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Cheng Y, Xue F, Yang Y. Hot Water Extraction of Antioxidants from Tea Leaves—Optimization of Brewing Conditions for Preparing Antioxidant-Rich Tea Drinks. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073030. [PMID: 37049793 PMCID: PMC10095724 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
There are billions of tea drinkers around the world. However, the optimized tea-brewing temperature and time conditions for achieving a higher concentration of antioxidants in tea drinks have not been thoroughly studied. Finding out the optimized brewing conditions can benefit tea drinkers significantly. In this work, we have studied ten antioxidants from seven different popular green, Oolong, black, and scented teas using hot water extraction followed by HPLC analysis. The antioxidant yield was evaluated at 25–100 °C with 5 to 720 min of brewing time. Our results show that the extraction efficiency was enhanced by increasing the water temperature and the highest yield of antioxidants was achieved at 100 °C. The antioxidant yield increased with prolonged brewing time. However, the degradation of antioxidants occurred when tea leaves were extracted for 120 to 720 min. Caffeine was found in all seven tea samples. At 100 °C, the caffein concentration in the tea extract ranged from 7.04 to 20.4 mg/g in Rizhao green tea. Longjing green tea contained the highest concentration of antioxidants (88 mg/g) in the 100 °C extract. Epigallocatechin and caffeine were the most abundant compounds found in all tea samples studied, ranging from 4.77 to 26.88 mg/g. The antioxidant yield was enhanced by increasing the extraction time to up to 60–120 min for all ten compounds studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cheng
- Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Fumin Xue
- Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
- Correspondence:
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2
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Comparison of extraction methods for active biomolecules using sub-critical dimethyl ether and n-butane. Eur Food Res Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-04122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSeveral extraction methods are used to isolate natural compounds, and recent approaches utilize subcritical or supercritical extraction media. In this paper we compare extraction methods based on subcritical eluents, dimethyl ether (sC-DME) and n-butane (sC-nB), under mild conditions, using coffee beans and powder as an exemplary raw material. The parameters to be controlled to improve the extraction are considered, and the resulting data discussed. The results obtained display higher selectivity of sC-DME for caffeine (1.9%w/w sC-DME vs. 1.7%w/w sC-nB, on dry extract) and a good yield (0.479 mg/g of caffeine from green coffee beans) compared to, e.g., supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2), which shows 0.32 mg/g of caffeine at higher pressure and temperature (25 MPa, 40 °C). We also discuss some technical implementations for optimizing the use of sub-critical eluents through proper combinations of pressure and temperature. We show that extraction processes based on sub-critical eluents are easy to operate and efficient, and can be easily automated.
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Ho TC, Kiddane AT, Khan F, Cho YJ, Park JS, Lee HJ, Kim GD, Kim YM, Chun BS. Pressurized liquid extraction of phenolics from Pseuderanthemum palatiferum (Nees) Radlk. leaves: optimization, characterization, and biofunctional properties. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Li H, Guo H, Luo Q, Wu DT, Zou L, Liu Y, Li HB, Gan RY. Current extraction, purification, and identification techniques of tea polyphenols: An updated review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-19. [PMID: 34702110 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1995843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tea, as a beverage, has been reputed for its health benefits and gained worldwide popularity. Tea polyphenols, especially catechins, as the main bioactive compounds in tea, exhibit diverse health benefits and have wide applications in the food industry. The development of tea polyphenol-incorporated products is dependent on the extraction, purification, and identification of tea polyphenols. Recent years, many green and novel extraction, purification, and identification techniques have been developed for the preparation of tea polyphenols. This review, therefore, introduces the classification of tea and summarizes the main conventional and novel techniques for the extraction of polyphenols from various tea products. The advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are also intensively discussed and compared. In addition, the purification and identification techniques are summarized. It is hoped that this updated review can provide a research basis for the green and efficient extraction, purification, and identification of tea polyphenols, which can facilitate their utilization in the production of various functional food products and nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan Guo
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiong Luo
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
