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Dumitrel SI, Matichescu A, Dinu S, Buzatu R, Popovici R, Dinu DC, Bratu DC. New Insights Regarding the Use of Relevant Synthetic Compounds in Dentistry. Molecules 2024; 29:3802. [PMID: 39202881 PMCID: PMC11357206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, synthetic compounds are used for both in-office and at-home dental care. They are a valuable resource for both prophylactic and curative treatments for various dental problems, such as tooth decay, periodontal diseases, and many more. They are typically preferred due to their broad range of actions and ability to produce targeted, rapid, and long-lasting effects. Using a 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash is capable of reducing the plaque index from 47.69% to 2.37% and the bleeding index from 32.93% to 6.28% after just 2 weeks. Mouthwash with 0.1% OCT is also highly effective, as it significantly lowered the median plaque index and salivary bacterial counts in 152 patients in 5 days compared to a control group (p < 0.0001), while also reducing the gingival index (p < 0.001). When povidone-iodine was used as an irrigant during the surgical removal of mandibular third molars in 105 patients, it resulted in notably lower pain scores after 2 days compared to a control group (4.57 ± 0.60 vs. 5.71 ± 0.45). Sodium hypochlorite is excellent for root canal disinfection, as irrigating with 1% NaOCl completely eliminated the bacteria from canals in 65% patients. A 0.05% CPC mouthwash proved effective for perioperative patient care, significantly decreasing gingival bleeding (p < 0.001) and suppressing Streptococcus levels even one week post-surgery. Lastly, a 6% H2O2 paint-on varnish and 6% H2O2 tray formulations successfully bleached the teeth of 40 patients, maintaining a noticeably whiter appearance up to the 6-month follow-up, with significant color differences from the baseline (p < 0.005). Synthetic compounds have a large research base, which also provides a greater awareness of their mechanism of action and potential adverse effects. For a better understanding of how they work, several methods and assays are performed. These are protocolary techniques through which a compound's efficacy and toxicity are established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania-Irina Dumitrel
- Department of Toxicology, Drug Industry, Management and Legislation, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Anamaria Matichescu
- Department of Preventive, Community Dentistry and Oral Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 14A Tudor Vladimirescu Ave., 300173 Timisoara, Romania
- Translational and Experimental Clinical Research Centre in Oral Health, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 14A Tudor Vladimirescu Ave., 300173 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Stefania Dinu
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 9 No., Revolutiei 1989 Bv., 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Pediatric Dentistry Research Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 9 No., Revolutiei 1989 Bv., 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Buzatu
- Department of Dental Aesthetics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 9 No., Revolutiei 1989 Bv., 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Ramona Popovici
- Department of Management, Legislation and Communication in Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 9 No., Revolutiei 1989 Bv., 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Dorin Cristian Dinu
- Family Dental Clinic, Private Practice, 24 Budapesta Street, 307160 Dumbravita, Romania;
| | - Dana Cristina Bratu
- Department of Orthodontics II, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 9 No., Revolutiei 1989 Bv., 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
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Balakrishnan D, Lee CI. Photodynamic impact of curcumin enhanced silver functionalized graphene nanocomposites on Candida virulence. DISCOVER NANO 2024; 19:71. [PMID: 38683264 PMCID: PMC11058173 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-024-04017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Candida species are escalating resistance to conventional antifungal treatments, intensifying their virulence, and obstructing the effectiveness of antifungal medications. Addressing this challenge is essential for effectively managing Candida infections. The overarching objective is to advance the development of more efficient and precise therapies tailored to counter Candida infections. This study focuses on developing antifungal combined drugs using curcumin-enhanced silver-functionalized graphene nanocomposites (Cur-AgrGO) to effectively target key virulence factors of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. glabrata (Candida spp.). The green reduction of graphene oxide (GO) using bioentities and active molecules makes this approach cost-effective and environmentally friendly. The nanocomposites were characterized using various techniques. Combining Cur-AgrGO with photodynamic therapy (PDT) demonstrated effective antifungal and antibiofilm activity with delayed growth and metabolism. The nanocomposites effectively suppressed hyphal transition and reduced key virulence factors, including proteinases, phospholipases, ergosterol levels, and cell membrane integrity. The findings suggest that Cur-AgrGO + PDT has potential as a treatment option for Candida infections. This innovative approach holds promise for treating Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheng-I Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi, 62102, Taiwan, ROC.
- Center for Nano Bio-Detections, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi, 62102, Taiwan, ROC.
- Center for Innovative Research On Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi, 62102, Taiwan, ROC.
- Advanced Institute of Manufacturing With High-Tech Innovations, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, 62102, Taiwan, ROC.
