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Małkowska-Kowalczyk M, Żulewska J, Kruk D, Mieloch A. Dynamic water profile in various type of cheese analysed by means of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance relaxometry. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00901-9. [PMID: 38851570 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to enquire to which extend 1H spin-lattice Nuclear Magnetic Resonance relaxometry data collected over a broad range of resonance frequencies (from 10kHz to 10MHz) have the potential to be used for assessing quality and authenticity of different categories of cheese. The following cheeses were selected mozzarella (M), processed cheese (C), pizza cheese (P) and pizza cheese with modified fat phase (PC), low-fat cheese (LF) and long ripened cheese (R). The cheeses from different production plants (1,2,3) and various cheese production batches (a, b, c) were used in the study. The samples from each group were subjected to instrumental composition analysis (FoodScan analyzer type 78810, FOSS, Hillerod, Denmark), water activity assessment (AQUA LAB 4TEV analyzer, type S40001855, USA) and determination of the NMRD profiles (SMARtracer FFC relaxometer, Stelar S.r.l, Italy, 2017). The state and dynamics of water present in products as free and bound water largely determines the properties of food products, including cheeses. NMR relaxometry studies of cheese enable to reveal relaxation features characteristic of specific categories of cheese. Consequently, the studies can be treated as a step toward exploiting NMR relaxometry for accessing quality and authenticity of cheese. It was shown that at low resonance frequencies, the lower the moisture, the larger the relaxation rate. The durability and quality of cheeses depend on the presence and condition of water, so it is necessary to find a relationship between the presence, condition and mobility of water in cheeses, to increase and improve the quality and extend the shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Małkowska-Kowalczyk
- Department of Dairy Science and Quality Management, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Justyna Żulewska
- Department of Dairy Science and Quality Management, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Danuta Kruk
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Adrianna Mieloch
- Department of Human Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
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2
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Digvijay, Kelly AL, Lamichhane P. Ice crystallization and structural changes in cheese during freezing and frozen storage: implications for functional properties. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-24. [PMID: 37971852 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2277357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Temperature-mediated preservation techniques offer a simple, scalable, effective, and fairly efficient method of long-term storage of food products. In order to ensure the uninterrupted availability of cheese across the globe, a critical understanding of its techno-functional properties as affected by freezing and frozen storage is essential. Detailed studies of temperature-mediated molecular dynamics are available for relatively simpler and homogeneous systems like pure water, proteins, and carbohydrates. However, for heterogeneous systems like cheese, inter-component interactions at sub-zero temperatures have not been extensively covered. Ice crystallization during freezing causes dehydration of caseins and the formation of concentration gradients within the cheese matrix, causing undesirable changes in texture-functional attributes, but findings vary due to experimental conditions. A suitable combination of sample size, freezing rate, aging, and tempering can extend the shelf life of high- and low-moisture Mozzarella cheese. However, limited studies on other cheeses suggest that effects and suitability differ by cheese type, in most cases adversely affecting texture and functional attributes. This review presents an overview of the understanding of the effects of refrigeration, freezing techniques, and frozen storage on structural components of cheese, most prominently Mozzarella cheese, and the corresponding impact on microstructure and functionality. Also included are the mechanism of ice formation and relevant mathematical models for estimation of the thermophysical properties of cheese to assist in designing optimized schemes for their frozen storage. The review also highlights the lack of unanimity in critical understanding concerning the effect of freezing on the long-term storage of Mozzarella cheese with respect to its functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digvijay
- Department of Food Chemistry and Technology, Teagasc Food Research Center, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan L Kelly
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Prabin Lamichhane
- Department of Food Chemistry and Technology, Teagasc Food Research Center, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
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3
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Impact of sodium orthophosphate, sodium pyrophosphate or sodium citrate addition via dry-salting on the properties of low-moisture part skim mozzarella. Int Dairy J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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4
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Structural, rheological and functional properties of extruded mozzarella cheese influenced by the properties of the renneted casein gels. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Industrial freezing and tempering for optimal functional properties in thawed Mozzarella cheese. Food Chem 2022; 405:134933. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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6
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Variations in the biochemical and functional properties of commercial low-moisture part-skim mozzarella during 3 months of storage at 4 °C. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Effects of reducing milk pH to 6.2 by CO2 injection or by addition of lactic acid on the biochemical and functional properties of commercial low-moisture part-skim mozzarella. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Effect of Packaging and Portioning on the Dynamics of Water–Fat Serum Release from Fresh Pasta Filata Soft Cheese. Foods 2022; 11:foods11030296. [PMID: 35159448 PMCID: PMC8834549 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the impact of cheese fragmentation and packaging on the dynamics of water–fat serum released from pasta filata cheese made from cow’s milk and its mixture with sheep’s milk. The addition of sheep’s milk reduced the amount of leachate from the vacuum-packed cheeses and did not cause as much loss of gloss as in the case of cow’s milk cheeses. This was also reflected in the microscopic images of the cheese samples. Consumers showed less acceptance of cow’s milk pasta filata cheeses than cheeses made with a mixture of cow’s and sheep’s milk (they had the same fat content, acidity, hardness, and oiling-off, but better stretching). The data describing water–fat serum release from pasta filata cheese within 24 h of unpacking was modeled with the use of the feed-forward artificial neural networks, whose architecture is based on Multi-Layer Perceptron with a single hidden layer. The model inputs comprised four independent variables, including one quantitative (i.e., time) and the other qualitative ones, which had the following states: type of raw material (cow’s milk, cow-sheep’s milk), way of sample portioning (whole, quarters, slices), packing method (vacuum packed and packed in brine).
