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Ren L, Zhang H, Zhou J, Wu Y, Liu B, Wang S, Liu X, Hao X, Zhao L. Unique and generic crossed metabolism in response to four sub-lethal environmental stresses in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 264:115434. [PMID: 37690174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Bactrocera dorsalis is a well-known invasive pest that causes considerable ecological and economic losses worldwild. Although it has a wide environmental tolerance, few studies have reported its mechanism of adaptation to multiple sub-lethal environmental stresses. In this study, 38, 41, 39 and 34 metabolites changed significantly in B. dorsalis under four sub-lethal stresses (heat, cold, desiccation and hypoxia), as found by the metabolomic method. Therein, lactic acid and pyruvic acid were induced, whereas metabolites in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle such as citric acid, α-ketoglutarate acid, malic acid and fumaric acid were reduced under at least one of the stresses. Enzyme activity and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analyses verified the repression of pyruvic acid proceeding into the TCA cycle. In addition, the levels of several cryoprotectants and membrane fatty acids in B. dorsalis were altered. The findings indicated that B. dorsalis has evolved shared metabolic pathways to adapt to heat, hypoxia and desiccation stresses, such as reducing energy consumption by activating the anaerobic glycolytic metabolism. Cryoprotectants and membrane fatty acids were produced to improve the efficiency of stress resistance. This study revealed the unique and generic crossed physiological mechanism of insects to adapt to various environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ren
- Science and Technology Research Center of China Customs, Beijing 100026, China; Institute of Inspection Technology and Equipment, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yajing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Medical Artificial Intelligence, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Shuping Wang
- Animal, Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Shanghai Customs, Shanghai 200002, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Science and Technology Research Center of China Customs, Beijing 100026, China
| | - Xin Hao
- Science and Technology Research Center of China Customs, Beijing 100026, China
| | - Lilin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Protective effects of Panax ginseng berry extract on blue light-induced retinal damage in ARPE-19 cells and mouse retina. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:65-73. [PMID: 36644394 PMCID: PMC9834005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a significant visual disease that induces impaired vision and irreversible blindness in the elderly. However, the effects of ginseng berry extract (GBE) on the retina have not been studied. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the protective effects of GBE on blue light (BL)-induced retinal damage and elucidate its underlying mechanisms in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19 cells) and Balb/c retina. Methods To investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of GBE on retinal damage in vitro, we performed cell viability assay, pre-and post-treatment of sample, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and western immunoblotting using A2E-laden ARPE-19 cells with BL exposure. In addition, Balb/c mice were irradiated with BL to induce retinal degeneration and orally administrated with GBE (50, 100, 200 mg/kg). Using the harvested retina, we performed histological analysis (thickness of retinal layers), qRT-PCR, and western immunoblotting to elucidate the effects and mechanisms of GBE against retinal damage in vivo. Results GBE significantly inhibited BL-induced cell damage in ARPE-19 cells by activating the SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway, regulating NF-kB translocation, caspase 3 activation, PARP cleavage, expressions of apoptosis-related factors (BAX/BCL-2, LC3-Ⅱ, and p62), and ROS production. Furthermore, GBE prevented BL-induced retinal degeneration by restoring the thickness of retinal layers and suppressed inflammation and apoptosis via regulation of NF-kB and SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway, cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP, and expressions of apoptosis-related factors in vivo. Conclusions GBE could be a potential agent to prevent dry AMD and progression to wet AMD.
