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Alissa M, Hjazi A. Utilising biosensor-based approaches for identifying neurotropic viruses. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2513. [PMID: 38282404 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses, with their ability to invade the central nervous system, present a significant public health challenge, causing a spectrum of neurological diseases. Clinical manifestations of neurotropic viral infections vary widely, from mild to life-threatening conditions, such as HSV-induced encephalitis or poliovirus-induced poliomyelitis. Traditional diagnostic methods, including polymerase chain reaction, serological assays, and imaging techniques, though valuable, have limitations. To address these challenges, biosensor-based methods have emerged as a promising approach. These methods offer advantages such as rapid results, high sensitivity, specificity, and potential for point-of-care applications. By targeting specific biomarkers or genetic material, biosensors utilise technologies like surface plasmon resonance and microarrays, providing a direct and efficient means of diagnosing neurotropic infections. This review explores the evolving landscape of biosensor-based methods, highlighting their potential to enhance the diagnostic toolkit for neurotropic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alissa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Hjazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Tyroller F, Haas B, Posch B, Hettlich B, Schwandt C, Pfleghaar S. Toxoplasma gondii spinal granuloma in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2023; 9:20551169231208890. [PMID: 38022705 PMCID: PMC10676631 DOI: 10.1177/20551169231208890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 7-year-old female spayed domestic shorthair cat was presented with a history of progressive pelvic limb ataxia. A CT scan of the thoracic spine identified an extradural, left lateralised and compressive soft tissue mass at the level of T9. A decompressive hemilaminectomy at the level of T8-T10 and tissue sampling of the mass were performed. Histopathological examination revealed a parasite granuloma caused by Toxoplasma gondii infection. Postoperatively, the cat improved consistently, but mild left pelvic limb lameness remained. At 5 weeks, a recheck CT scan showed a small, enhancing soft tissue lesion in the left epidural space at T9, causing a mild left lateral compression of the spinal cord. After 9 months, the cat acutely deteriorated neurologically and was euthanased without postmortem examination. Relevance and novel information To our knowledge, this is the first report of a T gondii spinal granuloma in a cat. Such a granuloma should be considered as a differential in cats with evidence of an extradural soft tissue mass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Haas
- Kleintierzentrum Germering, Germering, Bayern, Germany
| | - Barbara Posch
- Tierärztliches Gesundheitszentrum Piding, Piding, Germany
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3
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McGregor O, Genain MA, Williams TL, Alves L. Prevalence and clinical correlations of olfactory recess dilatation in MRI studies of the feline brain. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023. [PMID: 36798054 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to differentiate clinical ventriculomegaly from incidental ventricular enlargement remains a challenge in veterinary radiology. Dilatation of one or both olfactory lobe recesses is occasionally seen on MRI of the brain in otherwise normal cats. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine the prevalence of this finding within a population of neurologically normal and neurologically abnormal cats, and to investigate associations with signalment, clinical and neurological examination findings, and MRI features. An observational retrospective cohort study was performed, and archived records were searched for cats that had undergone MRI of the head, including the olfactory lobes. Medical data and MRI parameters were recorded. One hundred fifty-one cats were included, with olfactory recess dilatation present in 56 cats. In 16 neurologically normal cats, olfactory recess dilatation was the only MRI finding. Olfactory recess dilatation was not associated with age, sex, breed, or with the presence of nasal disease. A significant association was found between generalized ventriculomegaly (P = 0.001) and the presence of CSF abnormalities (P = 0.036). Eleven percent of our cohort (16/151) demonstrated olfactory recess dilatation in the absence of other neurological or structural intracranial disease, suggesting that this may be seen as a normal variation in some cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ombeline McGregor
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marie-Aude Genain
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy Lee Williams
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lisa Alves
