1
|
Li J, Lin M, Xie Z, Chen L, Qi J, Yu B. Target Cell Extraction and Spectrum-Effect Relationship Coupled with BP Neural Network Classification for Screening Potential Bioactive Components in Ginseng Extract with a Protective Effect against Myocardial Damage. Molecules 2024; 29:2028. [PMID: 38731522 PMCID: PMC11085743 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease has become a common ailment that endangers human health, having garnered widespread attention due to its high prevalence, recurrence rate, and sudden death risk. Ginseng possesses functions such as invigorating vital energy, enhancing vein recovery, promoting body fluid and blood nourishment, calming the nerves, and improving cognitive function. It is widely utilized in the treatment of various heart conditions, including palpitations, chest pain, heart failure, and other ailments. Although numerous research reports have investigated the cardiovascular activity of single ginsenoside, there remains a lack of systematic research on the specific components group that predominantly contribute to cardiovascular efficacy in ginseng medicinal materials. In this research, the spectrum-effect relationship, target cell extraction, and BP neural network classification were used to establish a rapid screening system for potential active substances. The results show that red ginseng extract (RGE) can improve the decrease in cell viability and ATP content and inhibit the increase in ROS production and LDH release in OGD-induced H9c2 cells. A total of 70 ginsenosides were identified in RGE using HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis. Chromatographic fingerprints were established for 12 batches of RGE by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A total of 36 common ingredients were found in 12 batches of RGE. The cell viability, ATP, ROS, and LDH of 12 batches RGE were tested to establish gray relationship analysis (GRA) and partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA). BP neural network classification and target cell extraction were used to narrow down the scope of Spectral efficiency analysis and screen the potential active components. According to the cell experiments, RGE can improve the cell viability and ATP content and reduce the oxidative damage. Then, seven active ingredients, namely, Ginsenoside Rg1, Rg2, Rg3, Rb1, Rd, Re, and Ro, were screened out, and their cardiovascular activity was confirmed in the OGD model. The seven ginsenosides were the main active substances of red ginseng in treating myocardial injury. This study offers a reference for quality control in red ginseng and preparations containing red ginseng for the management of cardiovascular diseases. It also provides ideas for screening active ingredients of the same type of multi-pharmacologically active traditional Chinese medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Li
- Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (J.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (L.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Min Lin
- Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (J.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (L.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zexin Xie
- Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (J.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (L.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Liwenyu Chen
- Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (J.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (L.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jin Qi
- Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (J.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (L.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Boyang Yu
- Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (J.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (L.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yuan X, Li R, He W, Xu W, Xu W, Yan G, Xu S, Chen L, Feng Y, Li H. Progress in Identification of UDP-Glycosyltransferases for Ginsenoside Biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024. [PMID: 38449105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the primary pharmacologically active constituents of the Panax genus, have demonstrated a variety of medicinal properties, including anticardiovascular disease, cytotoxic, antiaging, and antidiabetes effects. However, the low concentration of ginsenosides in plants and the challenges associated with their extraction impede the advancement and application of ginsenosides. Heterologous biosynthesis represents a promising strategy for the targeted production of these natural active compounds. As representative triterpenoids, the biosynthetic pathway of the aglycone skeletons of ginsenosides has been successfully decoded. While the sugar moiety is vital for the structural diversity and pharmacological activity of ginsenosides, the mining of uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis has attracted a lot of attention and made great progress in recent years. In this paper, we summarize the identification and functional study of UGTs responsible for ginsenoside synthesis in both plants, such as Panax ginseng and Gynostemma pentaphyllum, and microorganisms including Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The UGT-related microbial cell factories for large-scale ginsenoside production are also mentioned. Additionally, we delve into strategies for UGT mining, particularly potential rapid screening or identification methods, providing insights and prospects. This review provides insights into the study of other unknown glycosyltransferases as candidate genetic elements for the heterologous biosynthesis of rare ginsenosides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Yuan
