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Gao S, Li R, Tai W, Song P, Hu Q, Yu L. Microsyringe-assisted visual volume detection based on phase separation: the case of chymosin milk-clotting activity study. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:5105-5111. [PMID: 38993036 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00670d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The constantly diverse demand scenarios for rapid on-site analysis have put forward high requirements for developing low-cost and user-friendly visual detection methods. Therefore, developing a visual detection method with simple operation and intuitive results has important practical value in the field of analysis and detection, but it is also challenging. In this work, we propose a microsyringe-assisted visual volume detection method based on phase separation, and apply it to analyze the milk-clotting activity of chymosin. Chymosin can cause phase separation of milk with whey in the mobile phase and curd in the gel state. The network structures of casein in curd can trap water molecules, resulting in separation of whey from curd gradually. Therefore, the analysis of chymosin milk-clotting activity can be realized according to the volume of whey measured using a portable microsyringe. This method shows a good linear correlation when the concentration of chymosin ranges from 1.02 U L-1 to 1020 U L-1 and the limit of detection of this method for chymosin is calculated to be 0.03 U mL-1. This work successfully realizes the visual analysis of chymosin milk-clotting activity based on the enzyme-triggered phase separation. It also shows great promise to be applied in other phase separation-based detection systems with the advantages of high accuracy, great portability and user-friendliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Ruotong Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Wenjun Tai
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Ping Song
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Qiongzheng Hu
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Jinan, 250014, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Li Yu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250100, China.
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Salvador D, Acosta Y, Zamora A, Castillo M. Rennet-Induced Casein Micelle Aggregation Models: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091243. [PMID: 35563966 PMCID: PMC9101341 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Two phases are generally recognized in the enzymatic coagulation of milk: hydrolysis and aggregation, although nowadays more and more researchers consider the non-enzymatic phase to actually be a stage of gel formation made up of two sub-stages: micellar aggregation and hardening of the three-dimensional network of para-κ-casein. To evaluate this controversy, the main descriptive models have been reviewed. Most of them can only model micellar aggregation, without modeling the hardening stage. Some are not generalizable enough. However, more recent models have been proposed, applicable to a wide range of conditions, which could differentiate both substages. Manufacturing quality enzymatic cheeses in a cost-effective and consistent manner requires effective control of coagulation, which implies studying the non-enzymatic sub-stages of coagulation separately, as numerous studies require specific measurement methods for each of them. Some authors have recently reviewed the micellar aggregation models, but without differentiating it from hardening. Therefore, a review of the proposed models is necessary, as coagulation cannot be controlled without knowing its mechanisms and the stages that constitute it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Salvador
- Department of Agroindustrial Science, National University of Trujillo, AV. Juan Pablo II s/n—University City, Trujillo 13011, Peru;
| | - Yoseli Acosta
- School of Agroindustrial Engineering, National University of Trujillo, AV. Juan Pablo II s/n—University City, Trujillo 13011, Peru;
| | - Anna Zamora
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Centre d’Innovació, Recerca i Transferència en Tecnologia dels Aliments (CIRTTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Travessera dels Turons s/n, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Manuel Castillo
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Centre d’Innovació, Recerca i Transferència en Tecnologia dels Aliments (CIRTTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Travessera dels Turons s/n, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-581-1123
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Challenging Sustainable and Innovative Technologies in Cheese Production: A Review. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10030529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that cheese yield and quality are affected by animal genetics, milk quality (chemical, physical, and microbiological), production technology, and the type of rennet and dairy cultures used in production. Major differences in the same type of cheese (i.e., hard cheese) are caused by the rennet and dairy cultures, which affect the ripening process. This review aims to explore current technological advancements in animal genetics, methods for the isolation and production of rennet and dairy cultures, along with possible applications of microencapsulation in rennet and dairy culture production, as well as the challenge posed to current dairy technologies by the preservation of biodiversity. Based on the reviewed scientific literature, it can be concluded that innovative approaches and the described techniques can significantly improve cheese production.