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Gugsch F, Tan CK, Oh DY, Paßvogel L, Steinhauer K. Efficacy of octenidine- and chlorhexidine-based wash-mitts against Candida albicans and Candida auris - a comparative study. J Hosp Infect 2024; 143:91-96. [PMID: 37949371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management of outbreaks of the newly emerging pathogen Candida auris may include use of antimicrobial wash-mitts for decolonization. However, currently there is little clinical evidence to support the wide adoption of 'whole-body decolonization' as part of the protocol to effectively manage C. auris outbreaks. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical tolerance of C. auris compared with the surrogate test organism Candida albicans as established in the European Standards (EN). METHODS Two commercially available antiseptic-impregnated wash-mitts based on either chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) or octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) were studied. Comparison of susceptibility of C. auris and C. albicans was investigated based on the standardized test protocol EN 13624. Experiments were conducted using the impregnation liquid squeezed from the wash-mitts at a contact time of 30 s at different concentrations between 0.5% and 97% in the presence of low organic soiling. FINDINGS Yeasticidal efficacy according to EN 13624 was found for the OCT wash-mitts at 30 s at ≥10% concentration with C. albicans. In comparison, reduction ≥4 log10 was found at a much lower concentration of ≥1% for both C. auris strains. For the CHG wash-mitts, efficacy against C. albicans was below 2 log10 reduction at 97% concentration within 30 s. Efficacy against the two C. auris strains was around 3 log10 reduction. CONCLUSION Both C. auris strains were found to be significantly more susceptible when compared with C. albicans. Data also demonstrate that not all antiseptic-impregnated wash-mitts are equally effective against C. auris with OCT having a higher efficacy compared with CHG.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gugsch
- bactologicum GmbH, Itzehoe, Germany
| | - C K Tan
- bactologicum GmbH, Itzehoe, Germany
| | - D Y Oh
- Schülke & Mayr GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany
| | - L Paßvogel
- Schülke & Mayr GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany
| | - K Steinhauer
- bactologicum GmbH, Itzehoe, Germany; University of Applied Sciences, Kiel, Germany.
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Fang T, Xiong J, Wang L, Feng Z, Hang S, Yu J, Li W, Feng Y, Lu H, Jiang Y. Unexpected Inhibitory Effect of Octenidine Dihydrochloride on Candida albicans Filamentation by Impairing Ergosterol Biosynthesis and Disrupting Cell Membrane Integrity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1675. [PMID: 38136708 PMCID: PMC10741164 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans filamentation plays a significant role in developing both mucosal and invasive candidiasis, making it a crucial virulence factor. Consequently, exploring and identifying inhibitors that impede fungal hyphal formation presents an intriguing approach toward antifungal strategies. In line with this anti-filamentation strategy, we conducted a comprehensive screening of a library of FDA-approved drugs to identify compounds that possess inhibitory properties against hyphal growth. The compound octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) exhibits potent inhibition of hyphal growth in C. albicans across different hyphae-inducing media at concentrations below or equal to 3.125 μM. This remarkable inhibitory effect extends to biofilm formation and the disruption of mature biofilm. The mechanism underlying OCT's inhibition of hyphal growth is likely attributed to its capacity to impede ergosterol biosynthesis and induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), compromising the integrity of the cell membrane. Furthermore, it has been observed that OCT demonstrates protective attributes against invasive candidiasis in Galleria mellonella larvae through its proficient eradication of C. albicans colonization in infected G. mellonella larvae by impeding hyphal formation. Although additional investigation is required to mitigate the toxicity of OCT in mammals, it possesses considerable promise as a potent filamentation inhibitor against invasive candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hui Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yuanying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
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Bhattacharya R, Sourirajan A, Sharma P, Kumar A, Upadhyay NK, Shukla RK, Dev K, Krishnakumar B, Singh M, Bose D. Bioenhancer potential of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa essential oil with antifungal drugs and its mode of action against Candida albicans. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2023.102647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Vejzovic D, Iftic A, Ön A, Semeraro EF, Malanovic N. Octenidine's Efficacy: A Matter of Interpretation or the Influence of Experimental Setups? Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1665. [PMID: 36421309 PMCID: PMC9686575 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
With its broad antimicrobial spectrum and non-specific mode of action via membrane disruption, any resistance to octenidine (OCT) seems unlikely and has not been observed in clinical settings so far. In this study, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of OCT against Escherichia coli and mutants lacking specific lipid head groups which, due to altered membrane properties, might be the root cause for resistance development of membrane-active compounds. Furthermore, we aimed to test its efficacy under different experimental conditions including different solvents for OCT, bacterial concentration and methods for analysis. Our primary goal was to estimate how many OCT molecules are needed to kill one bacterium. We performed susceptibility assays by observing bacterial growth behavior, using a Bioscreen in an analogous manner for every condition. The growth curves were recorded for 20 h at 420-580 nm in presence of different OCT concentrations and were used to assess the inhibitory concentrations (IC100%) for OCT. Bacterial concentrations given in cell numbers were determined, followed by Bioscreen measurement by manual colony counting