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Ruiqiong Li
- College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Weishen He
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Guohong Yan
- Pharmacy Department, People's Hospital Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, China
| | - Shaohua Xu
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lixia Chen
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Yaqian Feng
- Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Hua Li
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yaya H, Dabolé B, Matcheme M, Nyemb JN, Moussa D, Chi FG, Farooq R, Koubala BB, Atia TW, Venditti A. Ternifoliasaponin, a new triterpenoid saponin from the roots of Gardenia ternifolia Schumach & Thonn (Rubiaceae). Nat Prod Res 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37948554 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2276388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
A new triterpenoid saponin, Ternifoliasaponin (1), together with four known compounds (2-5) chikusetsusaponin IVa (2), chikusetsusaponin IVa methyl ester (3), bonushenricoside B (4) and Dianoside C (5) were isolated from roots of Gardenia ternifolia Schumach. & Thonn (Rubiaceae). The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods. The antibacterial activities of compounds (3), and (4) were performed by the Muller-Hinton agar diffusion method. The antimicrobial activities of the compounds were studied on Salmonella typhi (Enterobacteriaceae), Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa microorganisms. Compound (3) at 25 mg/mL, showed moderately sensitive effect (8.0 ˂ DIZ ˂14.0 mm) on S. typhi, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Compound (4) at 25 mg/mL and compound (3) at 12.5 mg/mL exhibited moderately sensitive effect on S. typhi and S. aureus. Compound (4) inhibited moderately sensitive the S. typhi and P. aeruginosa colonies at 12.5 mg/mL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassana Yaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Bernard Dabolé
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon
- Department of Refining and Petrochemistry, National Advanced School of Mines and Petroleum Industries, The University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Matthieu Matcheme
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Jean Noël Nyemb
- Department of Refining and Petrochemistry, National Advanced School of Mines and Petroleum Industries, The University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Djaouda Moussa
- Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Higher Teachers' Training College, The University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Fru Godloves Chi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Rabia Farooq
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Benoît Bargui Koubala
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon
- Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Higher Teachers' Training College, The University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Tul-Wahab Atia
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang J, Song J, Shilpha J, Jeong BR. Top and Side Lighting Induce Morphophysiological Improvements in Korean Ginseng Sprouts ( Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) Grown from One-Year-Old Roots. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2849. [PMID: 37571002 PMCID: PMC10421474 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, not only the roots, but also leaves and flowers of ginseng are increasingly popular ingredients in supplements for healthcare products and traditional medicine. The cultivation of the shade-loving crop, ginseng, is very demanding in terms of the light environment. Along with the intensity and duration, light direction is another important factor in regulating plant morphophysiology. In the current study, three lighting directions-top (T), side (S), or top + side (TS)-with an intensity of 30 ± 5 μmol·m-2·s-1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) were employed. Generally, compared with the single T lighting, the composite lighting direction, TS, was more effective in shaping the ginseng with improved characteristics, including shortened, thick shoots; enlarged, thick leaves; more leaf trichomes; earlier flower bud formation; and enhanced photosynthesis. The single S light resulted in the worst growth parameters and strongly inhibited the flower bud formation, leading to the latest flower bud observation. Additionally, the S lighting acted as a positive factor in increasing the leaf thickness and number of trichomes on the leaf adaxial surface. However, the participation of the T lighting weakened these traits. Overall, the TS lighting was the optimal direction for improving the growth and development traits in ginseng. This preliminary research may provide new ideas and orientations in ginseng cultivation lodging resistance and improving the supply of ginseng roots, leaves, and flowers to the market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Yang
- Shandong Facility Horticulture Bioengineering Research Center, Jia Sixie College of Agriculture, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang 262700, China; (J.Y.); (J.S.)
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinnan Song
- Shandong Facility Horticulture Bioengineering Research Center, Jia Sixie College of Agriculture, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang 262700, China; (J.Y.); (J.S.)
