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Jiang Y, Liu C, He G, Zhang Y, Liu M, Zhang K, Liu M, Wang A, Zhang M, Wang Y, Zhao M, Wang K. Regulation of ginseng adventitious root growth in Panax ginseng by the miR156-targeted PgSPL24-09 transcription factors. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 215:109026. [PMID: 39137685 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.109026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of non-coding endogenous small-molecule, single-stranded RNAs, and it is involved in post-transcriptional gene expression regulation in plants and plays an important role in plant growth and development. Among them, miRNA156 regulates members of target SPL gene family and thus participates in plant growth and development, hormonal response and adversity stress. However, it has not been reported in ginseng. In this study, based on the previous analysis of the SPL gene family, the age-related and stably expressed SPL gene PgSPL24-09 was obtained in roots. The binding site of miRNA156 to this gene was analyzed using target gene prediction tools, and the interactions between miRNA156 and PgSPL24-09 gene were verified by dual luciferase reporter gene assay and RT-qPCR. At the same time, miRNA156 silencing vector and overexpression vector were constructed and transformed into ginseng adventitious roots and Arabidopsis thaliana to analyze the molecular mechanism of miRNA156-SPL module in regulating the growth of ginseng adventitious roots. This study provides a theoretical basis for the in-depth study of the molecular role of miRNAs in ginseng growth, and also lays the foundation for the study of the role of miRNA156-SPL module in regulating the growth and development of ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China.
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China.
| | - Gaohui He
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China.
| | - Mengna Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China.
| | - Kexin Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China.
| | - Mingming Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China.
| | - Aimin Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China.
| | - Meiping Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China.
| | - Mingzhu Zhao
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China.
| | - Kangyu Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China.
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Li J, Lin M, Xie Z, Chen L, Qi J, Yu B. Target Cell Extraction and Spectrum-Effect Relationship Coupled with BP Neural Network Classification for Screening Potential Bioactive Components in Ginseng Extract with a Protective Effect against Myocardial Damage. Molecules 2024; 29:2028. [PMID: 38731522 PMCID: PMC11085743 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease has become a common ailment that endangers human health, having garnered widespread attention due to its high prevalence, recurrence rate, and sudden death risk. Ginseng possesses functions such as invigorating vital energy, enhancing vein recovery, promoting body fluid and blood nourishment, calming the nerves, and improving cognitive function. It is widely utilized in the treatment of various heart conditions, including palpitations, chest pain, heart failure, and other ailments. Although numerous research reports have investigated the cardiovascular activity of single ginsenoside, there remains a lack of systematic research on the specific components group that predominantly contribute to cardiovascular efficacy in ginseng medicinal materials. In this research, the spectrum-effect relationship, target cell extraction, and BP neural network classification were used to establish a rapid screening system for potential active substances. The results show that red ginseng extract (RGE) can improve the decrease in cell viability and ATP content and inhibit the increase in ROS production and LDH release in OGD-induced H9c2 cells. A total of 70 ginsenosides were identified in RGE using HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis. Chromatographic fingerprints were established for 12 batches of RGE by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A total of 36 common ingredients were found in 12 batches of RGE. The cell viability, ATP, ROS, and LDH of 12 batches RGE were tested to establish gray relationship analysis (GRA) and partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA). BP neural network classification and target cell extraction were used to narrow down the scope of Spectral efficiency analysis and screen the potential active components. According to the cell experiments, RGE can improve the cell viability and ATP content and reduce the oxidative damage. Then, seven active ingredients, namely, Ginsenoside Rg1, Rg2, Rg3, Rb1, Rd, Re, and Ro, were screened out, and their cardiovascular activity was confirmed in the OGD model. The seven ginsenosides were the main active substances of red ginseng in treating myocardial injury. This study offers a reference for quality control in red ginseng and preparations containing red ginseng for the management of cardiovascular diseases. It also provides ideas for screening active ingredients of the same type of multi-pharmacologically active traditional Chinese medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Li
- Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (J.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (L.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Min Lin
- Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (J.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (L.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zexin Xie
- Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (J.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (L.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Liwenyu Chen
- Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (J.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (L.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jin Qi
- Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (J.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (L.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Boyang Yu
- Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (J.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (L.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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Iorga RE, Moraru AD, Costin D, Munteanu-Dănulescu RS, Brănișteanu DC. Current trends in targeting the oxidative stress in glaucoma (Review). Eur J Ophthalmol 2024; 34:328-337. [PMID: 37974458 DOI: 10.1177/11206721231214297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy characterised by retinal ganglion cell degeneration and visual field loss. Glaucoma is considered to be the leading cause of blindness in the industrialised countries. Oxidative damage is an important pathogenic factor in glaucoma, which triggers trabecular meshwork (TM) degeneration, which then leads to intraocular hypertension. Neurodegenerative insults during glaucomatous neurodegeneration initiate an immune response to restore tissue homeostasis. However, the oxidative stress (OS) that develops during the pathogenic processes of glaucoma, along with the agerelated OS, plays a critical role in shifting the physiological equilibrium. In the TM from glaucoma donors, proinflammatory markers were found, which were induced by the activation of a stress response. Chronic changes in the composition of antioxidants found in aqueous humour may induce alterations in TM as well as in the optic nerve head cells. Highlighting the pathogenic role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in glaucoma has implications in preventing this disease. Various clinical trials are available to test the efficacy of antioxidant drugs in glaucoma management. In this review, we discuss the OS as a therapeutic target, suggesting that the modulation of a pro-oxidant/antioxidant status might be a relevant target for glaucoma prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Eugenia Iorga
- Department of Ophthalmology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Andreea Dana Moraru
- Department of Ophthalmology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Dănuț Costin
- Department of Ophthalmology, "N. Oblu" Clinical Hospital, Iasi, Romania
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Kundakci YE, Bilir A, Atay E, Vurmaz A, Firat F, Arikan ES. Protective Effects of Different Doses of Ginsenoside-Rb1 Experimental Cataract Model That in Chick Embryos. Curr Eye Res 2023; 48:817-825. [PMID: 37260421 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2221415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There has been increased interest in phytochemical antioxidants to prevent protein damage and aggregate formation in cataract treatment. In this study, the protective effect of different doses of Rb1 (GRb1), one of the ginsenosides of Panax Ginseng, in the experimental cataract model formed in chick embryos was investigated. METHODS Five different experimental groups were formed with 100 SPF fertilized eggs: Control (0.9% NaCl to physiological saline), hydrocortisone hemisuccinate sodium (HC), low dose (HC + L-GRb1 (1 mg/kg)), medium dose (HC+). M-GRb1 (2.5 mg/kg)), and high dose (HC + H-GRb1 (5 mg/kg)). All solutions were given to air sack at 15 days of incubation. On the 17th day, the bulbous oculi of the chick embryos were dissected. Cataract formations of the lenses, glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant (TAS), total oxidant (TOS) levels, Caspase-3 H-score, and TUNEL index were determined. In addition, crystalline alpha A (CRYAA) gene expression was evaluated. RESULTS Cataracts were observed in the control, HC, HC + L-GRb1, HC + M-GRb1, and HC + H-GRb1 groups with a frequency of 0%, 100%, 75%, 56.25%, and 100%, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between the control and HC groups in terms of TAS, TOS, MDA, GSH, Caspase-3 H-score, and TUNEL index (p < .05). When the therapeutic effect of the GRb1 groups was evaluated, the HC group showed significant differences with the HC + L-GRb1 and HC + M-GRb1 groups in almost all parameters (p < .05), while there was no statistical difference with the HC + H-GRb1 group (p > .05). In addition, gene expression levels differed between the groups, although not statistically significant (p > .05). CONCLUSION 1 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg GRb1 applications show therapeutic properties on the HC-induced cataract model. This effect is more pronounced at 2.5 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Emre Kundakci
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Bilir
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Emre Atay
