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Abdallah SM, Muhammed RE, Mohamed RE, Khalil WKB, Taha DA, Shalaby MB, Elgohary I, Abdallah AA, Habib HM, El-Yazbi AF. Integrated Biomarker Response Emphasizing Neuronal Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity Induced by Oxamyl in Sprague Dawley Rats: Ameliorative Effect of Ginseng as a Neuroprotective Agent. TOXICS 2024; 12:655. [PMID: 39330583 PMCID: PMC11435561 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12090655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Climate change has led to increased and varying pest infestation patterns, triggering a rise in pesticide usage and exposure. The effects of oxamyl, a widely used nematicide in Egypt, encompasses typical signs of carbamate intoxication; nevertheless, long-term effects of oxamyl exposure, particularly on the nervous system, require further elucidation. This study systematically investigated the mechanism and manifestations of repeated subacute exposure to sublethal doses of oxamyl in male SD rats. Data showed a dose-dependent genotoxic effect, manifested as increased bone marrow micronuclei and decreased brain expression of key genes involved in neurogenesis and neuronal development. Coincidently, brain histopathology showed dose-dependent neurodegeneration in various regions, associated with a significant increase in GFAP immunoreactivity, indicative of neuroinflammation. Biochemical examination revealed a typical pattern of cholinesterase inhibition by carbamates in serum and brain tissue, as well as increased oxidative stress markers in the brain such as SOD activity reduction, alongside an increase in NO and MDA. The ability of Ginseng at a 100 mg/Kg dose to ameliorate the effects of oxamyl exposure was investigated. Ginseng use, either as a protective or therapeutic regimen, attenuated the observed genotoxic, neuroinflammatory, and biochemical alterations. Our results indicate that repeated exposure to oxamyl triggers an integrative neurotoxic response, driven by genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, that could trigger an increase in neurological and cognitive disorders. These findings emphasize the urgent need for confirmatory translational studies in human subjects to assess these changes and inform policy decisions regarding safe levels of usage and appropriate agricultural and public health practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa M. Abdallah
- Center of Excellence for Toxicological Testing, Department of Mammalian and Aquatic Toxicology, Central Agricultural Pesticides Lab (CAPL), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt; (S.M.A.); (R.E.M.); (R.E.M.)
| | - Reham E. Muhammed
- Center of Excellence for Toxicological Testing, Department of Mammalian and Aquatic Toxicology, Central Agricultural Pesticides Lab (CAPL), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt; (S.M.A.); (R.E.M.); (R.E.M.)
| | - Reda E. Mohamed
- Center of Excellence for Toxicological Testing, Department of Mammalian and Aquatic Toxicology, Central Agricultural Pesticides Lab (CAPL), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt; (S.M.A.); (R.E.M.); (R.E.M.)
| | - Wagdy K. B. Khalil
- Department of Cell Biology, National Research Centre, El-Bohouth, Cairo 12262, Egypt; (W.K.B.K.); (D.A.T.)
| | - Dalia A. Taha
- Department of Cell Biology, National Research Centre, El-Bohouth, Cairo 12262, Egypt; (W.K.B.K.); (D.A.T.)
| | - Mohamed B. Shalaby
- Department of Toxicology Research, Research Institute of Medical Entomology (RIME), General Organization of Teaching Hospitals and Institutes (GOTHI), Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP), Dokki, Cairo 12311, Egypt;
| | - Islam Elgohary
- Department of Pathology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt;
| | - Amr A. Abdallah
- Center of Excellence for Toxicological Testing, Department of Mammalian and Aquatic Toxicology, Central Agricultural Pesticides Lab (CAPL), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt; (S.M.A.); (R.E.M.); (R.E.M.)