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayabalan Shilpha
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea;
| | - Byoung Ryong Jeong
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea;
- Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu X, Wang S, Cui L, Zhou H, Liu Y, Meng L, Chen S, Xi X, Zhang Y, Kang W. Flowers: precious food and medicine resources. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
6
|
Du LY, Zhang HE, Zhang Y, Han YY, Ye P, Meng XR, Shen YL, Chen CB, Fan ML, Wang EP. Comparative Study on Chemical Constituents of Ginseng Flowers with Four Consecutive Cultivation Age. Int J Anal Chem 2023; 2023:1771563. [PMID: 37057128 PMCID: PMC10089779 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1771563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The harvest period of cultivated ginseng is generally 4-6 years. Ginseng flowers (GFs), the nonmedicinal parts, are usually removed every autumn, in which components are generally believed to stay unchanged with the increasing cultivation age. Recently, few documents were reported on the variation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other components about ginseng flowers. This study had an insight into the variation of the chemical constituents with the cultivation ages through the comparison of the volatile organic compounds, gross ginsenosides, crude polysaccharide, and gross proteins of ginseng flowers from 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-yr-old (GF3, GF4, GF5, and GF6) which were conducted by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-QQQ/MS) and spectroscopic analysis combined with multivariate statistical analysis, including one-way ANOVA analysis and T test. The results indicated that the crude polysaccharide contents raised significantly depending on cultivation age except 6-yr-old, whereas the gross ginsenosides and the gross protein content were indistinctive. According to the peak intensity of determined VOCs, the contents of most differential compounds arranged in an order from high to low are GF3, GF4, GF5, and GF6, such as the compounds 2-15, 17-19, 22, and 25-26, therefore, they can be inferred that they are important markers to identify the age of GFs. 461 common differential compounds were gained and 26 common volatile organic compounds were identified with RSI >800 and RI and RIx no more than 30, including alcohols (such as 11, 12, and 15), sesquiterpenes (such as 2, 3, and 4), esters (such as 1 and 26), naphthalene and naphthol (such as 7 and 20), which had potential effects on curing Alzheimer's disease, inflammatory diseases, and prostate cancer based on network pharmacology analysis. This paper firstly revealed the variation rules of constitutions of GFs, which may provide a reference for the harvest and making rational application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Yun Du
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Hui-E. Zhang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Yan-Yan Han
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Ping Ye
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Xiang-Ru Meng
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Yan-Long Shen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Chang-Bao Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Mei-Ling Fan
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, China
| | - En-Peng Wang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xie J, Zou L, Wu X, Yang L, Li B, Zhang H, Qiu L. In Vitro Structure–Activity Relationships Between Dammarane-Type Saponins Isolated From Panax notoginseng and Their Anti-inflammatory Properties. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221144572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Total saponin extracts from the roots of Panax notoginseng have been proven to have anti-inflammatory properties. Dammarane-type saponins isolated from the roots of P notoginseng have been shown to be active inhibitors of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). To clarify the structural requirements for inhibition, some structure–activity relationships (SARs) were determined. Methods: RAW264.7 macrophages were maintained in vitro under standard cell culture conditions. The release of NO and TNF-α from these cells was induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and was measured. The primary SAR inhibitory activity of LPS-induced NO and TNF-α and production in RAW264.7 macrophage cells were evaluated by cytotoxicity assays. Results: SAR studies of dammarane-type saponins revealed that the glycosides substituent at C-3, C-6, and C-20 were important features for the NO and TNF-α production in RAW264.7 cells induced LPS. Moreover, the 5(6)-double bond and the OH group at C-7 improved the TNF-α inhibitory activity. In the case of ginsenoside Rh2, the C-20 configuration was needed for potent TNF-α inhibition. Conclusions: These results provide an approach for understanding the structural requirements of dammarane-type saponins isolated from P notoginseng for optimum anti-inflammatory properties of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jizhao Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, PR China
| | - Luhui Zou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, PR China
| | - Xinduo Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, PR China
