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Diao M, Chen Y, Meng L, Li J, Xie N. Biotransformation approach to produce rare ginsenosides F1, compound Mc1, and Rd2 from major ginsenosides. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:176. [PMID: 38493413 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03893-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The stems and leaves of Panax notoginseng contain high saponins, but they are often discarded as agricultural waste. In this study, the predominant ginsenosides Rg1, Rc, and Rb2, presented in the stems and leaves of ginseng plants, were biotransformed into value-added rare ginsenosides F1, compound Mc1 (C-Mc1), and Rd2, respectively. A fungal strain YMS6 (Penicillium sp.) was screened from the soil as a biocatalyst with high selectivity for the deglycosylation of major ginsenosides. Under the optimal fermentation conditions, the yields of F1, C-Mc1, and Rd2 were 97.95, 68.64, and 79.58%, respectively. This study provides a new microbial resource for the selective conversion of protopanaxadiol-type and protopanaxatriol-type major saponins into rare ginsenosides via the whole-cell biotransformation and offers a solution for the better utilization of P. notoginseng waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Diao
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, China.
| | - Yanchi Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Lijun Meng
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Jianxiu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Nengzhong Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, China.
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Ma LJ, Liu X, Guo L, Luo Y, Zhang B, Cui X, Yang K, Cai J, Liu F, Ma N, Yang FQ, He X, Shi SP, Wan JB. Discovery of plant chemical defence mediated by a two-component system involving β-glucosidase in Panax species. Nat Commun 2024; 15:602. [PMID: 38238334 PMCID: PMC10796634 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44854-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants usually produce defence metabolites in non-active forms to minimize the risk of harm to themselves and spatiotemporally activate these defence metabolites upon pathogen attack. This so-called two-component system plays a decisive role in the chemical defence of various plants. Here, we discovered that Panax notoginseng, a valuable medicinal plant, has evolved a two-component chemical defence system composed of a chloroplast-localized β-glucosidase, denominated PnGH1, and its substrates 20(S)-protopanaxadiol ginsenosides. The β-glucosidase and its substrates are spatially separated in cells under physiological conditions, and ginsenoside hydrolysis is therefore activated only upon chloroplast disruption, which is caused by the induced exoenzymes of pathogenic fungi upon exposure to plant leaves. This activation of PnGH1-mediated hydrolysis results in the production of a series of less-polar ginsenosides by selective hydrolysis of an outer glucose at the C-3 site, with a broader spectrum and more potent antifungal activity in vitro and in vivo than the precursor molecules. Furthermore, such β-glucosidase-mediated hydrolysis upon fungal infection was also found in the congeneric species P. quinquefolium and P. ginseng. Our findings reveal a two-component chemical defence system in Panax species and offer insights for developing botanical pesticides for disease management in Panax species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Liwei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100050, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxue Cui
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing Cai
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ni Ma
- Department of Product Development, Wenshan Sanqi Institute of Science and Technology, Wenshan University, Wenshan, Yunnan, China
| | - Feng-Qing Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiahong He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Southwest Forestry University, 650224, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - She-Po Shi
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
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Li S, Zhang H, Huai J, Wang H, Li S, Zhuang L, Zhang J. An online preparative high-performance liquid chromatography system with enrichment and purification modes for the efficient and systematic separation of Panax notoginseng saponins. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1709:464378. [PMID: 37741221 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an online preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (prep-HPLC) system based on the combination of the enrichment and purification modes for the efficient and systematic separation of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) was achieved. Five separation columns were used for the first and second separation of target components, eighteen trap columns were used to capture the effluents from the first separation or loading the trapped sample effluents, and a two-position eight-port valve was used to switch between the first and second separations. The conditions for the first and second separation of PNS were simulated and optimized with the online prep-HPLC system. Then, the PNS were separated using optimized chromatographic conditions. Notably, 14 monomer compounds with >90% purity (11 compounds with purity >97%) were simultaneously isolated from PNS using the above self-developed device, and their chemical structures were identified. Moreover, the separation time was less than 33.0 h. After 6 repeated enrichment and purification, the weight of each compound obtained was more than 5.0 mg, with compound 2 weighing over 900 mg. In brief, the self-developed prep-HPLC system, which integrated enrichment and purification, is suitable for the efficient and systematic separation of PNS and has broad application prospects, especially for the separation of complex chemical components in natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China; College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China; College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Jie Huai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China; College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Huixia Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China; College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Shengfu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China; College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Linwu Zhuang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China; College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China.