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Vurmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Fatma Firat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medicine Faculty, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Evrim Suna Arikan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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Kang L, Luo J, Li P, Zhang G, Wei M, Ji M, Guan H. miR-125a-3p regulates apoptosis by suppressing TMBIM4 in lens epithelial cells. Int Ophthalmol 2022; 43:1261-1274. [PMID: 36173547 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-022-02524-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the regulatory effect of miR-125a-3p on lens epithelial cells (LECs) under ultraviolet radiation B (UVB) irradiation. METHODS The expression of miR-125a-3p in age-related cataract (ARC) specimens and cell models was detected by qRT-PCR. UVB was utilized to establish DNA damage model of LECs. Cell count kit-8 was applied in detecting cell viability. Cell apoptosis ratio was analyzed by flow cytometry. Dual luciferase reports were applied to analyze the mechanism between miRNA and target genes. Nanoparticle tracking analysis, and Western blot were used to identify whether the exosomes were typical exosomes. RESULTS miR-125a-3p was upregulated in ARC tissues and LECs treated with UVB. Knockdown of miR-125a-3p in LECs significantly decreased apoptosis and increased viability of UVB-irradiated LECs. We predicted that miR-125a-3p could regulate transmembrane Bax inhibitor motif containing 4 (TMBIM4) by the bioinformatics databases TargetScan, miRBase, and miRWalk. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that miR-125a-3p may suppress TMBIM4 protein translation by binding to 3'UTR of TMBIM4 mRNA. Overexpression of miR-125a-3p decreased TMBIM4, which suggested that miR-125a-3p could inhibit TMBIM4. Moreover, knockdown of TMBIM4 decreased cell viability and enhanced cell apoptosis during UVB irradiation. In addition, the exosome secretion of LECs irradiated by UVB was enhanced, and the expression of miR-125a-3p was high. Cell viability was significantly decreased, and cell apoptosis was increased during UVB-exos treatment. CONCLUSION This study indicated that miR-125a-3p regulated apoptosis by suppressing TMBIM4 in LECs under oxidative damage, providing a new idea for clinical therapeutic target of cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Kang
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiawei Luo
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guowei Zhang
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Miao Wei
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Min Ji
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huaijin Guan
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Razavi MS, Ebrahimnejad P, Fatahi Y, D’Emanuele A, Dinarvand R. Recent Developments of Nanostructures for the Ocular Delivery of Natural Compounds. Front Chem 2022; 10:850757. [PMID: 35494641 PMCID: PMC9043530 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.850757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular disorders comprising various diseases of the anterior and posterior segments are considered as the main reasons for blindness. Natural products have been identified as potential treatments for ocular diseases due to their anti-oxidative, antiangiogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Unfortunately, most of these beneficial compounds are characterised by low solubility which results in low bioavailability and rapid systemic clearance thus requiring frequent administration or requiring high doses, which hinders their therapeutic applications. Additionally, the therapeutic efficiency of ocular drug delivery as a popular route of drug administration for the treatment of ocular diseases is restricted by various anatomical and physiological barriers. Recently, nanotechnology-based strategies including polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, nanofibers, dendrimers, lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, and niosomes have emerged as promising approaches to overcome limitations and enhance ocular drug bioavailability by effective delivery to the target sites. This review provides an overview of nano-drug delivery systems of natural compounds such as thymoquinone, catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, curcumin, berberine, pilocarpine, genistein, resveratrol, quercetin, naringenin, lutein, kaempferol, baicalin, and tetrandrine for ocular applications. This approach involves increasing drug concentration in the carriers to enhance drug movement into and through the ocular barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Sadat Razavi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pedram Ebrahimnejad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Antony D’Emanuele
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Cáceres-Vélez PR, Hui F, Hercus J, Bui B, Jusuf PR. Restoring the oxidative balance in age-related diseases - An approach in glaucoma. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 75:101572. [PMID: 35065274 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As human life expectancy increases, age-related health issues including neurodegenerative diseases continue to rise. Regardless of genetic or environmental factors, many neurodegenerative conditions share common pathological mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, a hallmark of many age-related health burdens. In this review, we describe oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in glaucoma, an age-related neurodegenerative eye disease affecting 80 million people worldwide. We consider therapeutic approaches used to counteract oxidative stress in glaucoma, including untapped treatment options such as novel plant-derived antioxidant compounds that can reduce oxidative stress and prevent neuronal loss. We summarize the current pre-clinical models and clinical work exploring the therapeutic potential of a range of candidate plant-derived antioxidant compounds. Finally, we explore advances in drug delivery systems, particular those employing nanotechnology-based carriers which hold significant promise as a carrier for antioxidants to treat age-related disease, thus reviewing the key current state of all of the aspects required towards translation.