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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4
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Piewbang C, Wardhani SW, Phongroop K, Lohavicharn P, Sirivisoot S, Kasantikul T, Techangamsuwan S. Naturally acquired feline bocavirus type 1 and 3 infections in cats with neurologic deficits. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3076-e3087. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chutchai Piewbang
- Department of Pathology Faculty of Veterinary Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group Faculty of Veterinary Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Sabrina Wahyu Wardhani
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group Faculty of Veterinary Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
- The International Graduate course of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST) Faculty of Veterinary Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Kannika Phongroop
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50100 Thailand
| | - Pattiya Lohavicharn
- Department of Pathology Faculty of Veterinary Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group Faculty of Veterinary Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Sirintra Sirivisoot
- Department of Pathology Faculty of Veterinary Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Tanit Kasantikul
- Clemson Veterinary Diagnostic Center Clemson University Columbia South Carolina 29229 United States of America
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Department of Pathology Faculty of Veterinary Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group Faculty of Veterinary Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
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5
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The link between neurology and behavior in veterinary medicine: A review. J Vet Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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de Morais-Pinto L, da Veiga ML, Almeida da Anunciação AR. Central nervous system development of cats (Felis catus L. 1758). Res Vet Sci 2021; 141:81-94. [PMID: 34700148 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The morphological similarities of vertebrates' embryonic development are used as a criterion for choosing animal models that can be used in biomedical research. This study describes the embryonic and fetal development of the domestic cat's central nervous system from 15 days after conception until birth. In total, fifty-seven samples of embryos and fetuses were carefully dissected and analyzed microscopically. The closure of the neural tube was observed between 14-15th days of gestation. The differentiation of the primordial cerebral vesicles was observed from the 17th day of gestation. On the 19th day of gestation, the formation of the choroid plexus began, and on the 20th day of gestation, the brain and brainstem were well-identified macroscopically. On the 24th day of gestation, four layers of cells from the cerebral cortex were described, and on the 60th day, six layers of cells were present. The cerebellar cortex had the three classic cortical layers at this stage. The morphological aspects of embryonic and fetal development in cats were very similar to the stages of development of the human nervous system. As such, this study provided relevant information that highlights the domestic cat as an animal model option for preclinical research on infectious and non-infectious neurological diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano de Morais-Pinto
- Laboratório de Design Anatômico/LabDA, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Leite da Veiga
- Laboratório de Morfofisiologia Experimental e Comparada/LABITEX, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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7
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Wardhani SW, Wongsakul B, Kasantikul T, Piewbang C, Techangamsuwan S. Molecular and Pathological Investigations of Selected Viral Neuropathogens in Rabies-Negative Brains of Cats and Dogs Revealed Neurotropism of Carnivore Protoparvovirus-1. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:710701. [PMID: 34490401 PMCID: PMC8416986 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.710701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the year, the Thai Red Cross Society (TRCS), Bangkok, Thailand, received more than 100 animals that died of suspected rabies due to neurological clinical signs. Concerning the role of viral infection in the brain in the outcome of neurological diseases in cats and dogs, a comprehensive study was conducted of 107 brain samples of cats and dogs submitted to the TRCS from August 2019 to August 2020. Selective molecular screening using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription PCR targeting nine viral pathogens was employed in addition to histopathological investigations. The results showed that carnivore protoparvovirus-1 (CPPV-1) was detected in 18.69% of the cats and dogs sampled (20/107). These results were