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China; College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222000, China.
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Wang P, Gao Y, Yang G, Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Gao G, Zhao L, Li S. Enhancing the inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in H22 hepatoma cells through biotransformation of notoginsenoside R1 by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S165 into 20( S/ R)-notoginsenoside R2. RSC Adv 2023; 13:29773-29783. [PMID: 37829710 PMCID: PMC10565556 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06029b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Notoginsenoside R2 is a crucial active saponin in Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen, but its natural content is relatively low. In this study, we investigated the biotransformation of notoginsenoside R1 to 20(S/R)-notoginsenoside R2 using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S165, compared the inhibitory effects on cancer cell proliferation and conducted a mechanistic study. Notoginsenoside R1 was transformed using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S165 at 37 °C for 21 days. The fermentation products were identified using a combination of HPLC, UPLC-MS/MS, and 13C-NMR methods. The inhibition effects of 20(S/R)-notoginsenoside R2 on H22 hepatoma cells were assessed by CCK-8 and TUNEL assays, and the underlying mechanism was investigated by Western blotting. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S165 could effectively transform notoginsenoside R1 to 20(S/R)-notoginsenoside R2 with a conversion yield of 82.85%. Our results showed that 20(S/R)-notoginsenoside R2 inhibited H22 hepatoma cells proliferation and promoted apoptosis. The apoptosis of H22 hepatoma cells was promoted by 20(S/R)-notoginsenoside R2 through the blockade of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. The biotransformation method used in this study resulted in the production of 20(S)-notoginsenoside R2 and 20(R)-notoginsenoside R2 from notoginsenoside R1, and the anti-tumor activity of the transformed substance markedly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun 130117 P. R. China
| | - Yansong Gao
- Institute of Agro-Food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changchun 130033 P. R. China +86 431 87063075 +86 431 87063289
| | - Ge Yang
- Institute of Agro-Food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changchun 130033 P. R. China +86 431 87063075 +86 431 87063289
| | - Yujuan Zhao
- Institute of Agro-Food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changchun 130033 P. R. China +86 431 87063075 +86 431 87063289
| | - Zijian Zhao
- Institute of Agro-Food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changchun 130033 P. R. China +86 431 87063075 +86 431 87063289
| | - Ge Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun 130117 P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun 130117 P. R. China
| | - Shengyu Li
- Institute of Agro-Food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changchun 130033 P. R. China +86 431 87063075 +86 431 87063289
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Guo Z, Luo Z, Wu S, Yang C, Xiao T, Zhao Y. Optimization of Extraction and Separation Process of Notoginsenoside Fc from Panax notoginseng Leaves. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093915. [PMID: 37175326 PMCID: PMC10179949 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimal conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of Notoginsenoside Fc (Fc) from panax notoginseng leaves. The experiment utilized a Box-Behnken design (BBD) and separation conditions were optimized. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: extraction time = 1.5 h, ethanol concentration = 86%, liquid-to-solid ratio = 19:1. The experimentally obtained values were in accordance with the values predicted by the RSM model. We determined that the RSM model was able to successfully simulate the optimal extraction of Fc from the leaves. Further, Fc was enriched from Panax notoginseng through nine macroporous resins, and HPD-100 macroporous resins were selected for preliminary enrichment of Fc due to its economic costs and benefits. Subsequently, octadecyl silane (ODS) column chromatography was used to improve the purity of Fc to over 90% after separation by ODS column chromatography. Fc with a purity greater than 95% can be obtained by recrystallization. This is the first study that has focused on the extraction and enrichment of Fc from Panax notoginseng leaves using macroporous resin combined with ODS column chromatography, which provides the possibility for further application of Fc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghong Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhonghua Luo
- China School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shao Wu
- China School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chunhong Yang
- China School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ting Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Department of Pharmaceutic Preparation of Chinese Medicine, The High Educational Key Laboratory of Guizhou Province for Natural Medicinal Pharmacology and Druggability, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