| | - Liting Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, PR China
| | - Boshu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, PR China
| | - Hancui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, PR China
| | - Li Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Water-soluble saponins accumulate in drought-stressed switchgrass and may inhibit yeast growth during bioethanol production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:116. [PMID: 36310161 PMCID: PMC9620613 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02213-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing economically viable pathways to produce renewable energy has become an important research theme in recent years. Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising feedstock that can be converted into second-generation biofuels and bioproducts. Global warming has adversely affected climate change causing many environmental changes that have impacted earth surface temperature and rainfall patterns. Recent research has shown that environmental growth conditions altered the composition of drought-stressed switchgrass and directly influenced the extent of biomass conversion to fuels by completely inhibiting yeast growth during fermentation. Our goal in this project was to find a way to overcome the microbial inhibition and characterize specific compounds that led to this inhibition. Additionally, we also determined if these microbial inhibitors were plant-generated compounds, by-products of the pretreatment process, or a combination of both. RESULTS Switchgrass harvested in drought (2012) and non-drought (2010) years were pretreated using Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX). Untreated and AFEX processed samples were then extracted using solvents (i.e., water, ethanol, and ethyl acetate) to selectively remove potential inhibitory compounds and determine whether pretreatment affects the inhibition. High solids loading enzymatic hydrolysis was performed on all samples, followed by fermentation using engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fermentation rate, cell growth, sugar consumption, and ethanol production were used to evaluate fermentation performance. We found that water extraction of drought-year switchgrass before AFEX pretreatment reduced the inhibition of yeast fermentation. The extracts were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to detect compounds enriched in the extracted fractions. Saponins, a class of plant-generated triterpene or steroidal glycosides, were found to be significantly more abundant in the water extracts from drought-year (inhibitory) switchgrass. The inhibitory nature of the saponins in switchgrass hydrolysate was validated by spiking commercially available saponin standard (protodioscin) in non-inhibitory switchgrass hydrolysate harvested in normal year. CONCLUSIONS Adding a water extraction step prior to AFEX-pretreatment of drought-stressed switchgrass effectively overcame inhibition of yeast growth during bioethanol production. Saponins appear to be generated by the plant as a response to drought as they were significantly more abundant in the drought-stressed switchgrass water extracts and may contribute toward yeast inhibition in drought-stressed switchgrass hydrolysates.
Collapse
|
9
|
Comparative Analysis of the Floral Fragrance Compounds of Panax notoginseng Flowers under the Panax notoginseng- pinus Agroforestry System Using SPME-GC-MS. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113565. [PMID: 35684502 PMCID: PMC9182305 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng is a medicinal plant in China, the flowers of which have high medicinal value. To study the differences in the floral fragrance compounds of P. notoginseng flowers (bionic wild cultivation) from the forests of Yunnan Province, the floral fragrance compounds from four varieties of P. notoginseng flowers (four-forked seven leaves, three-forked seven leaves, four-forked five–seven leaves, and three-forked five–six leaves) were compared and analyzed via headspace solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry methods. A total of 53 floral fragrance compounds from the P. notoginseng flowers were divided into eight categories, mainly consisting of terpenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and alcohols. Moreover, high contents of 3-carene, germacrene D, (−)-α-gurjunene, valencene, (+)-γ-gurjunene, menogene, and aromandendrene were identified from the flowers of different P. notoginseng varieties. Interestingly, floral fragrance compounds such as 3-carene, valencene, aromandendrene, menogene, and (+)-γ-gurjunene were first reported in the flowers of P. notoginseng. Cluster analysis showed that P. notoginseng with four-forked and three-forked leaves clustered into two subgroups, respectively. In addition, principal component analysis showed that (+)-γ-gurjunene, (+)-calarene, copaene, 1,8,12-bisabolatriene, γ-elemene, (–)-aristolene, caryophyllene, 3-carenes, and 2,6-dimethyl-1,3,6-heptatriene can be used to distinguish the floral fragrance components of four P. notoginseng flower species. This study provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the floral fragrance compounds emitted from the flowers of different P. notoginseng varieties in an agroforestry system.