found in young and old animals; the brain tissue did not show any pathological changes suggesting encephalitis or cerebellar hypoplasia. In addition, feline calicivirus, feline alphaherpesvirus-1, feline coronavirus, and canine distemper virus were also detected, providing a broader range of potential viral infections to consider in the clinical manifestation of neurological disorders in companion animals. The detection of all pathogens was confirmed by the localization of each viral antigen in various resident brain cells using immunohistochemistry. A unique L582S amino acid substitution of the non-structural protein 1 gene coding sequence, speculated to be associated with the neurotropism of CPPV-1 in cats and dogs, was not evident. In conclusion, this study revealed a noteworthy neurotropism of CPPV-1 in both cats and dogs without neurological lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Wahyu Wardhani
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Boonyakorn Wongsakul
- Department of Animal Diagnosis and Investigation, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanit Kasantikul
- Clemson Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Clemson University, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Chutchai Piewbang
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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8
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de Cecco BS, Carossino M, Del Piero F, Wakamatsu N, Mitchell MS, Fowlkes NW, Langohr IM. Meningoencephalomyelitis in domestic cats: 3 cases of Pasteurella multocida infection and literature review. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:1156-1162. [PMID: 34301172 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211034484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurologic diseases are common in domestic cats, and infectious agents are suspected to be the primary cause in 30-45% of cases. Among infectious etiologies, those of bacterial origin are only sporadically characterized in the literature, with few of these reports correlating gross and histologic findings with confirmatory bacteriologic identification. Here, we describe bacterial meningitis and meningoencephalomyelitis associated with Pasteurella multocida in 3 domestic cats. Purulent exudate expanding the cerebral meninges was grossly evident in 2 of the cases. In all 3 cases, histologic changes included multifocal suppurative-to-necrosuppurative meningitis and/or meningoencephalomyelitis of variable severity. Intralesional colonies of gram-negative, short rod-shaped to coccobacillary bacteria were evident histologically in only 1 case. P. multocida was confirmed by routine bacteriologic culture in all cases. Based on our cases, we hypothesize that the upper respiratory system serves as the main portal of entry for P. multocida, leading to invasion of the central nervous system and possible systemic hematogenous dissemination. A case series of meningoencephalomyelitis associated with P. multocida infection in cats has not been reported previously, to our knowledge. We also review briefly other causes of meningoencephalomyelitis in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca S de Cecco
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Fabio Del Piero
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Nobuko Wakamatsu
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.,Current address: Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Indiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Maria S Mitchell
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Natalie W Fowlkes
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.,current address: Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Division of Basic Sciences, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ingeborg M Langohr
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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9
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Honnas CM, Athey JM, Verocai GG, Snowden KF, Esteve-Gasent MD, Mankin JM. Apparent Ixodes tick paralysis in a cat from North America. JFMS Open Rep 2020; 6:2055116920964001. [PMID: 33117555 PMCID: PMC7570782 DOI: 10.1177/2055116920964001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 2-year-old castrated male domestic longhair cat presented for acute, diffuse, flaccid paralysis. Thoracic and abdominal radiographs, biochemistry panel and complete blood count were unremarkable. Titers to Toxoplasma gondii, myasthenia gravis radioimmunoassay testing and creatinine kinase levels were within normal limits. The most likely differentials included acute toxicity (coral snake envenomation, organophosphate toxicity), botulism and, less likely, acute polyradiculoneuritis. A thorough physical examination revealed a single engorged tick attached to the ventral neck of the cat, which was later identified as an adult female Ixodes species. Topical fipronil and (S)-methoprene was administered. Over the next 48 h, the cat recovered full motor function and at 5 days post-tick removal the cat had resumed all normal activities. Relevance and novel information Tick paralysis is considered endemic in Australia by bites from, most commonly, the Ixodes holocyclus tick. However, this phenomenon is rarely reported in the USA. This is the first report of a domestic cat suffering from acute tick paralysis in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheri M Honnas