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Hong H, Baatar D, Hwang SG. Anticancer Activities of Ginsenosides, the Main Active Components of Ginseng. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:8858006. [PMID: 33623532 PMCID: PMC7875636 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8858006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer incidence rate has been increasing drastically in recent years. One of the many cancer treatment methods is chemotherapy. Traditional medicine, in the form of complementary and alternative therapy, is actively used to treat cancer, and many herbs and active ingredients of such therapies are being intensely studied to integrate them into modern medicine. Ginseng is traditionally used as a nourishing tonic and for treating various diseases in Asian countries. The therapeutic potential of ginseng in modern medicine has been studied extensively; the main bioactive component of ginseng is ginsenosides, which have gathered attention, particularly for their prospects in the treatment of fatal diseases such as cancer. Ginsenosides displayed their anticancer and antimetastatic properties not only via restricting cancer cell proliferation, viability, invasion, and migration but also by promoting apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy in several cancers, such as breast, brain, liver, gastric, and lung cancer. Additionally, ginsenosides can work synergistically with already existing cancer therapies. Thus, ginsenosides may be used alone or in combination with other pharmaceutical agents in new therapeutic strategies for cancer. To date however, there is little systematic summary available for the anticancer effects and therapeutic potential of ginsenosides. Therefore, we have reviewed and discussed all available literature in order to facilitate further research of ginsenosides in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeok Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Delgerzul Baatar
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Peace Avenue 13330, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Seong Gu Hwang
- Department of Animal Life and Environmental Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong City 17579, Republic of Korea
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Li S, Li L, Jiang Y, Wu J, Sun H, Zhao M, Jiang Y, Zhu L, Wang Y, Su Y, Wang K, Wang Y, Zhang M. SQUAMOSA Promoter Binding Protein-Like (SPL) Gene Family: TRANSCRIPTOME-Wide Identification, Phylogenetic Relationship, Expression Patterns and Network Interaction Analysis in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9030354. [PMID: 32168804 PMCID: PMC7154844 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
: SPL (SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like) gene family is specific transcription factor in the plant that have an important function for plant growth and development. Although the SPL gene family has been widely studied and reported in many various plant species from gymnosperm to angiosperm, there are no systematic studies and reports about the SPL gene family in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. In this study, we conducted transcriptome-wide identification, evolutionary analysis, structure analysis, and expression characteristics analysis of SPL gene family in Panax ginseng by bioinformatics. We annotated the PgSPL gene family and found that they might involve in multiple functions including encoding structural proteins, but the main function were still focused on the binding function. The result showed that 106 PgSPL transcripts were classified into two clades - A and B, both of which respectively consisted of three groups. Besides, we profiled PgSPL transcripts' genotypic, temporal, and spatial expression characteristics. Furthermore, we calculated the correlation of PgSPL transcripts in the 14 tissues of a 4 years old ginseng and 42 farmers' cultivars farmers' cultivars of 4 years old ginsengs' roots with both results showing that SPL transcripts formed a single network, which indicated that PgSPLs inter-coordinated when performing their functions. What's more, we found that most PgSPL transcripts tended to express in older ginseng instead of younger ginseng, which was not only reflected in the expression of more types of SPL transcripts in older ginseng, but also in the higher expression of SPL transcripts in older ginseng. Additionally, we found that four PgSPL transcripts were only massively expressed in roots. According to PgSPL transcripts' expression characteristics, we found that PgSPL23-35 and PgSPL24-09 were most proper two transcripts to further study as ginseng age's molecular marker. These results provide the basis for further elucidation of the PgSPL transcripts' biological function in ginseng and ginseng genetics improvement and gene breeding in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaokun Li
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (S.L.); (L.L.); (Y.J.); (J.W.); (H.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (S.L.); (L.L.); (Y.J.); (J.W.); (H.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (S.L.); (L.L.); (Y.J.); (J.W.); (H.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jun Wu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (S.L.); (L.L.); (Y.J.); (J.W.); (H.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Honghua Sun
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (S.L.); (L.L.); (Y.J.); (J.W.); (H.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Mingzhu Zhao
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (S.L.); (L.L.); (Y.J.); (J.W.); (H.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (S.L.); (L.L.); (Y.J.); (J.W.); (H.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (S.L.); (L.L.); (Y.J.); (J.W.); (H.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
| | - Yingjie Su
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (S.L.); (L.L.); (Y.J.); (J.W.); (H.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.)
| | - Kangyu Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (S.L.); (L.L.); (Y.J.); (J.W.); (H.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Changchun 130118, China
- Correspondence: (K.W.); (Y.W.); (M.Z.)
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (S.L.); (L.L.); (Y.J.); (J.W.); (H.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Changchun 130118, China
- Correspondence: (K.W.); (Y.W.); (M.Z.)
| | - Meiping Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (S.L.); (L.L.); (Y.J.); (J.W.); (H.S.); (M.Z.); (Y.J.); (L.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Changchun 130118, China
- Correspondence: (K.W.); (Y.W.); (M.Z.)
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