| | - Hosam M. Habib
- Research & Innovation Hub, Alamein International University, Alamein 51718, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F. El-Yazbi
- Research & Innovation Hub, Alamein International University, Alamein 51718, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
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2
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Kumar Nelson V, Jha NK, Nuli MV, Gupta S, Kanna S, Gahtani RM, Hani U, Singh AK, Abomughaid MM, Abomughayedh AM, Almutary AG, Iqbal D, Al Othaim A, Begum SS, Ahmad F, Mishra PC, Jha SK, Ojha S. Unveiling the impact of aging on BBB and Alzheimer's disease: Factors and therapeutic implications. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 98:102224. [PMID: 38346505 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a highly prevalent neurodegenerative condition that has devastating effects on individuals, often resulting in dementia. AD is primarily defined by the presence of extracellular plaques containing insoluble β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein (P-tau). In addition, individuals afflicted by these age-related illnesses experience a diminished state of health, which places significant financial strain on their loved ones. Several risk factors play a significant role in the development of AD. These factors include genetics, diet, smoking, certain diseases (such as cerebrovascular diseases, obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia), age, and alcohol consumption. Age-related factors are key contributors to the development of vascular-based neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. In general, the process of aging can lead to changes in the immune system's responses and can also initiate inflammation in the brain. The chronic inflammation and the inflammatory mediators found in the brain play a crucial role in the dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Furthermore, maintaining BBB integrity is of utmost importance in preventing a wide range of neurological disorders. Therefore, in this review, we discussed the role of age and its related factors in the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and the development of AD. We also discussed the importance of different compounds, such as those with anti-aging properties, and other compounds that can help maintain the integrity of the blood-brain barrier in the prevention of AD. This review builds a strong correlation between age-related factors, degradation of the BBB, and its impact on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar Nelson
- Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, India.
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India.
| | - Mohana Vamsi Nuli
- Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Kanna
- Department of pharmaceutics, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chalapathi Nagar, Guntur 522034, India
| | - Reem M Gahtani
- Departement of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arun Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mosleh Mohammad Abomughaid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M Abomughayedh
- Pharmacy Department, Aseer Central Hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed G Almutary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 59911, United Arab Emirates
| | - Danish Iqbal
- Department of Health Information Management, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah 51418, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayoub Al Othaim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - S Sabarunisha Begum
- Department of Biotechnology, P.S.R. Engineering College, Sivakasi 626140, India
| | - Fuzail Ahmad
- Respiratory Care Department, College of Applied Sciences, Almaarefa University, Diriya, Riyadh, 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prabhu Chandra Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Zoology, Kalindi College, University of Delhi, 110008, India.
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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3
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Kim KW, Lee YS, Choi BR, Yoon D, Lee DY. Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effect of the Ethanolic Extract of Black Ginseng through TLR4-MyD88-Regulated Inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways in LPS-Induced BV2 Microglial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15320. [PMID: 37894998 PMCID: PMC10607189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) contains various ginsenosides as active ingredients, and they show diverse biological activities. Black ginseng is manufactured by repeated steaming and drying of white ginseng, which alters the polarity of ginsenosides and improves biological activities. The aim of the present investigation was to examine the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of the ethanolic extract of black ginseng (BGE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 microglial cells. Pre-treatment with BGE inhibited the overproduction of pro-inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in LPS-induced BV2 cells. In addition, BGE reduced the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPK signaling pathways induced by LPS. These anti-neuroinflammatory effects were mediated through the negative regulation of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) signaling pathway. Among the four ginsenosides contained in BGE, ginsenosides Rd and Rg3 inhibited the production of inflammatory mediators. Taken together, this investigation suggests that BGE represents potential anti-neuroinflammatory candidates for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dae Young Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea; (K.-W.K.); (Y.-S.L.); (B.-R.C.); (D.Y.)