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Vaitkeviciene N, Jariene E, Kulaitiene J, Lasinskas M, Blinstrubiene A, Hallmann E. Effect of Solid-State Fermentation on Vitamin C, Photosynthetic Pigments and Sugars in Willow Herb ( Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub) Leaves. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3300. [PMID: 36501337 PMCID: PMC9739449 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this investigation was to establish the impact of solid-state fermentation of different durations on the quantitative changes of vitamin C, sugars and photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of willow herbs. The tested leaves were fermented using two solid-state fermentation methods (aerobic and anaerobic) for different time periods (unfermented and fermented for 24, 48 and 72 h). The quantitative and qualitative composition of chlorophylls, carotenoids, sugars and vitamin C were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detectors. Results indicated that aerobic and anaerobic solid-state fermentation significantly decreased the contents of vitamin C, dehydroascorbic and L-ascorbic acids in leaves compared with the unfermented leaves. The contents of total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a were the highest in unfermented leaves and after 24 h of aerobic solid-state fermentation. The maximum content of total carotenoids in leaves were after 48 and 72 h of aerobic solid-state fermentation (149.31 mg 100 g-1 and 151.51 mg 100 g-1, respectively). The application of anaerobic solid-state fermentation resulted in significant increase in the content of total sugars, fructose and glucose in investigated samples. In conclusion, optimization of fermentation parameters allows increasing the content of sugars and photosynthetic pigments in leaves of willow herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nijole Vaitkeviciene
- Department of Plant Biology and Food Sciences, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Donelaicio St. 58, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Elvyra Jariene
- Department of Plant Biology and Food Sciences, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Donelaicio St. 58, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jurgita Kulaitiene
- Department of Plant Biology and Food Sciences, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Donelaicio St. 58, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Lasinskas
- Department of Plant Biology and Food Sciences, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Donelaicio St. 58, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ausra Blinstrubiene
- Department of Plant Biology and Food Sciences, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Donelaicio St. 58, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ewelina Hallmann
- Department of Functional and Organic Food, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 15c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Wang H, Tong Y, Wang A, Li Y, Lu B, Li H, Jiao L, Wu W. Evaluation and Screening of Hypoglycemic Activity of Total Ginsenosides GBE-5 Fraction From Panax Ginseng Berry Based on UHPLC-MS Metabolomics. Front Nutr 2022; 9:865077. [PMID: 35548575 PMCID: PMC9084362 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.865077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Ginseng berry (GB) was the mature fruit of medicinal and edible herb, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, with significant hypoglycemic effect. Ginsenoside was the main hypoglycemic active component of GB. Evaluating and screening the effective components of GB was of great significance to further develop its hypoglycemic effect. Methods The polar fractions of ginseng berry extract (GBE) were separated by a solvent extraction, and identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). The insulin resistance model of HepG2 cells was established, and the hypoglycemic active fraction in GBE polar fractions were screened in vitro. Rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was established to verify the hypoglycemic effect of the GBE active fraction. The metabolomic study based on UHPLC-MS was used to analyze the differential metabolites in the serum of T2DM rats after 30 days of intervention with hypoglycemic active GBE fraction. The kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) metabolic pathway enrichment analysis was used to study the main metabolic pathways involved in the regulation of hypoglycemic active parts of GBE. Results It was found that GBE-5 fraction had better hypoglycemic activity than other GBE polar fractions in vitro cell hypoglycemic activity screening experiment. After 30 days of treatment, the fasting blood glucose value of T2DM rats decreased significantly by 34.75%, indicating that it had significant hypoglycemic effect. Eighteen differential metabolites enriched in KEGG metabolic pathway were screened and identified in the rat serum from T2DM vs. GBE-5 group, and the metabolic pathways mainly involved in regulation include arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism, linoleic acid (LA) metabolism, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, and ferroptosis. Conclusions The hypoglycemic effect of GBE-5 fraction was better than that of total ginsenoside of GB. The AA metabolism, LA metabolism, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, and ferroptosis were the potential metabolic pathways for GBE-5 fraction to exert hypoglycemic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyu Wang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China,School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Yu Tong
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Anqi Wang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Bofan Lu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Lili Jiao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Wei Wu
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Comparative Study of Three Raspberry Cultivar (Rubus idaeus L.) Leaves Metabolites: Metabolome Profiling and Antioxidant Activities. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12030990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), known as one of the famous healthy fruits an d are consumed fresh or processed products all over the world. The antioxidation activity of raspberry fruits as well as leaves have been widely investigated. To better understand the metabolite accumulation mechanisms and to develop different functional cultivars, we performed a non-targeted metabolomics analysis using LC-MS/MS to investigate the contents of existing components from three raspberry cultivars, Autumn Britten, Autumn Bliss, and Red Autumn leaves, respectively. The results show multiple differentially accumulated metabolites among three cultivars, especially for the lipids (α-linolenic acid and eicosatetraenoic acid), amino acids and their derivatives (L-cysteine, Phenylalanine), flavonoids (Kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-glucoside, Quercetin 3-glucoside), and vitamins (Biotin, Thiamine, Vitamin K2), etc. The in vitro cellular antioxidant activities of three raspberry cultivars leaves ethanol extracts (RLEE) were also characterized. Through comparison the superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels before or after RLEE protection of L929 fibroblast cells upon excessive UVB exposure, we evaluated the antioxidation potentials for all three cultivar RLEEs. It turns out the raspberry Autumn Britten leaf extract holds the greatest potential for protecting the L929 fibroblast cells from UVB induced damage. Our study provides theoretical support for screening of active metabolites from three raspberry cultivars leaves, spanning metabolites’ accumulation to cell damage protection, which could be used to refine bioactivity assessment for different raspberry cultivars suitable for antioxidant products extraction.