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Influence of fat substitution by inulin on fermentation process and physical properties of set yoghurt evaluated by an optical sensor. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Arango O, Trujillo AJ, Castillo M. Inline control of yoghurt fermentation process using a near infrared light backscatter sensor. J FOOD ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.109885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Clotting Properties of Onopordum tauricum (Willd.) Aqueous Extract in Milk of Different Species. Foods 2020; 9:foods9060692. [PMID: 32471174 PMCID: PMC7353650 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant proteases used in cheesemaking are easily available and could increase the acceptability of cheeses, otherwise hindered by ethical issues (e.g., religions, dietary habits, aversion to genetically engineered food and food ingredients). The milk clotting potential of Onopordum tauricum (Willd.) aqueous extract as an alternative to animal rennet was assessed for the first time in milk of different species (ewe, goat, cow). Among the aerial anatomical parts, i.e., receptacle, leaves, stems, and flowers, only the latter ones showed clotting properties. A response surface methodology (RSM) was used to explore the effects of three independent variables (temperature, pH, volume of coagulant) on the milk clotting activity (MCA) of the flower extract. A second-order polynomial model adequately described the experimental data and predicted a temperature value of 55 °C, a pH value of 4.9–5.7, and a volume of coagulant of 300–500 μL (added to 5 mL of milk) as optimal conditions to maximize the MCA. At a 35 °C temperature and natural milk pH of 6.7–6.8, the estimated MCA of the O. tauricum extract was 72–87, 69–86, and 75–151, in goat’s, ewe’s, and cow’s milk, respectively. In comparison, the MCA of calf rennet was 5.4–4.9, 3.3–14.7, and 4.9–16.7 times higher than that of the plant extract in goat’s, ewe’s, and cow’s milk, respectively.
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An Evaluation of the Clotting Properties of Three Plant Rennets in the Milks of Different Animal Species. Foods 2019; 8:foods8120600. [PMID: 31757096 PMCID: PMC6963866 DOI: 10.3390/foods8120600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cynara cardunculus, Carica papaya and Ficus carica extracts are proposed as milk coagulants herein. Their coagulation efficiency was measured in bovine, buffalo, goat and sheep milk incubated at different temperatures. The milk-clotting and proteolytic activities as well as the lactodynamographic parameters were determined considering animal rennet as a reference coagulant. The vegetable coagulant, extracted from C. cardunculus pistils, proved to be the most suitable milk-clotting enzyme for cheesemaking, since it possesses similar milk clotting properties to conventional calf rennet. F. carica latex, but seemed to be a promising alternative coagulant at higher temperatures. The strong proteolytic activity of papain caused poor milk coagulation in all milk samples. To conclude, this result also supports the original hypothesis of this study that the excessive proteolytic nature of plant coagulants can negatively affect the cheesemaking process. The optimization of using a plant rennet in a dairy application can be done by selecting the appropriate plant rennet with a consistent clotting efficiency. These innovative manufacturing processes may also lead to the optimization and production of new cheese varieties.
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Salvador D, Arango O, Castillo M. In-line estimation of the elastic module of milk gels with variation of temperature protein concentration. Int J Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Salvador
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments; Centre d'Innovació, Recerca i Transferència en Tecnologia dels Aliments (CIRTTA); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Edifici V - Campus de la UAB 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Valles) Barcelona Spain
| | - Oscar Arango
- Facultad de Ingeniería Agroindustrial; Ciudad Universitaria Torobajo; Universidad de Nariño; calle 18 carrera 50 Pasto Nariño Colombia
| | - Manuel Castillo
- Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments; Centre d'Innovació, Recerca i Transferència en Tecnologia dels Aliments (CIRTTA); Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Edifici V - Campus de la UAB 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Valles) Barcelona Spain
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Arango O, Trujillo AJ, Castillo M. Monitoring the effect of inulin, protein, and calcium on milk coagulation phases using a fibre optic sensor. Int Dairy J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Arango O, Trujillo A, Castillo M. Modelling gelation and cutting times using light backscatter parameters at different levels of inulin, protein and calcium. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Arango O, Castillo M. A method for the inline measurement of milk gel firmness using an optical sensor. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3910-3917. [PMID: 29477534 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
At present, selection of cutting time during cheesemaking is made based on subjective methods, which has effects on product homogeneity and has prevented complete automation of cheesemaking. In this work, a new method for inline monitoring of curd firmness is presented. The method consisted of developing a model that correlates the backscatter ratio of near infrared light during milk coagulation with the rheological storage modulus. The model was developed through a factorial design with 2 factors: protein concentration (3.4 and 5.1%) and coagulation temperature (30 and 40°C). Each treatment was replicated 3 times; the model was calibrated with the first replicate and validated using the remaining 2 replicates. The coagulation process was simultaneously monitored using an optical sensor and small-amplitude oscillatory rheology. The model was calibrated and successfully validated at the different protein concentrations and coagulation temperatures studied, predicting the evolution of storage modulus during milk coagulation with coefficient of determination values >0.998 and standard error of prediction values <3.4 Pa. The results demonstrated that the proposed method allows inline monitoring of curd firming in cheesemaking and cutting the curd at a proper firmness to each type of cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Arango
- Centre d'Innovació, Recerca i Transferència en Tecnologia dels Aliments (CIRTTA), Xarxa de referència en tecnologia dels aliments de la Generalitat de Catalunia (XaRTA), TECNIO-CERPTA, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Facultad de Ingeniería Agroindustrial, Universidad de Nariño, Ciudad Universitaria Torobajo, Pasto, Nariño PC 52001, Colombia.