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Elblehi SS, Hafez MH, El-Far AH. Panax ginseng ameliorates hepatorenal oxidative alterations induced by commercially used cypermethrin in male rats: experimental and molecular docking approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:109702-109723. [PMID: 37776425 PMCID: PMC10622388 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29935-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Cypermethrin (CYP) is a synthetic pyrethroid utilized as an insecticide in agriculture and various pest eradication programs. However, it induces numerous health hazards for animals and humans. Therefore, the current study used Panax ginseng root extract (ginseng) to reduce the hepatorenal damage caused by commercially used CYP. Thirty-two male Wistar albino rats were distributed into control, ginseng (300 mg/kg B.W/day), CYP (4.67 mg/kg B.W.), and Ginseng+CYP (rats received both CYP and ginseng). All treatments were administered orally for 30 consecutive days. Cypermethrin induced harmful effects on hepatic and renal tissues through a substantial decline in body weight in addition to a considerable increase in liver enzymes, functional renal markers, and cholesterol. Also, CYP significantly decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)). Moreover, a marked increase in malondialdehyde level with a significant drop in reduced glutathione level and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities was reported in the CYP group in kidney and liver tissues. Additionally, CYP exhibited affinities to bind and inhibit AChE and antioxidant enzymes (T-SOD and CAT) in rats following the molecular docking modeling. The apparent hepatorenal oxidative damage was linked with obvious impairments in the liver and kidney histoarchitecture, immunohistochemical staining of B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and caspase-3 proteins. Ginseng reduced CYP's oxidative alterations by repairing the metabolic functional markers, improving antioxidant status, reducing the inflammatory response, and enhancing the molecular docking evaluation. It also ameliorated the intensity of the histopathological alterations and improved the immunohistochemical staining of Bcl-2 and caspase-3 proteins in the liver and kidney tissues. Finally, concomitant oral administration of ginseng mitigated CYP-prompted hepatorenal damage through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar S Elblehi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 22758, Egypt
| | - Mona H Hafez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 22758, Egypt
| | - Ali H El-Far
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt.
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5
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Fu J, Song W, Song X, Fang L, Wang X, Leng Y, Wang J, Liu C, Min W. Synergistic Effect of Combined Walnut Peptide and Ginseng Extracts on Memory Improvement in C57BL/6 Mice and Potential Mechanism Exploration. Foods 2023; 12:2329. [PMID: 37372540 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to investigate whether there are synergistic effects between walnut peptide (WNP) and ginseng extracts (GSE) treatments to ameliorate the memory impairment caused by scopolamine (SCOP). The Morris water maze trial, hippocampal neuron morphology, neurotransmitters, and synaptic ultrastructure were examined, along with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-related signaling pathway proteins. The results of the Morris water maze trial demonstrated that the combined administration of WNP and GSE effectively alleviated memory impairment in C57BL/6 rats caused by SCOP. Improvement in the morphology of hippocampal neurons, dendritic spines, and synaptic plasticity and upregulation of neurotransmitters AChE, ACh, ChAT, Glu, DA, and 5-HT supported the memory improvement effects of WNP + GSE. In addition, compared with the model group, WNP + GSE significantly enhanced the protein levels of VAChT, Trx-1, and the CREB/BDNF/TrkB pathway in hippocampal and PC12 cells induced by SCOP (p < 0.05). Notably, WNP + GSE boosted memory via multiple pathways, not only the BDNF/TrkB/CREB target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxi Fu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Wentian Song
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xiaobing Song
- Zhongke Special Food Institute, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Li Fang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xiyan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yue Leng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ji Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Chunlei Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Weihong Min
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun 130118, China
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6
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Huang L, Li HJ, Wu YC. Processing technologies, phytochemistry, bioactivities and applications of black ginseng-a novel manufactured ginseng product: A comprehensive review. Food Chem 2023; 407:134714. [PMID: 36495746 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Black ginseng is a novel manufactured ginseng product, and the application of black ginseng products in market is increasing in recent years. Black ginseng is prepared by steaming and fermentation, but not as mature as processing red ginseng. Therefore, complete proposals for preparation techniques are firstly presented. Additionally, there are also abundant chemical components in black ginseng, including ginsenosides, polysaccharides, amino acids, polyphenols, flavonoids, etc. Among them, ginsenosides, polysaccharides and phenolic compounds are the main ingredients, making health benefits of black ginseng stronger than other ginseng products. Therefore, black ginseng as a functional food has come to the market in various forms, such as candies, tea, porridge, soup, etc. The improvement in nutrition, flavor, and safety has exhibited a broad prospect for black ginseng products in food industry. Accordingly, preparation technologies, phytochemistry, health benefits and application of black ginseng are comprehensively evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, PR China
| | - Hui-Jing Li
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, PR China
| | - Yan-Chao Wu
- Weihai Jinyiyang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Wendeng District, Weihai 264400, PR China.