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Tran TNA, Son JS, Awais M, Ko JH, Yang DC, Jung SK. β-Glucosidase and Its Application in Bioconversion of Ginsenosides in Panax ginseng. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10040484. [PMID: 37106671 PMCID: PMC10136122 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10040484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are a group of bioactive compounds isolated from Panax ginseng. Conventional major ginsenosides have a long history of use in traditional medicine for both illness prevention and therapy. Bioconversion processes have the potential to create new and valuable products in pharmaceutical and biological activities, making them both critical for research and highly economic to implement. This has led to an increase in the number of studies that use major ginsenosides as a precursor to generate minor ones using β-glucosidase. Minor ginsenosides may also have useful properties but are difficult to isolate from raw ginseng because of their scarcity. Bioconversion processes have the potential to create novel minor ginsenosides from the more abundant major ginsenoside precursors in a cost-effective manner. While numerous bioconversion techniques have been developed, an increasing number of studies have reported that β-glucosidase can effectively and specifically generate minor ginsenosides. This paper summarizes the probable bioconversion mechanisms of two protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT) types. Other high-efficiency and high-value bioconversion processes using complete proteins isolated from bacterial biomass or recombinant enzymes are also discussed in this article. This paper also discusses the various conversion and analysis methods and their potential applications. Overall, this paper offers theoretical and technical foundations for future studies that will be both scientifically and economically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Ngoc Anh Tran
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sung Son
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Awais
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Heung Ko
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Kyu Jung
- Department of Horticulture, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Republic of Korea
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Wang L, Shao L, Chen MY, Wang L, Yang P, Tan FB, Zhang W, Huang WH. Panax notoginseng Alleviates Colitis via the Regulation of Gut Microbiota. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 51:107-127. [PMID: 36408726 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x23500076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota are significantly associated with the occurrence and development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) could be used for colitis and to modulate gut microbiota. However, the mechanism behind the effects of PNS on anti-colitis that are pertinent to gut microbiota is largely unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-colitis effects of PNS and explore the involved mechanism as it is related to gut microbiota. Results showed that PNS significantly alleviated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Meanwhile, after PNS treatment, the tight junction proteins were enhanced and proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-[Formula: see text], IL-6, IL-1[Formula: see text], and IL-17, were decreased. Furthermore, Bacteroides spp. were significantly increased after modeling, while PNS reduced their abundance and significantly increased the amount of Akkermansia spp. in vivo. Importantly, Akkermansia spp. and Bacteroides spp. were correlated with the IBD disease indicators. Moreover, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments confirmed that PNS-reshaped gut microbiota significantly alleviated DSS-induced colitis, while A. muciniphila significantly reduced the levels of the LPS-induced cellular inflammatory factors IL-1[Formula: see text] and TNF-[Formula: see text]. In conclusion, PNS alleviated colitis pertinent to the upregulation of Akkermania spp. and downregulation of Bacteroides spp. in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410128, P. R. China
| | - Li Shao
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410128, P. R. China
| | - Man-Yun Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410128, P. R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410128, P. R. China
| | - Pu Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Bo Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410128, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Hua Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410128, P. R. China
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Flavonoids from Lycium barbarum Leaves Exhibit Anti-Aging Effects through the Redox-Modulation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154952. [PMID: 35956901 PMCID: PMC9370597 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycium barbarum leaves are a kind of vegetable, and modern nutrition studies have found that they have an anti-aging function. Our study aims to investigate the anti-aging effects of Lycium barbarum leaf flavonoid (LBLF) extracts and its underlying molecular mechanism. LBLFs were purified using D101 and polyamide resin, characterized by ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and administered to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and Caenorhabditis elegans. Appropriate enrichment conditions were optimized through dynamic adsorption and desorption experiments, the content of flavonoids reached 909.84 mg/g, rutin and kaempferol being the main ones. LBLFs attenuated H2O2-induced HUVEC apoptosis, decreased reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde production levels, increased superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities. Furthermore, pre-treatment with LBLF increased mRNA expression of erythropoietin (EPO) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in HUVECs. Compared with 100 µM rutin monomer, LBLF prolonged the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans, enhanced their mobility in middle life stages and upregulated expression of sod-2, gcs-1 and skn-1 genes, which indicated that the anti-aging effects of LBLF were due to its redox-modulation.