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Kruk D, Florek – Wojciechowska M, Masiewicz E, Oztop M, Ploch-Jankowska A, Duda P, Wilczynski S. Water mobility in cheese by means of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance relaxometry. J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Anedda R, Pardu A, Korb JP, Curti E. Effect of the manufacturing process on Fiore Sardo PDO cheese microstructure by multi-frequency NMR relaxometry. Food Res Int 2021; 140:110079. [PMID: 33648298 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The quality of Fiore Sardo cheese, a traditional Italian dairy product, was analyzed by means of Multi-frequency Nuclear Magnetic (NMR) relaxometry. Specifically, ten cheese wheels were purchased from different production chains, either industrial (N = 5) or artisanal (N = 5) samples. The former came from large scale productions and the latter were produced by shepherds in small quantities and in very small dairy factories. A preliminary interlaboratory proficiency testing of Time Domain - NMR (TD-NMR, 20 MHz) relaxometry by five laboratories, consistently showed that product quality is significantly different in terms of molecular mobility according to their production chain (i.e. industrial or artisanal). More detailed information about cheese microstructure was obtained by Multi-frequency Fast Field Cycling NMR (FFC-NMR) at lower magnetic fields (0.01-10 MHz). According to the interpretative model adopted to describe FFC-NMR data, industrially processed cheeses showed a higher para-casein hydration, higher protein protons to water protons ratio and a higher disorder (lower fractal dimension df) than artisanal products. It is suggested that differences between artisanal and industrial cheeses generate from the processing steps preceding cheese maturation, and are clearly reflected in the visual appearance of cheeses. This study shows that NMR relaxometry techniques can successfully discriminate Fiore Sardo cheese from different production chains, and paves the way for their implementation in quality control practices of dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Anedda
- Porto Conte Ricerche s.r.l., S.P. 55 Porto Conte-Capo Caccia, Km 8.400 Loc. Tramariglio, Alghero, SS, Italy.
| | - A Pardu
- Porto Conte Ricerche s.r.l., S.P. 55 Porto Conte-Capo Caccia, Km 8.400 Loc. Tramariglio, Alghero, SS, Italy
| | - J-P Korb
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire PHysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - E Curti
- Porto Conte Ricerche s.r.l., S.P. 55 Porto Conte-Capo Caccia, Km 8.400 Loc. Tramariglio, Alghero, SS, Italy
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12
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Application of Spectroscopic Techniques to Evaluate Heat Treatments in Milk and Dairy Products: an Overview of the Last Decade. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-021-02607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Conte P, Cinquanta L, Lo Meo P, Mazza F, Micalizzi A, Corona O. Fast field cycling NMR relaxometry as a tool to monitor Parmigiano Reggiano cheese ripening. Food Res Int 2021; 139:109845. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Impact of freezing on the physicochemical and functional properties of low–moisture part–skim mozzarella. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Chen Y, MacNaughtan W, Jones P, Yang Q, Foster T. The state of water and fat during the maturation of Cheddar cheese. Food Chem 2020; 303:125390. [PMID: 31450177 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cheddar cheese predicted to develop into different quality classes has been evaluated by time domain Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Thermogravimetric analysis and quantitative sensory analysis. The water and fat proton signals in the transverse relaxation decay curves have been deconvoluted. Proton transverse relaxation values for both the water and fat fractions decrease and the relative %age of the proton peak area, predominantly from the fat increases over a 450-day ripening period. The thermodynamic free water percentage increases during maturation. Water and fat attributes can distinguish between Cheddar cheese batches after 56 days. Cheese batches which have lower transverse relaxation values for the water and fat proton fractions and a higher relative %age of the proton peak area predominantly from fat at 56 days, mature after 270 days to be more yellow, rubbery and smooth, have a less sour and lingering aftertaste and are also harder to form into a cheese ball.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyi Chen
- Division of Food Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - William MacNaughtan
- Division of Food Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Paul Jones
- South Caernarfon Creameries Ltd, Pwllheli LL53 6SB, UK.