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Nguyen BT, Shin EJ, Jeong JH, Sharma N, Tran NKC, Nguyen YND, Kim DJ, Wie MB, Lee Y, Byun JK, Ko SK, Nah SY, Kim HC. Mountain-cultivated ginseng protects against cognitive impairments in aged GPx-1 knockout mice via activation of Nrf2/ChAT/ERK signaling pathway. J Ginseng Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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8
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Shao S, Xu W, Xie Z, Li M, Zhao J, Yang X, Yu P, Yang H. Distinctive carbohydrate profiles of black ginseng revealed by IM-MS combined with PMP labeling and multivariate data analysis. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:2243-2250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Ginseng ® Alleviates Malathion-Induced Hepatorenal Injury through Modulation of the Biochemical, Antioxidant, Anti-Apoptotic, and Anti-Inflammatory Markers in Male Rats. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12050771. [PMID: 35629437 PMCID: PMC9144712 DOI: 10.3390/life12050771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to see if Ginseng® can reduce the hepatorenal damage caused by malathion. Four groups of forty male Wistar albino rats were alienated. Group 1 was a control group that got orally supplied corn oil (vehicle). Group 2 was intoxicated by malathion dissolved in corn oil orally at 135 mg/kg/day. Group 3 orally received both malathion + Panax Ginseng® (300 mg/kg/day). Group 4 was orally given Panax Ginseng® at a 300 mg/kg/day dose. Treatments were administered daily and continued for up to 30 consecutive days. Malathion's toxic effect on both hepatic and renal tissues was revealed by a considerable loss in body weight and biochemically by a marked increase in liver enzymes, LDH, ACP, cholesterol, and functional renal markers with a marked decrease in serum TP, albumin, and TG levels with decreased AchE and Paraoxonase activity. Additionally, malondialdehydes, nitric oxide (nitrite), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, and TNFα with a significant drop in the antioxidant activities were reported in the malathion group. Malathion upregulated the inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic genes, while Nrf2, Bcl2, and HO-1 were downregulated. Ginseng® and malathion co-treatment reduced malathion's harmful effects by restoring metabolic indicators, enhancing antioxidant pursuit, lowering the inflammatory reaction, and alleviating pathological alterations. So, Ginseng® may have protective effects against hepatic and renal malathion-induced toxicity on biochemical, antioxidant, molecular, and cell levels.
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Mostafa RE, Shaffie NM, Allam RM. Panax Ginseng alleviates thioacetamide-induced liver injury in ovariectomized rats: Crosstalk between inflammation and oxidative stress. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260507. [PMID: 34843587 PMCID: PMC8629276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases impose a substantial health problem. Female hormones play a crucial role in the protection against chronic inflammatory diseases. Fifty female rats were allocated into five groups (n = 10). Group I comprised sham-operated rats. The remaining groups underwent ovariectomy at the beginning of the experiment. Group II served as the ovariectomy-control group. Groups III, IV & V received thioacetamide (TAA; 300 mg/kg; i.p.) to induce liver injury 6 weeks after ovariectomy. Group III served as the TAA-control group. Groups IV & V received panax ginseng (100 and 300 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 6 weeks post TAA administration. All groups were investigated for liver function tests along with total antioxidant capacity (TAC), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Histopathological examination of liver tissues was performed followed by immunohistochemical staining for nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kβ p65) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Ovariectomized-rats showed a non-significant change in the measured parameters while TAA administration resulted in significant liver damage. Panax ginseng at both dose levels significantly improved the serum liver function tests and TAC along with decreasing the AGEs and TNF-α. It also restored the histopathological picture of liver tissue and decreased hepatic tissue inflammation via reduction of MPO and NF-kβ p65 immunoreactivity. The current study is the first to elucidate the effect of panax ginseng against TAA-induced liver injury in ovariectomized rats which mimic aged post-menopausal estrogen-deficient females. The study demonstrates the crosstalk between AGEs, NF-kβ and MPO in the modulation of inflammation. Panax ginseng possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha E. Mostafa