- Emergency and Critical Care Services, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jillian M Athey
- Emergency and Critical Care Services, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Guilherme G Verocai
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Karen F Snowden
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Maria D Esteve-Gasent
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Joseph M Mankin
- Small Animal Neurology Services, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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10
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André NM, Cossic B, Davies E, Miller AD, Whittaker GR. Distinct mutation in the feline coronavirus spike protein cleavage activation site in a cat with feline infectious peritonitis-associated meningoencephalomyelitis. JFMS Open Rep 2019; 5:2055116919856103. [PMID: 31534775 PMCID: PMC6739741 DOI: 10.1177/2055116919856103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary This report describes a cat with chronic, progressive, non-painful,
non-lateralizing multifocal neurologic clinical signs associated with feline
infectious peritonitis (FIP). The cat initially presented as underweight,
despite a good appetite, and a complete blood count showed non-regenerative
anemia. Three months later the cat was returned having developed ataxia and
paraparesis, which then progressed over 2 months to tetraparesis, tail
plegia, urinary and fecal incontinence, and titubation. Histologic
examination of the tissues with subsequent immunohistochemistry confirmed
FIP-associated meningoencephalomyelitis following necropsy. Molecular
analysis of the coronavirus spike protein within the tissues identified a
specific, functionally relevant amino acid change (R793M), which was only
identified in tissues associated with the central nervous system (ie, brain
and spinal cord). Relevance and novel information This case report describes an early presentation of a cat with primarily
neurologic FIP, with molecular characterization of the virus within various
tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M André
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Brieuc Cossic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Emma Davies
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
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11
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Nakamoto Y, Uemura T, Hasegawa H, Nakamoto M, Ozawa T. Feline neurological diseases in a veterinary neurology referral hospital population in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:879-885. [PMID: 31061248 PMCID: PMC6612503 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the reports summarizing neurological disorders in cats considered only a limited
disease group(s). There is only one large-scale survey on neurological disorders in cats
based on the histopathological viewpoint. We described the localizations and frequencies
of neurological diseases in a large population of cats that were referred to the Kyoto
Animal Referral Medical Center between 2009 and 2016. We attempted to determine the
localization of lesions at the time of the examination in each case and to classify the
disease etiologies of these 276 cats with neurological disorders retrospectively. There
were 174 cases with lesions in the brain region, 14 cases with lesions in the cervical
cord region, 34 cases with lesions in the thoracolumbar cord region, and 54 cases with
lesions in the peripheral neuromuscular region. High morbidity rates were observed in
cases of idiopathic epilepsy and intracranial tumor in the brain region, spinal cord
infarction in the cervical cord region, spinal cord infarction and spinal cord tumor in
the thoracolumbar cord region, and peripheral vestibular dysfunction arising from otitis
media/interna in the peripheral neuromuscular region. It was suggested that there is a
higher number of brain diseases than spinal cord and peripheral neuromuscular diseases in
cats. Idiopathic and neoplastic diseases were common in the brain region, vascular
diseases were common in the spinal cord region, and infectious diseases were common in the
peripheral neuromuscular region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Nakamoto
- Kyoto Animal Referral Medical Center, 208-4, Shinarami, Tai, Kumiyama-cho, Kuze-gun, Kyoto 613-0036, Japan.,Department of Bioartificial Organs, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53, Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Uemura
- Kyoto Animal Referral Medical Center, 208-4, Shinarami, Tai, Kumiyama-cho, Kuze-gun, Kyoto 613-0036, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hasegawa