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Xie W, Li H, Sun Y, Li W, Yi F, Xia L, Lei F. Separating and purifying of Panax notoginseng saponins using a rosin-based polymer-bonded with silica as a high-performance liquid chromatography stationary phase. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ma LJ, Ma N, Cao JL, Wan JB. Characterizing the influence of different drying methods on chemical components of Panax notoginseng leaves by heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2022; 369:130965. [PMID: 34492612 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng leaves (PNL) was considered as a promising functional food ingredient with abundant protopanaxdiol ginsenosides. In this study, the influence of different drying methods on chemical components in PNL was characterized by a newly developed heart-cutting 2D-LC-HRMS. Our data indicates that vigorous ginsenoside transformation occurs in PNL processed by sun-air drying and hot-air drying (HAD) at 50 °C, but not shade-air drying (SAD), HAD at 25 °C and steaming prior to drying (SD). Specifically, the main components of PNL, ginsenosides Rb3, Rc, Rb2, Rb1 and Rd, can be transformed into notoginsenosides Fd and Fe, ginsenoside Rd2, Gypenoside XVII and ginsenoside F2, respectively, by highly selective cleavage of β-1,2-glucosidic linkage at the C-3 position. Only SD can inactivate the proteins that mediate this transformation. Different drying methods also greatly affect the quality of PNL products extracted by the conventional decoction method. These findings offer the scientific basis to design industrial drying methods for ensuring the quality of PNL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, PR China
| | - Ni Ma
- Department of Product Development, Wenshan Sanqi Institute of Science and Technology, Wensan University, Wenshan, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Ji-Liang Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, PR China.
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11
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Sun H, Ma LJ, Wan JB, Tong S. Preparative separation of gypenoside XVII, ginsenoside Rd2, and notoginsenosides Fe and Fd from Panax notoginseng leaves by countercurrent chromatography and orthogonality evaluation for their separation. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2996-3003. [PMID: 34086419 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The minor ginsenosides with less polarity may have more potent biological activities. Four minor saponins, i.e., gypenoside XVII, ginsenoside Rd2, notoginsenoside Fe, and notoginsenoside Fd, were successfully separated from Panax notoginseng leaves (PNL) after biotransformation by one-step countercurrent chromatography using the biphasic solvent system consisting of n-butanol-ethyl acetate-water (1:4:5, v/v/v). 30 mg of the refined extract of PNL produced 1 mg of gypenoside XVII, 4 mg of notoginsenoside Fe, 2.5 mg of ginsenoside Rd2, and 8.4 mg of notoginsenoside Fd, with purity of 74.9, 95.2, 87.3, and 97.6%, respectively. Besides, orthogonality evaluation for the separation of the four saponins using countercurrent chromatography and liquid chromatography was discussed. Four minor saponins were successfully separated from each other on a preparative scale by countercurrent chromatography from PNL, which will facilitate to provide ample of these minor saponins for further pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengmian Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Li-Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, P. R. China
| | - Shengqiang Tong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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12
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High purity separation of hypericin from Hypericum perforatum L. extract with macroporous resin column coupling preparative liquid chromatography. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Luo Y, Dong X, Lu S, Gao Y, Sun G, Sun X. Gypenoside XVII alleviates early diabetic retinopathy by regulating Müller cell apoptosis and autophagy in db/db mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 895:173893. [PMID: 33493483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a widespread vision-threatening disease in working people. Müller cells are important glial cells that participate in the blood retinal barrier and promote the maintenance of retinal physiological and structural homeostasis. Müller cell apoptosis and autophagy play an important role in the pathogenesis of DR. Gypenoside XVII (Gyp-17) exerts strong antiapoptotic and autophagic activities. However, the effect of Gyp-17 on DR and its mechanism of action have not been elucidated. This study explored the effect of Gyp-17 on early DR and Müller cell injury in db/db mice. Blood glucose and blood lipids were measured. Optical coherence tomography and fundus fluorescein angiography were applied to detect retinal thickness and vascular leakage, respectively. Hematoxylin eosin staining assessed the pathological changes of the retina. Retinal oxidative environment and cell apoptosis and autophagy were monitored using commercial kits, immunofluorescence, and Western blot assays. Results showed that Gyp-17 exerted no significant effect on blood glucose and lipid levels but maintained normal retinal permeability, physiological structure, high anti-oxidative enzyme expression, and the thickness of the inner nuclear layer compared with the model group. Moreover, Western blot analysis and TUNEL assay indicated that Gyp-17 significantly decreased pro-apoptotic-related protein expression and increased pro-autophagy-related protein expression compared with the model group. Immunofluorescence colocalization exhibited that the regulating action of Gyp-17 may focus on Müller cells. These data strongly demonstrate that Gyp-17 prevents early DR by decreasing apoptosis and increasing autophagy in Müller cells. Gyp-17 may be a candidate drug for early DR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Luo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Xi Dong
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Shan Lu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Ye Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, China.