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nermeen M. Shaffie
- Department of Pathology, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rasha M. Allam
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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11
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Yoo S, Park BI, Kim DH, Lee S, Lee SH, Shim WS, Seo YK, Kang K, Lee KT, Yim SV, Soung DY, Kim BH. Ginsenoside Absorption Rate and Extent Enhancement of Black Ginseng (CJ EnerG) over Red Ginseng in Healthy Adults. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040487. [PMID: 33918329 PMCID: PMC8067055 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Red ginseng (RG) and black ginseng (BG, CJ EnerG) were prepared from fresh ginseng using one and nine cycles of steaming and drying, respectively. This process reduces the molecular weight (MW) of ginsenoside-active compounds in ginseng by removing sugar moieties from their dammaranes. We compared the pharmacokinetic characteristics of ginsenosides between BG comprising mainly low-MW ginsenosides (Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, and Rh1) and RG that predominantly contains high-MW ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1). The safety profiles and tolerability were also studied using a randomized, double-blind, single-dose, crossover clinical trial. A combination of Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3, well-known representative and functional RG components, exhibited a 1 h faster absorption rate (Tmax) and 58% higher exposure (24 h area under the concentration–time curve, AUC24) in BG than in RG. Furthermore, the combination of Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1, the major and most efficient components in BG, displayed 824% higher absorption (AUC24) in BG than in RG. The total ginsenoside showed a 5 h rapid intestinal absorption (Tmax) and 79% greater systemic exposure (AUC24) in BG than in RG. No clinically significant findings were observed in terms of safety or tolerability. Thus, BG extract was more effective than RG extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saebyul Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (S.Y.); (D.-h.K.)
| | - Bom-I Park
- Food Research Institutes, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon 16495, Korea; (B.-I.P.); (Y.K.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Do-hyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (S.Y.); (D.-h.K.)
| | - Sooyoung Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (S.L.); (K.-T.L.)
| | - Seung-hoon Lee
- Department of Statistics, lnha University, Incheon 22212, Korea;
| | - Wang-Seob Shim
- Kyung Hee Drug Analysis Center, College of Pharmacy, Medical Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Yong Ki Seo
- Food Research Institutes, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon 16495, Korea; (B.-I.P.); (Y.K.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Kimoon Kang
- Food Research Institutes, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon 16495, Korea; (B.-I.P.); (Y.K.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (S.L.); (K.-T.L.)
- Kyung Hee Drug Analysis Center, College of Pharmacy, Medical Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Sung-Vin Yim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Do Yu Soung
- Food Research Institutes, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon 16495, Korea; (B.-I.P.); (Y.K.S.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: (D.Y.S.); (B.-H.K.)
| | - Bo-Hyung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (S.Y.); (D.-h.K.)
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- East-West Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.Y.S.); (B.-H.K.)