- Kyoto Animal Referral Medical Center, 208-4, Shinarami, Tai, Kumiyama-cho, Kuze-gun, Kyoto 613-0036, Japan
| | - Miwa Nakamoto
- Kyoto Animal Referral Medical Center, 208-4, Shinarami, Tai, Kumiyama-cho, Kuze-gun, Kyoto 613-0036, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ozawa
- Kyoto Animal Referral Medical Center, 208-4, Shinarami, Tai, Kumiyama-cho, Kuze-gun, Kyoto 613-0036, Japan
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12
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Calero-Bernal R, Gennari SM. Clinical Toxoplasmosis in Dogs and Cats: An Update. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:54. [PMID: 30863754 PMCID: PMC6399377 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is caused by the globally distributed protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii (phylum Apicomplexa); the disease can be clinically important for almost all homeothermic animals, including birds and humans. Toxoplasmosis course involves general clinical signs, such as fever, anorexia, or dyspnea, and more specific signs with neural, respiratory, cutaneous, or ocular involvement. Because of the wide range of clinical signs, the diagnosis in domestic and pet animals can be complicated. Hence, this review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of some scarcely discussed aspects of toxoplasmosis, such as ocular and cutaneous manifestations, congenital infections, influence of T. gondii genotype on clinical toxoplasmosis, and recent findings regarding differential diagnosis. This review could be of special interest to clinicians and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Calero-Bernal
- Saluvet Group, Department of Animal Health, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Solange M. Gennari
- Program of Master's in Animal Medicine and Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santo Amaro, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Hazenfratz M, Taylor SM. Recurrent seizures in cats: Diagnostic approach - when is it idiopathic epilepsy? J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:811-823. [PMID: 30139320 PMCID: PMC10816265 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18791873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Practical relevance: Seizures are one of the most common neurologic problems recognized in cats, affecting approximately 1-3% of the general population. Treatment options and prognosis are closely related to the underlying cause, so it is important that veterinarians are familiar with the diagnostic approach to cats with seizures and options for medical management. Series outline: This is the first of a two-part article series that reviews the diagnosis and treatment of seizures in cats. Part 1 outlines the classification and terminology used to describe epilepsy and epileptic seizures in cats, and discusses some of the most common and unique causes of recurrent seizures in cats. The diagnostic approach to cats with recurrent seizures is addressed, as are criteria for the diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy. AUDIENCE This review of recurrent seizures in cats is intended for all veterinarians who are facing the challenges of seizure diagnosis and management in the feline patient. Evidence base: Recommendations for diagnosis and management of feline seizure disorders have historically been extrapolated from the canine and human literature. The information and guidance provided in this two-part series is based on a review of the recent published literature addressing seizure disorders and antiepileptic treatment in cats, as well as the authors' clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hazenfratz
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - Susan M Taylor
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5B4, Canada
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14
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ACUTE NONCOMPRESSIVE NUCLEUS PULPOSUS EXTRUSION CAUSING PARAPLEGIA IN A SIBERIAN TIGER ( PANTHERA TIGRIS ALTAICA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2018. [PMID: 29517456 DOI: 10.1638/2017-0079r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A neutered male Siberian tiger ( Panthera tigris altaica) presented with paraplegia of 5 days' duration. Thoracolumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a focal, linear T2-W hyperintense intramedullary lesion at the level of T10-11 as well as reduced size of the nucleus pulposus of the T10-11 intervertebral disc. The animal was humanely euthanatized as a result of the severity of clinical signs and the poor prognosis. Gross necropsy revealed a dark red, firm focus on the spinal cord at the level of the T11 nerve roots. Histopathology revealed liquefactive necrosis of the ventral spinal cord at the level of T9-11, with hemorrhage and vascular changes within the cord and associated meninges. Fibrovascular tissue with hemorrhage, fibrin, and fragments of cartilage consistent with nucleus pulposus material was identified extradurally at this level. The findings were consistent with acute noncompressive nucleus pulposus extrusion.