Collapse
|
10
|
Li X, Liu J, Zuo TT, Hu Y, Li Z, Wang HD, Xu XY, Yang WZ, Guo DA. Advances and challenges in ginseng research from 2011 to 2020: the phytochemistry, quality control, metabolism, and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:875-909. [PMID: 35128553 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00071c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2011 to the end of 2020Panax species (Araliaceae), particularly P. ginseng, P. quinquefolius, and P. notoginseng, have a long history of medicinal use because of their remarkable tonifying effects, and currently serve as crucial sources for various healthcare products, functional foods, and cosmetics, aside from their vast clinical preparations. The huge market demand on a global scale prompts the continuous prosperity in ginseng research concerning the discovery of new compounds, precise quality control, ADME (absorption/disposition/metabolism/excretion), and biosynthesis pathways. Benefitting from the ongoing rapid development of analytical technologies, e.g. multi-dimensional chromatography (MDC), personalized mass spectrometry (MS) scan strategies, and multi-omics, highly recognized progress has been made in driving ginseng analysis towards "systematicness, integrity, personalization, and intelligentization". Herein, we review the advances in the phytochemistry, quality control, metabolism, and biosynthesis pathway of ginseng over the past decade (2011-2020), with 410 citations. Emphasis is placed on the introduction of new compounds isolated (saponins and polysaccharides), and the emerging novel analytical technologies and analytical strategies that favor ginseng's authentic use and global consumption. Perspectives on the challenges and future trends in ginseng analysis are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Tian-Tian Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Ying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China. .,College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Hong-da Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Wen-Zhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - De-An Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China. .,Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang R. Current perspectives on naturally occurring saponins as anticancer agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2100469. [PMID: 35119132 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Saponins, a heterogeneous group of sterol and triterpene glycosides, are distributed widely in nature. Naturally occurring saponins could act on diverse targets in cancer cells and consequently exert potential antiproliferative effects in various cancers, including drug-resistant forms. Therefore, naturally occurring saponins are useful templates for the discovery of novel anticancer candidates. Covering articles published between January 2020 and October 2021, this review aims to outline the recent development of naturally occurring steroidal and triterpenoidal saponins with anticancer potential to provide novel anticancer lead hits/candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruo Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gao D, Kim JH, Vinh LB, Seo EY, Yang SY, Cho CW, Kim YH, Kim KT, Sim J, Kang JS. Effect of citric acid and heat treatment on the content of less-polar ginsenosides in flower buds of Panax ginseng. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 52:144-153. [PMID: 33950798 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2021.1920036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng flower bud (GFB), as an inexpensive part of Panax ginseng, attracted significant attention as a beneficial functional food with medicinal potentials due to its high content of ginsenosides. A few studies focused on the utilization of heat treatment and citric acid treatment to process ginseng flowers, converting its polar ginsenosides into rare ginsenosides to improve its biological activities. Thus, in this study, we compared the changes of ginsenosides in GFB after citric acid and heat treatment by HPLC method. The results revealed that less-polar ginsenoside, Rg6 and F4, increased to 1.01 and 0.27% by heat treatment, respectively. Further, ginsenoside F2 increased to 1.13% with 1 M citric acid treatment. Furthermore, based on the combination of these two processing methods for the first time, the conversion rate of less-polar ginsenosides surged to 80%. The content of ginsenoside Rg3(s) and Rg5 increased to 1.509 and 1.871%, respectively, by simultaneous heat and citric acid treatment. Therefore, a processing approach that simultaneously performs heat and citric acid treatments has been proposed, and this considerably inexpensive and convenient processing method could be applied to the processing of GFBs and produce less-polar ginsenosides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyeok Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Le Ba Vinh
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academic of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Eun-Young Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Young Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sangji University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Woon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Tae Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Sim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seong Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yao CL, Wang J, Li ZW, Qu H, Pan HQ, Li JY, Wei WL, Zhang JQ, Bi QR, Guo DA. Characteristic Malonyl Ginsenosides from the Leaves of Panax notoginseng as Potential Quality Markers for Adulteration Detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4849-4857. [PMID: 33849274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the high price and limited supply of Panax notoginseng, a large number of samples adulterated with the leaves appear in the market. A group of new malonyl ginsenosides were exclusively detected in the P. notoginseng leaves (PNL). Targeted isolation of the malonyl ginsenosides was guided by UPLC-QDa MS. HRMS, 1D/2D NMR, and chemical methods were used for structural identification. A selected ion monitoring method was developed based on UPLC-QDa MS to detect the adulterations. In addition, the anti-inflammatory activities and the collision-induced dissociation features of the isolated saponins were studied. As a result, eight new 3-OH malonylated dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycosides (notoginsenosides L3-L10) were obtained from PNL. Adulteration with PNL can be easily detected with limit of detection as low as 0.06%. To sum up, the isolated ginsenosides can be used as quality markers for fraud detection, which will promote the quality control of the notoginseng products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Liang Yao
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhen-Wei Li
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hua Qu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hui-Qin Pan
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jia-Yuan Li
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wen-Long Wei
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian-Qing Zhang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qi-Rui Bi
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - De-An Guo
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Comprehensive Quality Evaluation of American Ginseng for Different Parts and Abnormal Trait Based on the Major Ginsenoside Contents and Morphological Characteristics. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:8831080. [PMID: 33834075 PMCID: PMC8016571 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8831080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The demand for American ginseng, a famous traditional medicine and high-grade healthy food, has increased dramatically over recent years. However, only the main root is popular among consumers, whereas other parts of American ginseng are rarely available in the market. In this study, the contents of 5 major ginsenosides (Re, Rc, Rg1, Rd, and Rb1) were determined through high-performance liquid chromatography. Our study showed that all these 5 major ginsenosides are found in different parts of American ginseng plants, and the total content in different parts varied significantly in the following order: fibrous root > flower > branch root > main root > leaf > stem. Interestingly, the total content in the fibrous root was approximately 2.24 times higher than that in the main root. Further research indicated that the ginsenoside content in American ginseng with abnormal characteristics (physical deformity caused by disease and discolouration) is similar to that in the normal plant. Interestingly, a positive correlation was observed between the main root diameter and total ginsenoside content, whereas a negative correlation was observed between the main root length and total ginsenoside content. Our comprehensive study revealed that all parts of American ginseng, including the main root with abnormal characteristics, possess medicinal or economic value. Therefore, our results provide feasible evidence to further explore the potential application of American ginseng.
