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Hanh DD, Elkasaby T, Kawaguchi H, Tsuge Y, Ogino C, Kondo A. Enhanced production of itaconic acid from enzymatic hydrolysate of lignocellulosic biomass by recombinant Corynebacteriumglutamicum. J Biosci Bioeng 2023:S1389-1723(23)00083-X. [PMID: 37120372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Itaconic acid (IA) is a value-added chemical currently produced by Aspergillus terreus from edible glucose and starch but not from inedible lignocellulosic biomass owing to the high sensitivity to fermentation inhibitors present in the hydrolysate of lignocellulosic biomass. To produce IA from lignocellulosic biomass, a gram-positive bacterium, Corynebacterium glutamicum, with a high tolerance to fermentation inhibitors was metabolically engineered to express a fusion protein composed of cis-aconitate decarboxylase from A. terreus responsible for IA formation from cis-aconitate and a maltose-binding protein (malE) from Escherichia coli. The codon-optimized cadA_malE gene was expressed in C. glutamicum ATCC 13032, and the resulting recombinant strain produced IA from glucose. IA concentration increased 4.7-fold by the deletion of the ldh gene encoding lactate dehydrogenase. With the Δldh strain HKC2029, an 18-fold higher IA production was observed from enzymatic hydrolysate of kraft pulp as a model lignocellulosic biomass than from glucose (6.15 and 0.34 g/L, respectively). The enzymatic hydrolysate of kraft pulp contained various potential fermentation inhibitors involved in furan aldehydes, benzaldehydes, benzoic acids, cinnamic acid derivatives, and aliphatic acid. Whereas cinnamic acid derivatives severely inhibited IA production, furan aldehydes, benzoic acids, and aliphatic acid improved IA production at low concentrations. The present study suggests that lignocellulosic hydrolysate contains various potential fermentation inhibitors; however, some of them can serve as enhancers for microbial fermentation likely due to the changing of redox balance in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao Duy Hanh
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Taghreed Elkasaby
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 60 Elgomhoria St, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Hideo Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yota Tsuge
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ogino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Chipkar S, Smith K, Whelan EM, Debrauske DJ, Jen A, Overmyer KA, Senyk A, Hooker-Moericke L, Gallmeyer M, Coon JJ, Jones AD, Sato TK, Ong RG. Water-soluble saponins accumulate in drought-stressed switchgrass and may inhibit yeast growth during bioethanol production. Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod 2022; 15:116. [PMID: 36310161 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02213-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing economically viable pathways to produce renewable energy has become an important research theme in recent years. Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising feedstock that can be converted into second-generation biofuels and bioproducts. Global warming has adversely affected climate change causing many environmental changes that have impacted earth surface temperature and rainfall patterns. Recent research has shown that environmental growth conditions altered the composition of drought-stressed switchgrass and directly influenced the extent of biomass conversion to fuels by completely inhibiting yeast growth during fermentation. Our goal in this project was to find a way to overcome the microbial inhibition and characterize specific compounds that led to this inhibition. Additionally, we also determined if these microbial inhibitors were plant-generated compounds, by-products of the pretreatment process, or a combination of both. RESULTS Switchgrass harvested in drought (2012) and non-drought (2010) years were pretreated using Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX). Untreated and AFEX processed samples were then extracted using solvents (i.e., water, ethanol, and ethyl acetate) to selectively remove potential inhibitory compounds and determine whether pretreatment affects the inhibition. High solids loading enzymatic hydrolysis was performed on all samples, followed by fermentation using engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fermentation rate, cell growth, sugar consumption, and ethanol production were used to evaluate fermentation performance. We found that water extraction of drought-year switchgrass before AFEX pretreatment reduced the inhibition of yeast fermentation. The extracts were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to detect compounds enriched in the extracted fractions. Saponins, a class of plant-generated triterpene or steroidal glycosides, were found to be significantly more abundant in the water extracts from drought-year (inhibitory) switchgrass. The inhibitory nature of the saponins in switchgrass hydrolysate was validated by spiking commercially available saponin standard (protodioscin) in non-inhibitory switchgrass hydrolysate harvested in normal year. CONCLUSIONS Adding a water extraction step prior to AFEX-pretreatment of drought-stressed switchgrass effectively overcame inhibition of yeast growth during bioethanol production. Saponins appear to be generated by the plant as a response to drought as they were significantly more abundant in the drought-stressed switchgrass water extracts and may contribute toward yeast inhibition in drought-stressed switchgrass hydrolysates.
