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Samaras G, Bikos D, Cann P, Masen M, Hardalupas Y, Hartmann C, Vieira J, Charalambides MN. Combining fracture mechanics and rheology to investigate the impact of micro-aeration on chocolate oral processing. SOFT MATTER 2024. [PMID: 38895755 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00264d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a rigorous mechanical characterisation investigation on milk chocolate with varying porosities, at different temperatures and strain rate levels. Uniaxial compression tests at temperatures varying from 20 °C to 30 °C were performed to measure the bulk properties of chocolate as a function of porosity and temperature. Fracture experiments were also conducted to compute the fracture energy at temperature levels between 20 °C and 30 °C for all tested samples. Additionally, rheological experiments are conducted to compute the viscosity of the different chocolates at 37 °C. This combined experimental analysis of solid mechanics, fracture mechanics, and rheology aims to define the impact of temperature and chocolate's phase change from solid to liquid on its mechanical properties. Moreover, the impact of micro-aeration on the relationship between material properties and temperature is discussed. The results demonstrate a significant impact of both temperature and micro-aeration on the chocolate's material properties; fracture stresses decrease with micro-aeration due to the presence of micro-pores creating weak links in the chocolate matrix, the critical strain energy release rate decreases with micro-aeration at temperatures up to 25 °C and increases at temperatures above 30 °C. Finally, the viscosity at 37 °C increases with increasing porosity due to the obstruction of the flow by micro-pores acting as "solid" particles. The results highlight how the impact of micro-aeration on the material properties of chocolate alters as the testing temperature rises and the material changes phase. The relationships between the micro-aeration and material properties and the dependence of temperature on the different mechanical properties are used to explain the difference in textural attributes as obtained from temporal dominance sensation tests. This study seeks to contribute valuable insights into the field of chocolate technology, emphasizing the need for a combined engineering approach to understand the structural breakdown of chocolate during oral processing as mechanisms such as chewing, melting, mixing and shearing occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Samaras
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - D Bikos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - P Cann
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - M Masen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - Y Hardalupas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK.
| | | | - J Vieira
- Nestlé Product Technology Centre, York, UK
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Abstract
Microbubbles are largely unused in the food industry yet have promising capabilities as environmentally friendly cleaning and supporting agents within products and production lines due to their unique physical behaviors. Their small diameters increase their dispersion throughout liquid materials, promote reactivity because of their high specific surface area, enhance dissolution of gases into the surrounding liquid phase, and promote the generation of reactive chemical species. This article reviews techniques to generate microbubbles, their modes of action to enhance cleaning and disinfection, their contributions to functional and mechanical properties of food materials, and their use in supporting the growth of living organisms in hydroponics or bioreactors. The utility and diverse applications of microbubbles, combined with their low intrinsic ingredient cost, strongly encourage their increased adoption within the food industry in coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakai Lu
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Owen G Jones
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA;
| | - Weixin Yan
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carlos M Corvalan
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA;
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Effect of Shear-Thinning Property on the Energy Performance and Flow Field of an Axial Flow Pump. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15072341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the chemical and petroleum industry, the axial flow pump is widely used for the circulation pipeline system, and most of the transportation mediums are the shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluids. However, previous investigations on axial flow pumps are focused on water, which leads to a considerable deviation between the actual application and the research finding. In this work, shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluid (CMC solution) and viscous Newtonian fluid (the viscosity equals the apparent viscosity of CMC solution as the flow index is 1) are selected as the working medium. Based on the research output, lower apparent viscosity occurs in the near-wall and rotor–stator interaction region due to the larger velocity gradient. The shear-thinning property results in an increased tip leakage flow rate, and a sharp decline in friction loss. Compared to the viscous Newtonian fluid, the head and efficiency of the pump improves substantially for the shear-thinning fluid. The discrepancy is observed to increase with a higher flow rate. The comprehensive analysis of flow field and energy performance reveals that friction loss is still the main part of the total loss in the shear-thinning fluid.
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Meza BE, Fernandes RR, Zorrilla SE, Wilson DI, Peralta JM. Rheological characterisation of full-fat and reduced-fat aerated icings. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gouseti O, Watson N, Pacek A. A rheo-optic study of liquid/liquid systems with varying phases, volume fractions and viscosity ratios. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Jabarkhyl S, Barigou M, Badve M, Zhu S. Rheological properties of wet foams generated from viscous pseudoplastic fluids. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2020.102304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kumbár V, Nedomová Š, Pytel R, Kilián L, Buchar J. Study of rheology and friction factor of natural food hydrocolloid gels. POTRAVINARSTVO 2017. [DOI: 10.5219/735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Xing L, Niu F, Su Y, Yang Y. Effect of egg freshness on texture and baking characteristics of batter systems formulated using egg, flour and sugar. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:2047-2054. [PMID: 26108173 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of egg freshness on baking properties and final qualities in batter systems. Batters were made with eggs of different freshness, and the properties of batter systems were studied through rheological analysis, rapid viscosity analysis (RVA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), batter density and expansion rate during the baking and cooling processes. Moreover, the qualities of final baked systems were investigated, including specific volume and texture profile analysis (TPA). RESULTS The flow behavior of batters showed that the consistency index (K) decreased as the Haugh unit (HU) value decreased, while the flow behavior index (n) increased. Both the storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″) determined by mechanical spectra at 20 °C decreased with decreasing HU. RVA and DSC determinations revealed that lower-HU samples had a lower viscosity in the baking process and a shorter time for starch gelatinization and egg protein denaturation. Observation of the batter density revealed an increasing change, which was reflected by a decrease in the specific volume of final models. TPA showed significant differences in hardness and chewiness, but no significant differences in springiness and cohesiveness were found. CONCLUSION The egg freshness affected the properties of batter systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Fuge Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yujie Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yanjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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Torres MD, Vázquez-Vila MJ, Pereira-Gonçalvez G. Rheology and modelling of aqueous gum solutions commonly used in the food industry. Int J Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María D. Torres
- Departamento de Enxeñaría Química, Escola Técnica Superior de Enxeñaría; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela; Campus Vida 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - María J. Vázquez-Vila
- Departamento de Enxeñaría Química; Facultade de Ciencias; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela; Campus Lugo 27002 Lugo Spain
| | - Gerardo Pereira-Gonçalvez
- Departamento de Enxeñaría Química; Facultade de Ciencias; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela; Campus Lugo 27002 Lugo Spain
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Torres M, Hallmark B, Wilson D. Effect of bubble volume fraction on the shear and extensional rheology of bubbly liquids based on guar gum (a Giesekus fluid) as continuous phase. J FOOD ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abbès F, Masmoudi M, Kchaou W, Danthine S, Blecker C, Attia H, Besbes S. Effect of enzymatic treatment on rheological properties, glass temperature transition and microstructure of date syrup. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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