Collapse
|
15
|
Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of a heterogalactan from Panax ginseng flowers. Food Res Int 2021; 140:109859. [PMID: 33648177 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A neutral polysaccharide fraction (WGFPN) was isolated from Panax ginseng flowers. Monosaccharide composition and HPSEC-MALLS-RI (high-performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering detector and refractive index detector) analyses showed WGFPN was a heterogalactan with a molecular weight of 11.0 kDa. Methylation, 1D/2D NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectra and enzymatic hydrolysis methods were used to characterize the structure of WGFPN. It possessed a less branched (1 → 4)-β-D-galactan and a significantly branched (1 → 6)-β-D-galactan. The side chains of (1 → 6)-β-D-galactan were branched with α-L-1,5-Araf and t-α-L-Araf residues at O-3. Trace amount of 1,4-linked Glcp, terminal Galp, terminal Glcp and terminal Manp residues might attached to the 1,6-linked galactan through O-3 or 1,4-linked galactan through O-6 as side chains. WGFPN could activate RAW264.7 macrophages through increasing macrophage phagocytosis, releasing NO and secreting TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-1β in vitro. Moreover, WGFPN could enhance the immunity of cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressed mice in vivo. Hence, WGFPN might be a potential natural immunomodulatory agent.
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang H, Huang R, Li H, Jiao L, Liu S, Wu W. Serum metabolomic analysis of the anti-diabetic effect of Ginseng berry in type II diabetic rats based on ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 196:113897. [PMID: 33508764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Serum metabolomic method was used to investigated the anti-diabetic effects and mechanism of Ginseng berry (GB) on high-fat diet combined streptozotocin induced type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole Exactive orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS). Serum samples from control group, T2DM group, metformin treatment group, and GB ginsenoside treatment group rats were collected after intervention. The biochemical parameters of serum were firstly analyzed. Then metabolomic studies based on UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS and multivariate statistical analysis were performed for the pattern recognition and characteristic metabolites identification. The differential metabolites were analyzed by KEGG metabolic pathway to study the potential mechanism. The treatment of GB ginsenoside significantly reduced the blood glucose level, increased the content of serum SOD, and reduced the content of malondialdehyde. Respectively 16, 9, and 24 differential metabolites were found and identified in T2DM compared to control group, metformin compared to T2DM group and GB compared to T2DM group. Metabolic pathways analysis indicated that GB ginsenoside regulated bile acid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, glucuronization to play a role in the treatment of T2DM. This study verified the anti-diabetic and anti-oxidation effects of ginseng berry, elaborated that GB regulated the secretion of bile acids, activated GLP-1 pathway, increased the secretion of insulin, promoted the hydrolysis of fat and triglyceride, inhibited the activity of 5α - reductase, reduced weight and insulin resistance, so as to improved and treated T2DM, and laid the foundation for the further development and utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heyu Wang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Rensong Huang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Hui Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Lili Jiao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rehan M, Shafiullah, Mir SA. Structural diversity, natural sources, and pharmacological potential of plant-based saponins with special focus on anticancer activity: a review. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02600-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|