on agar plates and QUANTOMTM cell staining. This indicated a significant variance between both methods, which influenced IC100% of OCT, especially when used at low doses. The binding capacity of OCT to E. coli was investigated by measuring UV-absorbance of OCT exposed to bacteria and a common thermodynamic framework based on Bioscreen measurements. Results showed that OCT's antimicrobial activity in E. coli is not affected by changes at the membrane level but strongly dependent on experimental settings in respect to solvents and applied bacterial counts. More OCT was required when the active was dissolved in phosphate or Hepes buffers instead of water and when higher bacterial concentration was used. Furthermore, binding studies revealed that 107-108 OCT molecules bind to bacteria, which is necessary for the saturation of the bacterial surface to initiate the killing cascade. Our results clearly demonstrate that in vitro data, depending on the applied materials and the methods for determination of IC100%, can easily be misinterpreted as reduced bacterial susceptibility towards OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djenana Vejzovic
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Azra Iftic
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ayse Ön
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Enrico F. Semeraro
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Bio TechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nermina Malanovic
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Bio TechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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The Impact of Antiseptic-Loaded Bacterial Nanocellulose on Different Biofilms-An Effective Treatment for Chronic Wounds? J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11226634. [PMID: 36431111 PMCID: PMC9692265 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11226634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Pathogenic biofilms are an important factor for impaired wound healing, subsequently leading to chronic wounds. Nonsurgical treatment of chronic wound infections is limited to the use of conventional systemic antibiotics and antiseptics. Wound dressings based on bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) are considered a promising approach as an effective carrier for antiseptics. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of antiseptic-loaded BNC against in vitro biofilms. Materials and Methods: BNC was loaded with the commercially available antiseptics Prontosan® and Octenisept®. The silver-based dressing Aquacel®Ag Extra was used as a positive control. The biofilm efficacy of the loaded BNC sheets was tested against an in vitro 24-hour biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans and a 48-hour biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In vivo tests using a porcine excisional wound model was used to analyze the effect of a prolonged treatment with the antiseptics on the healing process. Results: We observed complete eradication of S. aureus biofilm in BNC loaded with Octenisept® and C. albicans biofilm for BNC loaded with Octenisept® or Prontosan®. Treatment with unloaded BNC also resulted in a statistically significant reduction in bacterial cell density of S. aureus compared to untreated biofilm. No difference on the wound healing outcome was observed for the wounds treated for seven days using BNC alone in comparison to BNC combined with Prontosan® or with Octenisept®. Conclusions: Based on these results, antiseptic-loaded BNC represents a promising and effective approach for the treatment of biofilms. Additionally, the prolonged exposure to the antiseptics does not affect the healing outcome. Prevention and treatment of chronic wound infections may be feasible with this novel approach and may even be superior to existing modalities.
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Paruch K, Biernasiuk A, Khylyuk D, Paduch R, Wujec M, Popiołek Ł. Synthesis, Biological Activity and Molecular Docking Studies of Novel Nicotinic Acid Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2823. [PMID: 35269966 PMCID: PMC8911400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In our research, we used nicotinic acid as a starting compound, which was subjected to a series of condensation reactions with appropriate aldehydes. As a result of these reactions, we were able to obtain a series of twelve acylhydrazones, two of which showed promising activity against Gram-positive bacteria (MIC = 1.95-15.62 µg/mL), especially against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 (MIC = 1.95 µg/mL). Moreover, the activity of compound 13 against the Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 strain, i.e., the MRSA strain, was MIC = 7.81 µg/mL. Then, we subjected the entire series of acylhydrazones to a cyclization reaction in the acetic anhydride, thanks to which we were able to obtain twelve new 3-acetyl-2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoline derivatives. Obtained 1,3,4-oxadiazolines were also tested for antimicrobial activity. The results showed high activity of compound 25 with a 5-nitrofuran substituent, which was active against all tested strains. The most promising activity of this compound was found against Gram-positive bacteria, in particular against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 (MIC = 7.81 µg/mL) and ATCC 43300 MRSA strains (MIC = 15.62 µg/mL). Importantly, the best performing compounds did not show cytotoxicity against normal cell lines. It seems practical to use some of these compounds or their derivatives in the future in the prevention and treatment of infections caused by some pathogenic or opportunistic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Paruch
- Chair and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (D.K.); (M.W.); (Ł.P.)
| | - Anna Biernasiuk
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Dmytro Khylyuk
- Chair and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (D.K.); (M.W.); (Ł.P.)
| | - Roman Paduch
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 19 Akademicka Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Monika Wujec
- Chair and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (D.K.); (M.W.); (Ł.P.)
| | - Łukasz Popiołek
- Chair and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (D.K.); (M.W.); (Ł.P.)
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