| | - M Castillo
- Centre d'Innovació, Recerca i Transferència en Tecnologia dels Aliments (CIRTTA), Xarxa de referència en tecnologia dels aliments de la Generalitat de Catalunia (XaRTA), TECNIO-CERPTA, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Derra M, Bakkali F, Amghar A, Sahsah H. Estimation of coagulation time in cheese manufacture using an ultrasonic pulse-echo technique. J FOOD ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Prediction of milk coagulation time using an ultrasonic experimental and theoretical method based on Argand diagram. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-017-9567-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Codon Optimization of the "Bos Taurus Chymosin" Gene for the Production of Recombinant Chymosin in Pichia pastoris. Mol Biotechnol 2017; 58:657-664. [PMID: 27394727 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-016-9965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Codon optimization of the Bos taurus Chymosin gene (CYM) for its expression in Pichia pastoris was performed in this study. A synthetic CYM gene was designed in silico by replacing codons rarely used by P. pastoris with equivalent nucleotide combinations that codify for the same amino acid but that are more frequently encountered in the genome of P. pastoris. A total of 332 nucleotides were modified to optimize 289 codons. The synthetic CYM gene was cloned into the expression vector pPICZαA and transformed into P. pastoris. The transformed strains were grown in artificial media supplemented with glycerol as a carbon source to increase biomass and then cultured in a similar medium replacing glycerol with methanol as a carbon source to initiate gene induction. Raw extracts of the growth media exhibited milk-clotting activity of 146.11 SU/mL. Produced recombinant chymosin showed coagulant activity from 25 to 50 °C, and within a pH range of 5-6.9, having optimum activity at 35-40 °C, and pH 5.0. These results show that codon optimization is a viable strategy to improve CYM gene expression levels in P. pastoris for the production of recombinant chymosin.
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Abdelgawad AR, Rovai M, Caja G, Leitner G, Castillo M. Evaluating coagulation properties of milk from dairy sheep with subclinical intramammary infection using near infrared light scatter. A preliminary study. J FOOD ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ozcan T, Horne DS, Lucey JA. Yogurt made from milk heated at different pH values. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:6749-58. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Arango O, Trujillo A, Castillo M. Predicting coagulation and syneresis parameters of milk gels when inulin is added as fat substitute using infrared light backscatter. J FOOD ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nicolau N, Buffa M, O’Callaghan DJ, Guamis B, Castillo M. Estimation of clotting and cutting times in sheep cheese manufacture using NIR light backscatter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13594-015-0232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shima H, Tanimoto M. Quantifying Thermally Induced Flowability of Rennet Cheese Curds. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2014.978009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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García V, Rovira S, Boutoial K, Álvarez D, López MB. A comparison of the use of thistle (Cynara cardunculus L.) and artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) aqueous extracts for milk coagulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13594-014-0197-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Abdelgawad AR, Guamis B, Castillo M. Using a fiber optic sensor for cutting time prediction in cheese manufacture from a mixture of cow, sheep and goat milk. J FOOD ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Characterisation of potential milk coagulants from Calotropis gigantea plant parts and their hydrolytic pattern of bovine casein. Eur Food Res Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-014-2177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kozelková M, Jůzl M, Lužová T, Šustová K, Bubeníčková A. Changes of quality of rennets during storing. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2013. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun201260060189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Effect of feeding goats with rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis spp.) by-product on milk and cheese properties. Small Rumin Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Arango O, Trujillo A, Castillo M. Influence of fat replacement by inulin on rheological properties, kinetics of rennet milk coagulation, and syneresis of milk gels. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:1984-1996. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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