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, China.
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14
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Zuo X, Li Q, Ya F, Ma LJ, Tian Z, Zhao M, Fan D, Zhao Y, Mao YH, Wan JB, Yang Y. Ginsenosides Rb2 and Rd2 isolated from Panax notoginseng flowers attenuate platelet function through P2Y 12-mediated cAMP/PKA and PI3K/Akt/Erk1/2 signaling. Food Funct 2021; 12:5793-5805. [PMID: 34041517 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00531f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Saponins derived from Panax notoginseng root are widely used as herbal medicines and dietary supplements due to their wide range of health benefits. However, the effects of those from Panax notoginseng flowers (PNF) on platelet function and thrombus formation remain largely unknown. Using a series of platelet function assays, we found that G-Rb2 and G-Rd2, among the ten PNF saponin monomers, significantly inhibited human platelet aggregation and activation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in vitro. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of G-Rb2 and G-Rd2 against ADP-induced platelet aggregation was 85.5 ± 4.5 μg mL-1 and 51.4 ± 4.6 μg mL-1, respectively. Mechanistically, G-Rb2 and G-Rd2 could effectively modulate platelet P2Y12-mediated signaling by up-regulating cAMP/PKA signaling and down-regulating PI3K/Akt/Erk1/2 signaling pathways. Co-incubation of the P2Y12 antagonist cangrelor with either G-Rb2 or G-Rd2 did not show significant additive inhibitory effects. G-Rb2 and G-Rd2 also substantially suppressed thrombus growth in a FeCl3-induced murine arteriole thrombosis model in vivo. Interestingly, G-Rd2 generally exhibited more potent inhibitory effects on platelet function and thrombus formation than G-Rb2. Thus, our data suggest that PNF-derived G-Rb2 and G-Rd2 effectively attenuate platelet hyperactivity through modulating signaling pathways downstream of P2Y12, which indicates G-Rb2 and G-Rd2 may play important preventive roles in thrombotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zuo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China. and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China and Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China. and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China and Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
| | - Fuli Ya
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China. and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China and Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
| | - Li-Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China.
| | - Zezhong Tian
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China. and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China and Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
| | - Mingzhu Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China. and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China and Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
| | - Die Fan
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China. and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China and Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
| | - Yimin Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China. and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China and Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
| | - Yu-Heng Mao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China. and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China and Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China.
