructive disease (namely, bronchiolitis obliterans), indicating that the toxicity and side effects of this plant that is presently used in health care and medicine are a major area of concern. CONCLUSION Though little importance was attached to this green plant, S. androgynus has notable phytochemical constituents and various pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity activities. Studies have firmly established the association between excessive consumption of the uncooked S. androgynus juice over a period of time and the occurrence of bronchiolitis obliterans. It is inadvisable to ingest excessive amounts of S. androgynus before fully understanding the pathogenesis and induction mechanism of this fatal disease. The phytochemistry of S. androgynus, its pharmacology for traditional use, S. androgynus-induced bronchiolitis obliterans still need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Dou Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jia-Xin Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chao-Feng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yi-Dan Bai
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wen-Yuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wei Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuo Koike
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Akihisa
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China; Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Feng Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China; Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223003, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China; Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223003, China.
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Zhang J, Zhu WF, Zhu WY, Yang PP, Xu J, Manosroi J, Kikuchi T, Abe M, Akihisa T, Feng F. Melanogenesis-Inhibitory and Cytotoxic Activities of Chemical Constituents from the Leaves of Sauropus androgynus L. Merr. (Euphorbiaceae). Chem Biodivers 2017; 15. [PMID: 29144597 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new steroid, 20-hydroxyisofucosterol (stigmasta-5,24(28)-diene-3β,20β-diol) (7), along with six known compounds 1 - 6 were isolated from the MeOH extract of the leaves of Sauropus androgynus L. Merr. (Euphorbiaceae). The structure of new steroid was determined by HR-APCI-MS and various NMR techniques in combination with literature data. Subsequently, their anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic activities against five human cell lines, as well as inhibitory activities against the α-MSH induced melanogenesis on the B16 cell line were evaluated. As the results, steroid compounds, 6 and 7 exhibited moderate cytotoxic to HL60, AZ521, SKBR3, and A549 tumor cell lines (IC50 26.9 - 45.1 μm) with high tumor selectivity for A549 relative to WI38 cell lines (SI 2.6 and 3.0, resp.). And, flavonoid compounds, 4 and 5 exhibited superior inhibitory activities against melanogenesis (67.0 - 94.7% melanin content), even with no or low toxicity to the cells (90.1 - 99.6% cell viability) at the concentrations from 10 to 100 μm. Furthermore, Western blot analysis suggested that compound 5 could inhibit melanogenesis by suppressing the protein expressions of MITF, TRP-1, TRP-2, and tyrosinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Natural Medicine Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
| | - Wan-Fang Zhu
- Department of Natural Medicine Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Yuan Zhu
- Department of Natural Medicine Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Pan Pan Yang
- Department of Natural Medicine Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Natural Medicine Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jiradej Manosroi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Takashi Kikuchi
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1094, Japan
| | - Masahiko Abe
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Akihisa
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicine Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian, 223003, P. R. China
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Underestimating the toxicological challenges associated with the use of herbal medicinal products in developing countries. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:804086. [PMID: 24163821 PMCID: PMC3791562 DOI: 10.1155/2013/804086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Various reports suggest a high contemporaneous prevalence of herb-drug use in both developed and developing countries. The World Health Organisation indicates that 80% of the Asian and African populations rely on traditional medicine as the primary method for their health care needs. Since time immemorial and despite the beneficial and traditional roles of herbs in different communities, the toxicity and herb-drug interactions that emanate from this practice have led to severe adverse effects and fatalities. As a result of the perception that herbal medicinal products have low risk, consumers usually disregard any association between their use and any adverse reactions hence leading to underreporting of adverse reactions. This is particularly common in developing countries and has led to a paucity of scientific data regarding the toxicity and interactions of locally used traditional herbal medicine. Other factors like general lack of compositional and toxicological information of herbs and poor quality of adverse reaction case reports present hurdles which are highly underestimated by the population in the developing world. This review paper addresses these toxicological challenges and calls for natural health product regulations as well as for protocols and guidance documents on safety and toxicity testing of herbal medicinal products.
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