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Feng G, Hu M, Yuan S, Nan J, Zeng H. Hydrogenated Amorphous TiO 2-x and Its High Visible Light Photoactivity. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112801. [PMID: 34835567 PMCID: PMC8625909 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogenated crystalline TiO2 with oxygen vacancy (OV) defect has been broadly investigated in recent years. Different from crystalline TiO2, hydrogenated amorphous TiO2−x for advanced photocatalytic applications is scarcely reported. In this work, we prepared hydrogenated amorphous TiO2−x (HA-TiO2−x) using a unique liquid plasma hydrogenation strategy, and demonstrated its highly visible-light photoactivity. Density functional theory combined with comprehensive analyses was to gain fundamental understanding of the correlation among the OV concentration, electronic band structure, photon capturing, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and photocatalytic activity. One important finding was that the narrower the bandgap HA-TiO2−x possessed, the higher photocatalytic efficiency it exhibited. Given the narrow bandgap and extraordinary visible-light absorption, HA-TiO2−x showed excellent visible-light photodegradation in rhodamine B (98.7%), methylene blue (99.85%), and theophylline (99.87) within two hours, as well as long-term stability. The total organic carbon (TOC) removal rates of rhodamine B, methylene blue, and theophylline were measured to 55%, 61.8%, and 50.7%, respectively, which indicated that HA-TiO2−x exhibited high wastewater purification performance. This study provided a direct and effective hydrogenation method to produce reduced amorphous TiO2−x which has great potential in practical environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, Ministry of Education, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (G.F.); (M.H.); (S.Y.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Mengyun Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, Ministry of Education, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (G.F.); (M.H.); (S.Y.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing 401120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China;
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, Ministry of Education, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (G.F.); (M.H.); (S.Y.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Junyi Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China;
| | - Heping Zeng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, Ministry of Education, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (G.F.); (M.H.); (S.Y.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing 401120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China;
- CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-Intense Laser Science, Shanghai 201800, China
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan 250101, China
- Correspondence:
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Cheng Y, Xue F, Yu S, Du S, Yang Y. Subcritical Water Extraction of Natural Products. Molecules 2021; 26:4004. [PMID: 34209151 PMCID: PMC8271798 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcritical water refers to high-temperature and high-pressure water. A unique and useful characteristic of subcritical water is that its polarity can be dramatically decreased with increasing temperature. Therefore, subcritical water can behave similar to methanol or ethanol. This makes subcritical water a green extraction fluid used for a variety of organic species. This review focuses on the subcritical water extraction (SBWE) of natural products. The extracted materials include medicinal and seasoning herbs, vegetables, fruits, food by-products, algae, shrubs, tea leaves, grains, and seeds. A wide range of natural products such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, essential oil, flavonoids, glycosides, lignans, organic acids, polyphenolics, quinones, steroids, and terpenes have been extracted using subcritical water. Various SBWE systems and their advantages and drawbacks have also been discussed in this review. In addition, we have reviewed co-solvents including ethanol, methanol, salts, and ionic liquids used to assist SBWE. Other extraction techniques such as microwave and sonication combined with SBWE are also covered in this review. It is very clear that temperature has the most significant effect on SBWE efficiency, and thus, it can be optimized. The optimal temperature ranges from 130 to 240 °C for extracting the natural products mentioned above. This review can help readers learn more about the SBWE technology, especially for readers with an interest in the field of green extraction of natural products. The major advantage of SBWE of natural products is that water is nontoxic, and therefore, it is more suitable for the extraction of herbs, vegetables, and fruits. Another advantage is that no liquid waste disposal is required after SBWE. Compared with organic solvents, subcritical water not only has advantages in ecology, economy, and safety, but also its density, ion product, and dielectric constant can be adjusted by temperature. These tunable properties allow subcritical water to carry out class selective extractions such as extracting polar compounds at lower temperatures and less polar ingredients at higher temperatures. SBWE can mimic the traditional herbal decoction for preparing herbal medication and with higher extraction efficiency. Since SBWE employs high-temperature and high-pressure, great caution is needed for safe operation. Another challenge for application of SBWE is potential organic degradation under high temperature conditions. We highly recommend conducting analyte stability checks when carrying out SBWE. For analytes with poor SBWE efficiency, a small number of organic modifiers such as ethanol, surfactants, or ionic liquids may be added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Former Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (Y.C.); (F.X.); (S.Y.); (S.D.)
- Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Qilu University of Technology (Former Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Fumin Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Former Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (Y.C.); (F.X.); (S.Y.); (S.D.)
- Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Qilu University of Technology (Former Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Shuai Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Former Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (Y.C.); (F.X.); (S.Y.); (S.D.)
- Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Qilu University of Technology (Former Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Shichao Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Former Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (Y.C.); (F.X.); (S.Y.); (S.D.)
- Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Qilu University of Technology (Former Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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Ho TC, Kiddane AT, Sivagnanam SP, Park JS, Cho YJ, Getachew AT, Nguyen TTT, Kim GD, Chun BS. Green extraction of polyphenolic-polysaccharide conjugates from Pseuderanthemum palatiferum (Nees) Radlk.: Chemical profile and anticoagulant activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 157:484-493. [PMID: 32325075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) of polyphenolic-polysaccharide (PP) from Pseuderanthemum palatiferum (Nees) Radlk. leaves was carried out and compared with a conventional technique using 0.1 M sodium hydroxide. The extracts were purified according to the method reported previously to obtain PP conjugates which were further studied about chemical profiles and anticoagulant activity. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and spectrophotometry analysis were used to characterize the selected PP conjugates. The results showed that PP conjugates comprised of carbohydrate, phenolic, and protein constituents with the yield ranged from 2.76% to 14.34%. Seven mono sugars containing in all conjugates were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), namely, arabinose, fucose, galactose, glucose, mannose, rhamnose, and xylose. PP conjugates obtained from PLE at 150 °C (PP-PLE5) exhibited better anticoagulant activity than those found at 200 °C and comparable to that of the conventional technique. On gel permeation chromatography, PP-PLE5 showed a broad molecular mass from 6 to 642 kDa. From the obtained results, PLE can be used as a green effective technique for the recovery of PP conjugate from P. palatiferum leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truc Cong Ho
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; University of Cuu Long, 1A Highway, Long Ho District, Vinh Long 85000, Viet Nam
| | - Anley Teferra Kiddane
- Department of Microbiology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jin-Seok Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Jin Cho
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Gun-Do Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Soo Chun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
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Kim DS, Lim SB. Subcritical water extraction of rutin from the aerial parts of common buckwheat. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.104561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Challenges on the processing of plant-based neuronutraceuticals and functional foods with emerging technologies: Extraction, encapsulation and therapeutic applications. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Chen Z, Li D, Tong K, Chen Z, Chen H, Chen Q, Xu Y. Static decontamination of oil-based drill cuttings with pressurized hot water using response surface methodology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:7216-7227. [PMID: 30656584 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-04102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Separating organic pollutants from oil-based drill cuttings (OBDC) is the current trend for its safe disposal. In this study, pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) was adapted to decontaminate OBDC for the first time. Two typical OBDC samples, i.e., diesel-based drill cuttings (OBDC-A) and white oil-based drill cuttings (OBDC-B), were statically extracted in a homemade batch autoclave. Response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design (CCD) was applied to investigate the effects and interactive effects of three independent operating parameters (temperature, extraction time, and water volume) and to ultimately optimize the PHWE process. The results suggested that temperature is the dominant parameter, followed by water volume and extraction time. Interactive effects among the three parameters are present in the PHWE of OBDC-A but absent in the PHWE of OBDC-B. The suitable conditions for the effective PHWE of OBDC-A were found to be a temperature of 284-300 °C, water volume of 15-35 ml, and extraction time of 20-60 min. The corresponding conditions were 237-300 °C, 15-35 ml, and 20-60 min for the PHWE of OBDC-B. These different phenomena are caused by the different characteristics of the two OBDC samples. All of the polynomial models obtained from the RSM experiments are very valid and can adequately describe the relationship among the three independent operating parameters and responses. The experimental results also confirmed that PHWE is a more efficient separation technique for decontaminating OBDC than single organic solvent extraction or low-temperature thermal desorption because PHWE integrates the advantages of both these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Beijing, 102206, China
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Dongyuan Li
- School of Petroleum Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Kun Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zeliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Hongzhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Qiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Yuanjian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
- Environmentally-Benign Chemical Process Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology (CIGIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 266 Fangzheng Avenue, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400714, China.
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Fuentes-Gandara F, Torres A, Fernández-Ponce M, Casas L, Mantell C, Varela R, Martínez de la Ossa-Fernández E, Macías F. Selective fractionation and isolation of allelopathic compounds from Helianthus annuus L. leaves by means of high-pressure techniques. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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