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Grostete M, Lee J, Msibi Z, Boissel F, Jimenez M, Jeantet R, Lanotte L. Exploring the formation of surficial whey protein deposits under shear stress by rheofluidic approach. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133291. [PMID: 38908625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how shear affects whey protein stability is crucial to deal with typical industrial issues occurring at the bulk solution/surface interface, such as fouling during heat treatments. However, at the state of the art, this effect remains unclear, contrary to that of temperature. This article presents a novel strategy to study the impact of shear rate and concentration on the accumulation of whey protein surficial deposits. It consists in applying a range of shear rates (0-200 s-1) at controlled temperature (65 °C) on whey protein solutions (5-10 wt%) by a parallel plate rheometer equipped with a glass disc, thus allowing the off-line characterization of the deposits by microscopy. Our results highlight an unequivocal effect of increasing shear stress. At 5 wt%, it fosters the formation of primary deposits (≈ 10 μm), whereas at 10 wt% it results in the development of complex branched structures (≈ 50 μm) especially for shear rates ranging from 140 s-1 to 200 s-1. Based on the classification by size of the observed populations, we discuss possible hypotheses for the deposit growth kinetics, involving the interplay of different physico-chemical protein-surface interactions and paving the way to future further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeehyun Lee
- INRAE, Institut Agro, STLO, 35042 Rennes, France.
| | - Zanele Msibi
- INRAE, Institut Agro, STLO, 35042 Rennes, France.
| | | | - Maude Jimenez
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000 Lille, France; Institut Universitaire de, France, (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris cedex.
| | | | - Luca Lanotte
- INRAE, Institut Agro, STLO, 35042 Rennes, France.
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2
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Nan Z, Floquet P, Combes D, Tendero C, Castelain M. Surface Conditioning Effects on Submerged Optical Sensors: A Comparative Study of Fused Silica, Titanium Dioxide, Aluminum Oxide, and Parylene C. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9546. [PMID: 38067919 PMCID: PMC10708880 DOI: 10.3390/s23239546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical sensors excel in performance but face efficacy challenges when submerged due to potential surface colonization, leading to signal deviation. This necessitates robust solutions for sustained accuracy. Protein and microorganism adsorption on solid surfaces is crucial in antibiofilm studies, contributing to conditioning film and biofilm formation. Most studies focus on surface characteristics (hydrophilicity, roughness, charge, and composition) individually for their adhesion impact. In this work, we tested four materials: silica, titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, and parylene C. Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) served as the biofouling conditioning model, assessed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Its effect on microorganism adhesion (modeled with functionalized microbeads) was quantified using a shear stress flow chamber. Surface features and adhesion properties were correlated via Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Protein adsorption is influenced by nanoscale roughness, hydrophilicity, and likely correlated with superficial electron distribution and bond nature. Conditioning films alter the surface interaction with microbeads, affecting hydrophilicity and local charge distribution. Silica shows a significant increase in microbead adhesion, while parylene C exhibits a moderate increase, and titanium dioxide shows reduced adhesion. Alumina demonstrates notable stability, with the conditioning film minimally impacting adhesion, which remains low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibin Nan
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR5504, INRAe UMR792—INSA 135, avenue de Rangueil, 31055 Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Floquet
- LGC, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS—ENSIACET 4, allée Émile Monso, 31030 Toulouse, France;
| | - Didier Combes
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR5504, INRAe UMR792—INSA 135, avenue de Rangueil, 31055 Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Tendero
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS—ENSIACET 4, allée Émile Monso, 31030 Toulouse, France;
| | - Mickaël Castelain
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR5504, INRAe UMR792—INSA 135, avenue de Rangueil, 31055 Toulouse, France
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3
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Neßlinger V, Welzel S, Rieker F, Meinderink D, Nieken U, Grundmeier G. Thin Organic‐inorganic Anti‐fouling Hybrid‐films for Microreactor Components. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.202200043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Neßlinger
- Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (TMC) Paderborn University Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Stefan Welzel
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering University of Stuttgart Böblinger Str. 78 70199 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Florian Rieker
- Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (TMC) Paderborn University Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Dennis Meinderink
- Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (TMC) Paderborn University Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Ulrich Nieken
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering University of Stuttgart Böblinger Str. 78 70199 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Guido Grundmeier
- Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (TMC) Paderborn University Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
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Huellemeier HA, Eren NM, Payne TD, Schultz ZD, Heldman DR. Monitoring and Characterization of Milk Fouling on Stainless Steel Using a High-Pressure High-Temperature Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:9466-9480. [PMID: 35899940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fouling at interfaces deteriorates the efficiency and hygiene of processes within numerous industrial sectors, including the oil and gas, biomedical device, and food industries. In the food industry, the fouling of a complex food matrix to a heated stainless steel surface reduces production efficiency by increasing heating resistance, pumping requirements, and the frequency of cleaning operations. In this work, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) was used to study the interface formed by the fouling of milk on a stainless steel surface at different flow rates and protein concentrations at high temperatures (135 °C). Subsequently, the QCM-D response was recorded during the cleaning of the foulant. Two phases of fouling were identified. During phase-1, the fouling rate was dependent on the flow rate, while the fouling rate during phase-2 was dependent on the flow rate and protein concentration. During cleaning, foulants deposited at the higher flow rate swelled more than those deposited at the lower flow rate. The composition of the fouling deposits consisted of both protein and mineral species. Two crystalline phases of calcium phosphate, β-tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite, were identified at both flow rates. Stratification in topography was observed across the surface of the QCM-D sensor with a brittle and cracked structure for deposits formed at 0.2 mL/min and a smooth and close-packed structure for deposits formed at 0.1 mL/min. These stratifications in the composition and topography were correlated to differences in the reaction time and flow dynamics at different flow rates. This high-temperature application of QCM-D to complex food systems illuminates the initial interaction between proteins and minerals and a stainless steel surface, which might otherwise be undetectable in low-temperature applications of QCM-D or at larger bench and industrial scales. The methods and results presented here have implications for optimizing processing scenarios that limit fouling formation while also enhancing removal during cleaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Huellemeier
- Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Necla M Eren
- Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Abbott Nutrition Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio 43219, United States
| | - Taylor D Payne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Zachary D Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dennis R Heldman
- Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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5
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Bangavadi Munivenkatappa M, Franklin MEE, Dhotre AV, Pushpadass HA, Shivanand, Anthonysamy A, Mandhyan PK, Patil PG. Mitigation of fouling during milk processing in polytetrafluoroethylene‐titanium dioxide coated plate heat exchanger. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ananta V. Dhotre
- Dairy Engineering Section ICAR‐National Dairy Research Institute, Southern Regional Station Bengaluru India
| | - Heartwin A. Pushpadass
- Dairy Engineering Section ICAR‐National Dairy Research Institute, Southern Regional Station Bengaluru India
| | - Shivanand
- Dairy Engineering Section ICAR‐National Dairy Research Institute, Southern Regional Station Bengaluru India
| | | | | | - Prashant G. Patil
- ICAR‐Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology Mumbai India