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Guo M, Shao S, Wang D, Zhao D, Wang M. Recent progress in polysaccharides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Food Funct 2020; 12:494-518. [PMID: 33331377 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01896a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (P. ginseng) has a long history of medicinal use and can treat a variety of diseases. P. ginseng contains a variety of active ingredients, such as saponins, polypeptides, volatile oils, and polysaccharides. Among them, saponins have always been considered as the main components responsible for its pharmacological activities. However, more and more studies have shown that polysaccharides play an indispensable role in the medicinal value of ginseng. Modern biological and medical studies have found that ginseng polysaccharides have complex structural characteristics and diverse biological activities, such as immune regulation, anti-tumor, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and anti-radiation functions, among others. Additionally, the structural characteristics of ginseng polysaccharides are closely related to their activity. In this review, the research background, extraction, purification, structural characteristics, and biological activities of ginseng polysaccharides from different parts of P. ginseng (roots, flowers stems and leaves, and berries) under different growth conditions (artificially cultivated ginseng, mountain ginseng, and wild ginseng) are summarized. The structural characteristics of purified polysaccharides were reviewed. Meanwhile, their biological activities were introduced, and some possible mechanisms were listed. Furthermore, the structure-activity relationship of polysaccharides was discussed. Some research perspectives for the study of ginseng polysaccharides were also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkun Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
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Xia YG, Li X, Yu LS, Liang J, Sun HM, Kuang HX. Structural-fingerprinting of polysaccharides to discern Panax species by means of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 151:932-943. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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New Insights for Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Aging-Related Diseases: Herbal Medicine as Potential Therapeutic Approach. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:4598167. [PMID: 31915506 PMCID: PMC6930799 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4598167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a progressive disease affecting around 900 million people worldwide, and in recent years, the mechanism of aging and aging-related diseases has been well studied. Treatments for aging-related diseases have also made progress. For the long-term treatment of aging-related diseases, herbal medicine is particularly suitable for drug discovery. In this review, we discuss cellular and molecular mechanisms of aging and aging-related diseases, including oxidative stress, inflammatory response, autophagy and exosome interactions, mitochondrial injury, and telomerase damage, and summarize commonly used herbals and compounds concerned with the development of aging-related diseases, including Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, Panax notoginseng, Radix astragali, Lycium barbarum, Rhodiola rosea, Angelica sinensis, Ligusticum chuanxiong, resveratrol, curcumin, and flavonoids. We also summarize key randomized controlled trials of herbal medicine for aging-related diseases during the past ten years. Adverse reactions of herbs were also described. It is expected to provide new insights for slowing aging and treating aging-related diseases with herbal medicine.
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Park SJ, Park M, Sharma A, Kim K, Lee HJ. Black Ginseng and Ginsenoside Rb1 Promote Browning by Inducing UCP1 Expression in 3T3-L1 and Primary White Adipocytes. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112747. [PMID: 31726767 PMCID: PMC6893667 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of black ginseng (BG) and ginsenoside Rb1, which induced browning effects in 3T3-L1 and primary white adipocytes (PWATs) isolated from C57BL/6 mice. BG and Rb1 suppressed the expressions of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) and sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor-1c (SREBP-1c), whereas the expression level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) was increased. Furthermore, BG and Rb1 enhanced the protein expressions of the brown-adipocyte-specific markers PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α), and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). These results were further supported by immunofluorescence images of mitochondrial biogenesis. In addition, BG and Rb1 induced expressions of brown-adipocyte-specific marker proteins by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. BG and Rb1 exert antiobesity effects by inducing browning in 3T3-L1 cells and PWATs through AMPK-mediated pathway activation. We suggest that BG and Rb1 act as potential functional antiobesity food agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Joo Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea; (S.-J.P.); (M.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Miey Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea; (S.-J.P.); (M.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Anshul Sharma
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea; (S.-J.P.); (M.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Kihyun Kim
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Jeolabuk-do 1500, Korea;
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea; (S.-J.P.); (M.P.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +82-31-750-5968; Fax: +82-31-724-4411
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Do J, Gwak J, Rho JJ, Lee K, Irfan M, Rhee MH, Kim DC. Aqueous Extract of Taegeuk Ginseng Inhibits Platelet Aggregation and Thrombus Formation. J Med Food 2018; 21:1137-1144. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.4145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Do
- Korea Ginseng MFG Co., Ltd., Pyeongtaek, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Muhammad Irfan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Signalling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Signalling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Dong Chung Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungwoon University, Incheon, Korea
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Lai M, Zhang HJ, Wang F, Shao YL, Yang MW, Hong FF, Yang SL. Anti-aging Effects of Ginseng and Ginsenosides on the Nervous System. INT J PHARMACOL 2018. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2018.1188.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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