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China. and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China and Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
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15
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Zhuang L, Ding Y, M S, Xiao W, Wang Z, Zhu J. Continuous chromatography with multi-zone and multi-column dynamic tandem techniques for the isolation and enrichment of class compounds from natural products of Panax notoginseng. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1629:461499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Zhang F, Tang S, Zhao L, Yang X, Yao Y, Hou Z, Xue P. Stem-leaves of Panax as a rich and sustainable source of less-polar ginsenosides: comparison of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng, American ginseng and Panax notoginseng prepared by heating and acid treatment. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:163-175. [PMID: 33437168 PMCID: PMC7790872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenosides, which have strong biological activities, can be divided into polar or less-polar ginsenosides. Methods This study evaluated the phytochemical diversity of the saponins in Panax ginseng (PG) root, American ginseng (AG) root, and Panax notoginseng (NG) root; the stem-leaves from Panax ginseng (SPG) root, American ginseng (SAG) root, and Panax notoginseng (SNG) root as well as the saponins obtained following heating and acidification [transformed Panax ginseng (TPG), transformed American ginseng (TAG), transformed Panax notoginseng (TNG), transformed stem-leaves from Panax ginseng (TSPG), transformed stem-leaves from American ginseng (TSAG), and transformed stem-leaves from Panax notoginseng (TSNG)]. The diversity was determined through the simultaneous quantification of the 16 major ginsenosides. Results The content of ginsenosides in NG was found to be higher than those in AG and PG, and the content in SPG was greater than those in SNG and SAG. After transformation, the contents of polar ginsenosides in the raw saponins decreased, and contents of less-polar compounds increased. TNG had the highest levels of ginsenosides, which is consistent with the transformation of ginseng root. The contents of saponins in the stem-leaves were higher than those in the roots. The transformation rate of SNG was higher than those of the other samples, and the loss ratios of total ginsenosides from NG (6%) and SNG (4%) were the lowest among the tested materials. In addition to the conversion temperature, time, and pH, the crude protein content also affects the conversion to rare saponins. The proteins in Panax notoginseng allowed the highest conversion rate. Conclusion Thus, the industrial preparation of less-polar ginsenosides from SNG is more efficient and cheaper.
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Key Words
- AG, American ginseng
- NG, Panax notoginseng
- PG, Panax ginseng
- SAG, the stem-leaves from American ginseng
- SNG, the stem-leaves from Panax notoginseng
- SPG, the stem-leaves from Panax ginseng
- TAG, transformed American ginseng
- TNG, transformed Panax notoginseng
- TPG, transformed Panax ginseng
- TSAG, transformed stem-leaves from American ginseng
- TSNG, transformed stem-leaves from Panax notoginseng
- TSPG, transformed stem-leaves from Panax ginseng
- acid transformation
- less-polar ginsenosides
- root ginsenosides
- stem-leaf ginsenosides
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxiang Zhang
- School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Shaojian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiushi Yang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohua Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Peng Xue
- School of Public Health and Management, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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17
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Sun F, Ruan J, Zhao W, Zhang Y, Xiang G, Yan J, Hao M, Wu L, Zhang Y, Wang T. New Dammarane-Type Triterpenoid Saponins from Panax notoginseng Leaves and Their Nitric Oxide Inhibitory Activities. Molecules 2019; 25:E139. [PMID: 31905770 PMCID: PMC6982892 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a very common and important pathological process that can cause many diseases. The discovery of anti-inflammatory drugs and the treatment of inflammation are particularly essential. Dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins (PNS) were demonstrated to show anti-inflammatory effects in the leaves of Panax notoginseng. Chromatographies and spectral analysis methods were combined to isolate and identify PNS. Moreover, the nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activities of all compounds were examined in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. As a result, eleven new dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins, notoginsenosides NL-A1-NL-A4 (1-4), NL-B1-NL-B3 (5-7), NL-C1-NL-C3 (8-10), and NL-D (11) were isolated, and their structures were identified by using various spectrometric techniques and chemical reactions. Among them, compounds 4 and 11 were characterized by the malonyl substitution at 3-position. The 3-malonyl substituted dammarane-type terpennoids were first obtained from natural products. In addition, compounds 1, 2, 5, 6, and 8-10 were found to play an important role in suppressing NO levels at 50 μM, without cytotoxicity. All inhibitory activities were found to be dose-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China; (F.S.); (J.R.); (W.Z.); (L.W.)
| | - Jingya Ruan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China; (F.S.); (J.R.); (W.Z.); (L.W.)
| | - Wei Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China; (F.S.); (J.R.); (W.Z.); (L.W.)
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of TCM, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (M.H.)
| | - Guilin Xiang
- WenshanMiaoxiangSanqi Limited Company, South KaihuaRoad, Wenshan 663000, China;
| | - Jiejing Yan
- Institute of TCM, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (M.H.)
| | - Mimi Hao
- Institute of TCM, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (M.H.)
| | - Lijie Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China; (F.S.); (J.R.); (W.Z.); (L.W.)
| | - Yi Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China; (F.S.); (J.R.); (W.Z.); (L.W.)
- Institute of TCM, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (M.H.)
| | - Tao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China; (F.S.); (J.R.); (W.Z.); (L.W.)
- Institute of TCM, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Y.); (M.H.)
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