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Saget M, de Almeida CF, Fierro V, Celzard A, Delaplace G, Thomy V, Coffinier Y, Jimenez M. A critical review on surface modifications mitigating dairy fouling. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:4324-4366. [PMID: 34250733 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Thermal treatments performed in food processing industries generate fouling. This fouling deposit impairs heat transfer mechanism by creating a thermal resistance, thus leading to regular shutdown of the processes. Therefore, periodic and harsh cleaning-in-place (CIP) procedures are implemented. This CIP involves the use of chemicals and high amounts of water, thus increasing environmental burden. It has been estimated that 80% of production costs are owed to dairy fouling deposit. Since the 1970s, different types of surface modifications have been performed either to prevent fouling deposition (anti-fouling) or to facilitate removal (fouling-release). This review points out the impacts of surface modification on type A dairy fouling and on cleaning behaviors under batch and continuous flow conditions. Both types of anti-fouling and fouling-release coatings are reported as well as the different techniques used to modify stainless steel surface. Finally, methods for testing and characterising the effectiveness of coatings in mitigating dairy fouling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Saget
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520 - IEMN, Lille, France
| | | | | | | | - Guillaume Delaplace
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, France
| | - Vincent Thomy
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520 - IEMN, Lille, France
| | - Yannick Coffinier
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520 - IEMN, Lille, France
| | - Maude Jimenez
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Lille, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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7
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Effect of surface roughness and temperature on stainless steel - Whey protein interfacial interactions under pasteurisation conditions. J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Liu J, Wiese H, Augustin W, Scholl S, Böl M. Mechanical comparison of milk and whey protein isolate fouling deposits using indentation testings. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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9
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Thermally induced milk fouling: Survival of thermophilic spore formers and potential of contamination. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.104582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Guerrero-Navarro AE, Ríos-Castillo AG, Ripolles-Avila C, Felipe X, Rodríguez-Jerez JJ. Microscopic analysis and microstructural characterization of the organic and inorganic components of dairy fouling during the cleaning process. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:2117-2127. [PMID: 31928757 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the organic residues of milk fouling using fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The inorganic content was analyzed with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, complemented with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. These techniques were applied to evaluate milk fouling cleanliness using an alkaline product and an enzymatic formulation based on protease and amylase. The results showed that the efficiency of enzymatic cleaning was 87.1% when it was evaluated at 55°C for 30 min, and with a medium of pH 8.5. No difference was found from the efficacy in eliminating dairy fouling observed for the chemical cleaning (86.9%). The fluorescence microscopy proved useful for determining the organic solid components in the outer layer of the dairy fouling. The fouling spatial disposition in 3 dimensions, obtained by confocal laser scanning microscopy, showed that it was formed of 51.3% sugars, 9.3% fats, and 39.4% proteins, with the enzymatic cleaning of these compounds being homogeneous, compared with chemical cleaning. The protein and lipid contents were in the surface layer, whereas sugars were located in the innermost part that contributes to the Maillard reaction during fouling formation. After enzymatic cleaning, the reduction in the concentration of Ca and P was 71.61 and 74.67%, respectively, compared with fouling intact. Thus, enzymatic cleaning, without the accumulation of Na from chemical cleaning, leaves 1.5 times less mineral than chemical cleaning. Knowing the content and structure of fouling in the industry helps to formulate better products to achieve proper levels of cleanliness. Additionally, studying the cleaning residues helps to avoid problems of cross-contamination between batches or subsequent microbial growths (biofilms) on surfaces with residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfons Eduard Guerrero-Navarro
- Food Hygiene Unit, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Travessera dels Turons s/n, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - Abel Guillermo Ríos-Castillo
- Food Hygiene Unit, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Travessera dels Turons s/n, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - Carolina Ripolles-Avila
- Food Hygiene Unit, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Travessera dels Turons s/n, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - Xavier Felipe
- Institute of Agricultural-Alimentary Research and Technology-Monells, Finca Camps i Armet, Monells, 17121, Spain
| | - José Juan Rodríguez-Jerez
- Food Hygiene Unit, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Travessera dels Turons s/n, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain.