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15
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Crawford AH, Stoll AL, Sanchez-Masian D, Shea A, Michaels J, Fraser AR, Beltran E. Clinicopathologic Features and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in 24 Cats With Histopathologically Confirmed Neurologic Feline Infectious Peritonitis. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1477-1486. [PMID: 28833469 PMCID: PMC5598904 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is the most common infectious central nervous system (CNS) disease in the cat and is invariably fatal. Improved means of antemortem diagnosis is required to facilitate clinical decision making. Information regarding the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of neurologic FIP currently is limited, resulting in the need for better descriptions to optimize its use as a diagnostic tool. OBJECTIVE To describe the clinicopathologic features and MRI findings in cases of confirmed neurologic FIP. ANIMALS Twenty-four client-owned cats with histopathologic confirmation of neurologic FIP. METHODS Archived records from 5 institutions were retrospectively reviewed to identify cases with confirmed neurologic FIP that had undergone antemortem MRI of the CNS. Signalment, clinicopathologic, MRI, and histopathologic findings were evaluated. RESULTS Three distinct clinical syndromes were identified: T3-L3 myelopathy (3), central vestibular syndrome (7), and multifocal CNS disease (14). Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities were detected in all cases, including meningeal contrast enhancement (22), ependymal contrast enhancement (20), ventriculomegaly (20), syringomyelia (17), and foramen magnum herniation (14). Cerebrospinal fluid was analysed in 11 cases; all demonstrated a marked increase in total protein concentration and total nucleated cell count. All 24 cats were euthanized with a median survival time of 14 days (range, 2-115) from onset of clinical signs. Histopathologic analysis identified perivascular pyogranulomatous infiltrates, lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates, or both affecting the leptomeninges (16), choroid plexuses (16), and periventricular parenchyma (13). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Magnetic resonance imaging is a sensitive means of detecting neurologic FIP, particularly in combination with a compatible signalment, clinical presentation, and CSF analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Crawford
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Herts, UK
| | - A L Stoll
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Herts, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - D Sanchez-Masian
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - A Shea
- Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - J Michaels
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN.,Department of Neurology, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - A R Fraser
- UVet, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic., Australia.,Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Hursley, Winchester, UK
| | - E Beltran
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Herts, UK
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16
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Gruendl S, Matiasek K, Matiasek L, Fischer A, Felten S, Jurina K, Hartmann K. Diagnostic utility of cerebrospinal fluid immunocytochemistry for diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis manifesting in the central nervous system. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:576-585. [PMID: 27095828 PMCID: PMC11128807 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16640839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate whether an ante-mortem diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is possible via immunocytochemical staining (ICC) of feline coronavirus antigen (FCoV) within macrophages of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Methods Prospectively, CSF samples of 41 cats were investigated, including cats with histopathologically confirmed FIP and neurological signs (n = 10), cats with confirmed FIP without CNS involvement (n = 11), cats with neurological signs but another confirmed CNS disease (n = 17), and cats without neurological signs and a disease other than FIP (n = 3). ICC staining of CSF macrophages was performed in all cats. Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) of CSF ICC were calculated. Results Of 10 samples from cats with CNS FIP, eight had detectable CSF macrophages, seven of which were positive for FCoV. Ten of 11 samples from cats with confirmed FIP without neurological signs had macrophages in the CSF, with all 10 being ICC-positive. In cats with other CNS disorders, 11/17 had macrophages, two of which stained positively. In cats with diseases other than FIP and without neurological disorders, 2/3 revealed macrophages, with one cat showing positive ICC staining. Diagnosis of FIP via CSF ICC had a sensitivity of 85.0% and a specificity of 83.3%. PPV and NPV were 85.0% and 83.3%. Conclusions and relevance CSF ICC is a highly sensitive test for ante-mortem diagnosis of FIP manifesting in the CNS. However, CNS ICC specificity is too low to confirm FIP and the method should only be applied in conjunction with other features such as CSF cytology. CNS ICC could be helpful to discover pre-neurological stages of CNS FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Gruendl
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Munich, Germany
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Munich, Germany
| | - Lara Matiasek
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Felten
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Munich, Germany
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17