| | - Qian Yang
- Division of Food Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Tim Foster
- Division of Food Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
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16
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Vermeir L, Declerck A, To CM, Kerkaert B, Van der Meeren P. Water and oil signal assignment in low-moisture mozzarella as determined by time-domain NMR T 2 relaxometry. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2019; 57:674-685. [PMID: 30680797 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A time-domain 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry method was elaborated for the rapid microstructural characterization of mozzarella cheese. For this purpose, there is a strong need to know how the experimentally determined T2 relaxation time distribution can be related to specific constituents in mozzarella. In this study, a detailed investigation is offered for fresh and aged low-moisture mozzarella cheese, often applied as a pizza cheese, by application of both a conventional Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) sequence and a free-induction decay CPMG (FID-CPMG) sequence. The relaxation behavior was further elucidated by addition of deuterium oxide and by mild heat treatment of samples. The relaxation times of water protons in mozzarella were found to range from a few microseconds to some tens of milliseconds (in aged mozzarella) or to about hundred milliseconds (in fresh mozzarella). The upper limit of the T2 distribution can even be extended to the seconds range upon releasing water protons from the mozzarella matrix using a mild heat treatment or upon addition of deuterated water. Both stimuli also provided evidence for the absorption of water into the cheese matrix. The potential release and uptake of water demonstrated that mozzarella acts as a very dynamic system during production and storage. The detected differences in the behavior of the water fraction between fresh and aged low-moisture mozzarella might be utilized to study the influence of either production and/or storage conditions on the cheese ripening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Vermeir
- Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arnout Declerck
- Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chak Ming To
- Milcobel cbva, Industrial Products Division, Kallo, Belgium
| | | | - Paul Van der Meeren
- Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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17
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Bertsch P, Savorani L, Fischer P. Rheology of Swiss Cheese Fondue. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:1103-1109. [PMID: 31459386 PMCID: PMC6648832 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cheese fondue is a popular Swiss dish prepared by melting cheese under the addition of wine, starch, and seasoning. The flow behavior or rheology of fondue is crucial for mouthfeel, flavor release, and the tendency of fondue to cling to the bread. Fondue is a complex multiphase system whose rheology is determined by the interactions of its colloidal ingredients. We establish cheese fondue as a water-continuous system with dispersed fat droplets, charged caseins, and starch granules. Irreversible phase separation, a common issue in fondue preparation, may be prevented by addition of a critical minimum starch concentration. Fondue was found to be a shear-thinning yield stress fluid, which is desirable for mouthfeel and facilitates fondue to cling to the bread for consumption. Fondue showed a viscoelastic stress response around the gel point (G' ≈ G″), which is proposed as crucial for the balance of orally perceived gumminess (G') and liquidity (G″). Ethanol addition and lowering pH toward the isoelectric point of casein, as associated with wine addition, decrease fondue viscosity due to a decrease in casein micelle size. Below the isoelectric point of casein, fondue is unstable and phase separates, potentially impeding fondue digestion. Thus, fondue rheology is governed by the complex colloidal interactions within its ingredients, and ultimately determines fondue eating experience.
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Silva HL, Balthazar CF, Esmerino EA, Neto RP, Rocha RS, Moraes J, Cavalcanti RN, Franco RM, Tavares MIB, Santos JS, Granato D, Costa RG, Freitas MQ, Silva MC, Raices RS, Senaka Ranadheera C, Nazzaro F, Mortazavian AM, Cruz AG. Partial substitution of NaCl by KCl and addition of flavor enhancers on probiotic Prato cheese: A study covering manufacturing, ripening and storage time. Food Chem 2018; 248:192-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Lamichhane P, Kelly AL, Sheehan JJ. Symposium review: Structure-function relationships in cheese. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:2692-2709. [PMID: 29055536 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The quality and commercial value of cheese are primarily determined by its physico-chemical properties (e.g., melt, stretch, flow, and color), specific sensory attributes (e.g., flavor, texture, and mouthfeel), usage characteristics (e.g., convenience), and nutritional properties (e.g., nutrient profile, bioavailability, and digestibility). Many of these functionalities are determined by cheese structure, requiring an appropriate understanding of the relationships between structure and functionality to design bespoke functionalities. This review provides an overview of a broad range of functional properties of cheese and how they are influenced by the structural organization of cheese components and their interactions, as well as how they are influenced by environmental factors (e.g., pH and temperature).
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabin Lamichhane
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland P61 C996; School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland T12 YN60
| | - Alan L Kelly
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland T12 YN60
| | - Jeremiah J Sheehan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland P61 C996.
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