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Chu L, Kang X, Li D, Song X, Zhao X. Physiological responses of Pichia stipitis to imidazolium chloride ionic liquids with different carbon chain length. Chemosphere 2022; 286:131578. [PMID: 34303052 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are used as detoxication agents for fermentation of lignin into ethanol because of their good applicability. However, the residual ILs may be toxic to the yeast. In order to improve the use of ILs for fermentation and protected environment, the toxicity of ILs with different carbon chain length to Pichia stipitis was studied in this paper. Four kinds of common imidazolium chloride ILs ([C4mim]Cl, [C6mim]Cl, [C8mim]Cl and [C10mim]Cl) were selected. ILs can inhibit the proliferation of Pichia stipitis and increase their mortality. Oxidative stress reaction occurred in the cells, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes are affected. Comparing with the integrated biomarker response (IBR) index, it was found that the toxicity increases with increasing chain length. ILs may enter cells by damaging cell membranes and reduce ethanol production by damaging organelles such as mitochondria. ILs caused wrinkles and dents on the surface of cells up to cell deformation and even rupture. The toxicity sequence was as follows: [C10mim]Cl> [C8mim]Cl>[C6mim]Cl>[C4mim]Cl. Due to this toxicity to Pichia stipitis, these compounds should be used carefully in the fermentation process and also to avoid toxic effects on other organisms in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglong Chu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xin Kang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Dongpeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xinshan Song
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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Ong RG, Higbee A, Bottoms S, Dickinson Q, Xie D, Smith SA, Serate J, Pohlmann E, Jones AD, Coon JJ, Sato TK, Sanford GR, Eilert D, Oates LG, Piotrowski JS, Bates DM, Cavalier D, Zhang Y. Inhibition of microbial biofuel production in drought-stressed switchgrass hydrolysate. Biotechnol Biofuels 2016; 9:237. [PMID: 27826356 PMCID: PMC5100259 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0657-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interannual variability in precipitation, particularly drought, can affect lignocellulosic crop biomass yields and composition, and is expected to increase biofuel yield variability. However, the effect of precipitation on downstream fermentation processes has never been directly characterized. In order to investigate the impact of interannual climate variability on biofuel production, corn stover and switchgrass were collected during 3 years with significantly different precipitation profiles, representing a major drought year (2012) and 2 years with average precipitation for the entire season (2010 and 2013). All feedstocks were AFEX (ammonia fiber expansion)-pretreated, enzymatically hydrolyzed, and the hydrolysates separately fermented using xylose-utilizing strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis. A chemical genomics approach was also used to evaluate the growth of yeast mutants in the hydrolysates. RESULTS While most corn stover and switchgrass hydrolysates were readily fermented, growth of S. cerevisiae was completely inhibited in hydrolysate generated from drought-stressed switchgrass. Based on chemical genomics analysis, yeast strains deficient in genes related to protein trafficking within the cell were significantly more resistant to the drought-year switchgrass hydrolysate. Detailed biomass and hydrolysate characterization revealed that switchgrass accumulated greater concentrations of soluble sugars in response to the drought and these sugars were subsequently degraded to pyrazines and imidazoles during ammonia-based pretreatment. When added ex situ to normal switchgrass hydrolysate, imidazoles and pyrazines caused anaerobic growth inhibition of S. cerevisiae. CONCLUSIONS In response to the osmotic pressures experienced during drought stress, plants accumulate soluble sugars that are susceptible to degradation during chemical pretreatments. For ammonia-based pretreatment, these sugars degrade to imidazoles and pyrazines. These compounds contribute to S. cerevisiae growth inhibition in drought-year switchgrass hydrolysate. This work discovered that variation in environmental conditions during the growth of bioenergy crops could have significant detrimental effects on fermentation organisms during biofuel production. These findings are relevant to regions where climate change is predicted to cause an increased incidence of drought and to marginal lands with poor water-holding capacity, where fluctuations in soil moisture may trigger frequent drought stress response in lignocellulosic feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Garlock Ong
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI USA
| | - Alan Higbee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Scott Bottoms
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Quinn Dickinson
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Dan Xie
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Scott A. Smith
- RTSF Mass Spectrometry & Metabolomics Core, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Jose Serate
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Edward Pohlmann
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Arthur Daniel Jones
- RTSF Mass Spectrometry & Metabolomics Core, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Trey K. Sato
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Gregg R. Sanford
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Dustin Eilert
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Lawrence G. Oates
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Jeff S. Piotrowski
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Donna M. Bates
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - David Cavalier
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Yaoping Zhang
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
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Zhang J, Gu F, Zhu JY, Zalesny RS. Using a combined hydrolysis factor to optimize high titer ethanol production from sulfite-pretreated poplar without detoxification. Bioresour Technol 2015; 186:223-231. [PMID: 25817033 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Sulfite pretreatment to overcome the recalcitrance of lignocelluloses (SPORL) was applied to poplar NE222 chips in a range of chemical loadings, temperatures, and times. The combined hydrolysis factor (CHF) as a pretreatment severity accurately predicted xylan dissolution by SPORL. Good correlations between CHF and pretreated solids enzymatic digestibility, sugar yield, and the formations of furfural and acetic acid were obtained. Therefore, CHF was used to balance sugar yield with the formation of fermentation inhibitors for high titer ethanol production without detoxification. The results indicated that optimal sugar yield can be achieved at CHF=3.1, however, fermentation using un-detoxified whole slurries of NE222 pretreated at different severities by SPORL indicated CHF≈2 produced best results. An ethanol titer of 41 g/L was achieved at total solids of approximately 20 wt% without detoxification with a low cellulase loading of 15 FPU/g glucan (27 mL/kg untreated wood).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhi Zhang
- School of Life Sci. Technol., Beijing Univ. Chem. Technol., Beijing, China; USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Feng Gu
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA; Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - J Y Zhu
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Ronald S Zalesny
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Rhinelander, WI, USA
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