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Crawford AH, Drees R, Beltran E. MRI and clinical resolution of a suspected intracranial toxoplasma granuloma with medical treatment in a domestic short hair cat. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Randi Drees
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesRoyal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK
| | - Elsa Beltran
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesRoyal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK
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18
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Künzel F, Rebel-Bauder B, Kassl C, Leschnik M, Url A. Meningoencephalitis in cats in Austria: a study of infectious causes, including Encephalitozoon cuniculi. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:171-176. [PMID: 26662038 PMCID: PMC10816562 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15621352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Despite comprehensive diagnostics, the aetiology of meningoencephalitis (ME) in cats often remains undetermined. As a result of recently published surveys, Encephalitozoon cuniculi has gained growing importance in cats not only with ocular disorders, but also with central nervous system disease. Therefore, it was hypothesised that E cuniculi may be an underestimated pathogen in the development of feline non-suppurative and/or granulomatous ME. Methods As a first step, histopathological sections of the brain of cats with encephalopathy were retrospectively reviewed to identify cases of granulomatous ME. In a second step, an immunohistochemical screening for detection of E cuniculi was performed in cases with ME of unknown origin. Results In 59/89 (66.3%) cats with ME, an aetiologically relevant pathogen was detected. Forty-three of 89 (48.3%) cats had a diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis. In 14/89 (15.7%) cats, protozoan cysts were identified and infection with Toxoplasma gondii was confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in all cases. In 2/89 (2.3%) cats with granulomatous ME, fungal organisms were identified. Thirty of 89 (33.7%) cats with ME of unknown origin that underwent IHC for the detection of E cuniculi remained negative. Conclusions and relevance The results of this study suggest that E cuniculi is unlikely to be directly associated with (non-suppurative and/or granulomatous) ME in cats in Austria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Künzel
- Clinical Department of Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christine Kassl
- Statistics Austria, Consumer Health Information System (VIS), Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Leschnik
- Clinical Department of Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Url
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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19
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Baumgärtner W. Combatting the Myth of Neuropathology. Vet Pathol 2015; 52:994-7. [PMID: 26542276 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815600501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Baumgärtner
- Center of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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20
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Wheelhouse JL, Hulst F, Beatty JA, Hogg CJ, Child G, Wade CM, Barrs VR. Congenital vestibular disease in captive Sumatran tigers (Panthera tigris ssp. sumatrae) in Australasia. Vet J 2015; 206:178-82. [PMID: 26403953 PMCID: PMC7128761 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Sumatran tiger is a critically endangered species. A congenital vestibular syndrome was identified in captive Sumatran tiger cubs. Vestibular signs included head tilt, circling, falling, ataxia, strabismus and nystagmus. Clinical signs persisted for a median of 237 days and resolved by 2 years of age. Pedigree and segregation analysis supported a genetic cause with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance.
The Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris ssp. sumatrae) is a critically endangered species in the wild. To ensure that demographic and genetic integrity are maintained in the longer term, those Sumatran tigers held in captivity are managed as a global population under a World Association of Zoos and Aquariums Global Species Management Plan (GSMP). A retrospective study, including segregation and pedigree analysis, was conducted to investigate potential cases of congenital vestibular disease (CVD) in captive Sumatran tigers in Australasian zoos using medical and husbandry records, as well as video footage obtained from 50 tigers between 1975 and 2013. Data from the GSMP Sumatran tiger studbook were made available for pedigree and segregation analysis. Fourteen cases of CVD in 13 Sumatran tiger cubs and one hybrid cub (Panthera tigris ssp. sumatrae × Panthera tigris) were identified. Vestibular signs including head tilt, circling, ataxia, strabismus and nystagmus were observed between birth and 2 months of age. These clinical signs persisted for a median of 237 days and had resolved by 2 years of age in all cases. Pedigree analysis revealed that all affected tigers were closely related and shared a single common ancestor in the last four generations. A genetic cause for the disease is suspected and, based on pedigree and segregation analysis, an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance is likely. Further investigations to determine the world-wide prevalence and underlying pathology of this disorder are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimee L Wheelhouse
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Frances Hulst
- Taronga Zoo, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Julia A Beatty