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11
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The extraction of tobacco protein from discarded tobacco leaf by hollow fiber membrane integrated process. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2019.102245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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12
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Wang SY, Fang LF, Matsuyama H. Electrostatic Adsorption Behavior of Zwitterionic Copolymers on Negatively Charged Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:9152-9160. [PMID: 31260317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of the surface properties and the coating layer properties on surface modification via electrostatic adsorption, the electrostatic adsorption behavior of zwitterionic copolymers on negatively charged surfaces was studied. A series of positively charged zwitterionic copolymers and a series of negatively charged surfaces, including porous substrates and dense films, were fabricated. The electrostatic adsorption behavior of the zwitterionic copolymers on the negatively charged porous substrates was confirmed using the contact angles and fluorescently labeled protein adsorption experiments. The adsorption behavior of the zwitterionic copolymers on the negatively charged dense films was confirmed using quartz crystal microbalance determination and a fluorescently labeled protein adsorption experiment. The results indicated that a lower charge density on the zwitterionic copolymer brings about a higher adsorption mass on the charged surface, whereas an extremely low charge density on the coating layer results in a lower adsorption mass on the charged surface, due to weak interaction. A high density of the film surface charge is beneficial for surface adsorption, whereas an extremely high density of the film surface charge leads to low surface adsorption due to steric hindrance of the negatively charged sites. This work provides an insight into the best strategy for surface modification via electrostatic adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yao Wang
- Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering , Kobe University , Rokkodaicho 1-1 , Nada, Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
| | - Li-Feng Fang
- Engineering Research Center for Membrane and Water Treatment (MOE), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Hideto Matsuyama
- Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering , Kobe University , Rokkodaicho 1-1 , Nada, Kobe 657-8501 , Japan
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13
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The detection and quantification of food components on stainless steel surfaces following use in an operational bakery. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Guerrero-Navarro A, Ríos-Castillo A, Avila CR, Hascoët A, Felipe X, Rodriguez Jerez J. Development of a dairy fouling model to assess the efficacy of cleaning procedures using alkaline and enzymatic products. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zouaghi S, Abdallah M, André C, Chihib N, Bellayer S, Delaplace G, Celzard A, Jimenez M. Graphite-based composites for whey protein fouling and bacterial adhesion management. Int Dairy J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Zouaghi S, Barry ME, Bellayer S, Lyskawa J, André C, Delaplace G, Grunlan MA, Jimenez M. Antifouling amphiphilic silicone coatings for dairy fouling mitigation on stainless steel. BIOFOULING 2018; 34:769-783. [PMID: 30332896 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1502275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pasteurization of dairy products is plagued by fouling, which induces significant economic, environmental and microbiological safety concerns. Herein, an amphiphilic silicone coating was evaluated for its efficacy against fouling by a model dairy fluid in a pilot pasteurizer and against foodborne bacterial adhesion. The coating was formed by modifying an RTV silicone with a PEO-silane amphiphile comprised of a PEO segment and flexible siloxane tether ([(EtO)3Si-(CH2)2-oligodimethylsiloxanem-block-(OCH2CH2)n-OCH3]). Contact angle analysis of the coating revealed that the PEO segments were able to migrate to the aqueous interface. The PEO-modified silicone coating applied to pretreated stainless steel was exceptionally resistant to fouling. After five cycles of pasteurization, these coated substrata were subjected to a standard clean-in-place process and exhibited a minor reduction in fouling resistance in subsequent tests. However, the lack of fouling prior to cleaning indicates that harsh cleaning is not necessary. PEO-modified silicone coatings also showed exceptional resistance to adhesion by foodborne pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawsen Zouaghi
- a UMET (Unité Matériaux et Transformations) , Université de Lille , Lille , France
| | - Mikayla E Barry
- b Biomedical Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas , USA
| | - Séverine Bellayer
- a UMET (Unité Matériaux et Transformations) , Université de Lille , Lille , France
| | - Joël Lyskawa
- a UMET (Unité Matériaux et Transformations) , Université de Lille , Lille , France
| | - Christophe André
- a UMET (Unité Matériaux et Transformations) , Université de Lille , Lille , France
- c Hautes Etudes d'Ingénieur , Lille , France
| | - Guillaume Delaplace
- a UMET (Unité Matériaux et Transformations) , Université de Lille , Lille , France
- d INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) , Villeneuve d'Ascq , France
| | - Melissa A Grunlan
- b Biomedical Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas , USA
| | - Maude Jimenez
- a UMET (Unité Matériaux et Transformations) , Université de Lille , Lille , France
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