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Carolyn J Hogg
- Zoo and Aquarium Association Australasia, Mosman, NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Georgina Child
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Claire M Wade
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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21
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Gnirs K, Quinton JF, Dally C, Nicolier A, Ruel Y. Cerebral pyogranuloma associated with systemic coronavirus infection in a ferret. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 57:36-9. [PMID: 26046449 PMCID: PMC7166721 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 2-year-old male ferret was presented with central nervous system signs. Computed tomography (CT) of the brain revealed a well-defined contrast-enhancing lesion on the rostral forebrain that appeared extraparenchymal. Surgical excision of the mass was performed and the ferret was euthanised during the procedure. Histopathology of the excised mass showed multiple meningeal nodular lesions with infiltrates of epithelioid macrophages, occasionally centred on degenerated neutrophils and surrounded by a broad rim of plasma cells, features consistent with pyogranulomatous meningitis. The histopathological features in this ferret were similar to those in cats with feline infectious peritonitis. Definitive diagnosis was assessed by immunohistochemistry, confirming a ferret systemic coronavirus (FSCV) associated disease. This is the first case of coronavirus granuloma described on CT-scan in the central nervous system of a ferret.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gnirs
- Advetia Small Animal Speciality Practice, Paris, 12è 75012, France
| | - J F Quinton
- Advetia Small Animal Speciality Practice, Paris, 12è 75012, France
| | - C Dally
- Department of Pathology, LAPVSO, Toulouse, France
| | - A Nicolier
- Vet Diagnostics Laboratory, Lyon, France
| | - Y Ruel
- Advetia Small Animal Speciality Practice, Paris, 12è 75012, France
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22
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Zhang W, Li L, Deng X, Kapusinszky B, Pesavento PA, Delwart E. Faecal virome of cats in an animal shelter. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2553-2564. [PMID: 25078300 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.069674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the metagenomics-derived feline enteric virome in the faeces of 25 cats from a single shelter in California. More than 90 % of the recognizable viral reads were related to mammalian viruses and the rest to bacterial viruses. Eight viral families were detected: Astroviridae, Coronaviridae, Parvoviridae, Circoviridae, Herpesviridae, Anelloviridae, Caliciviridae and Picobirnaviridae. Six previously known viruses were also identified: feline coronavirus type 1, felid herpes 1, feline calicivirus, feline norovirus, feline panleukopenia virus and picobirnavirus. Novel species of astroviruses and bocaviruses, and the first genome of a cyclovirus in a feline were characterized. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase region from four highly divergent partial viral genomes in the order Picornavirales were sequenced. The detection of such a diverse collection of viruses shed within a single shelter suggested that such animals experience robust viral exposures. This study increases our understanding of the viral diversity in cats, facilitating future evaluation of their pathogenic and zoonotic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China.,Blood Systems Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Linlin Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.,Blood Systems Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Xutao Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.,Blood Systems Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Beatrix Kapusinszky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.,Blood Systems Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Patricia A Pesavento
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.,Blood Systems Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
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23
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Wensman JJ, Jäderlund KH, Gustavsson MH, Hansson-Hamlin H, Karlstam E, Lilliehöök I, Oström ILÖ, Belák S, Berg M, Holst BS. Markers of Borna disease virus infection in cats with staggering disease. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:573-82. [PMID: 22553310 PMCID: PMC11104187 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12446638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a RNA-virus causing neurological disorders in a wide range of mammals. In cats, BDV infection may cause staggering disease. Presently, staggering disease is a tentative clinical diagnosis, only confirmed at necropsy. In this study, cats with staggering disease were investigated to study markers of BDV infection aiming for improvement of current diagnostics. Nineteen cats fulfilled the inclusion criteria based on neurological signs and pathological findings. In 17/19 cats, BDV infection markers (BDV-specific antibodies and/or BDV-RNA) were found, and antibodies in serum (13/16, 81%) were the most common marker. BDV-RNA was found in 11/19 cats (58%). In a reference population without neurological signs, 4/25 cats were seropositive (16%). The clinical history and neurological signs in combination with presence of BDV infection markers, where serology and rRT-PCR on blood can be helpful tools, improve the diagnostic accuracy in the living cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas J Wensman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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