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Nontargeted Metabolomics as a Screening Tool for Estimating Bioactive Metabolites in the Extracts of 50 Indigenous Korean Plants. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11090585. [PMID: 34564401 PMCID: PMC8468114 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many indigenous Korean plants have been used in medicinal preparations and health-promoting foods. These plant species contain beneficial metabolites with various bioactivities, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Herein, we suggest a new screening strategy using metabolomics to explore the bioactive compounds in 50 Korean plants. Secondary metabolites were analyzed using UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS. The plant extracts were subjected to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assays. We identified metabolites that contributed to bioactivities according to the results of bioassays and multivariate analyses. Using Pearson’s correlation, phenolics (e.g., casuarictin, 3-O-methylellagic acid) showed positive correlation with antioxidant activity, while biflavonoids (e.g., amentoflavone, rosbustaflavone) were correlated with nitric oxide (NO) inhibition activity. To compensate for the limitation of this new strategy, we further validated these by investigating three parts (branches, fruits, leaves) of Platycladus orientalis which showed high activities on both bioassays. Unlike the above observation, we identified significantly different metabolites from different parts, which was not the results of bioassays. In these validation steps, interestingly, biflavonoids (e.g., robustaflavone, sciadopitysin) contributed to both activities in P. orientalis. The findings of this work suggest that new strategy could be more beneficial in the identification of bioactive plant species as well as that of their corresponding bioactive compounds that impart the bioactivity.
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Kim MJ, Son SY, Jeon SG, Kim JG, Lee CH. Metabolite Profiling of Dioscorea (Yam) Leaves to Identify Bioactive Compounds Reveals Their Potential as Renewable Resources. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081751. [PMID: 34451796 PMCID: PMC8399132 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Yams (Dioscorea spp.) are cultivated and consumed as edible tubers, while their leaves are discarded as waste or burned with negative environmental impact. Herein, the metabolites of two yam species (Danma, DAN; Dunggeunma, DUN), harvested in June, July, and August, were profiled using GC-TOF-MS and UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS and the antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated to stimulate the utilization of yam leaves as a by-product. We observed that the relative levels of amino acids, organic acids, sugars, and saponins decreased linearly with prolonged harvest time, while fatty acid, phenanthrene, and flavonoid levels gradually increased. Furthermore, the leaf extracts obtained in August exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. To determine the antioxidant-contributing metabolites, OPLS-DA was performed for the leaf metabolites of DAN and DUN leaves harvested in August. Hydroxytyrosol-glucoside, apigenin-rhamnoside, and rutin were more abundant in DUN, while luteolin, phenanthrene derivatives, epicatechin, and kaempferide were relatively higher in DAN and their respective metabolites were positively correlated with the antioxidant activity. Moreover, secondary metabolites were more abundant in the leaves than in the roots, and consequently, the antioxidant activity of the former was also higher. Overall, the potential value of yam leaves as a renewable source of bioactive compounds is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ji Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (M.-J.K.); (S.-Y.S.)
| | - Su-Young Son
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (M.-J.K.); (S.-Y.S.)
| | - Su-Gyeong Jeon
- Insititute for Bioresources Research, Gyeongsangbuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Andong 36614, Korea;
| | - Jeong-Gu Kim
- Genomics Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-G.K.); (C.-H.L.); Tel.: +82-2-2049-6177 (C.-H.L.)
| | - Choong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (M.-J.K.); (S.-Y.S.)
- Research Institute for Bioactive-Metabolome Network, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- MetaMass Co. Ltd., Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-G.K.); (C.-H.L.); Tel.: +82-2-2049-6177 (C.-H.L.)
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Li C, Liang Y, Sun Y, Wang W, Zhang J, Zhang T. Elucidation of interaction between serum albumin and ginsenoside CK along with cytotoxic study. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 155:112403. [PMID: 34246707 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As a main metabolite of ginsenosides, compound K (CK) has a vast array of pharmacological effects. However, due to its low polarity and insoluble in water, its oral application has been greatly limited. In this work, the interaction between serum albumin and ginsenoside CK was elucidated by multi-spectroscopic studies. The result of ultraviolet/visible absorption spectroscopy showed that the conformation of serum albumin could be changed via binding with CK. The result of fluorescence spectroscopy suggested that CK could form complex with serum albumin. CK could quench the fluorescence and the fluorescence residues of serum albumin were located in or near the binding position. Molecular docking indicated that CK bound at Sudlow's site II of serum albumin and formed hydrogen-bonding interactions with three residues. Furthermore, the flexible side chain of CK was difficult to be stabilized at the binding site, resulting in its serious perturbation during dynamics simulation. This work also performed the cytotoxic study and the result showed that serum albumin enhanced the inhibitory effect of CK on the proliferation of both Caco-2 and HCT-116 cells. To sum up, this work revealed that serum albumin might be an appropriate carrier of hydrophobic compounds, with the advantage of improving their biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfei Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yuan Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yantong Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wencheng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Tiehua Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Chae SH, Lee YS, Kim JH, Han TH, Ku KM. Metabolite and Elastase Activity Changes in Beach Rose (Rosa rugosa) Fruit and Seeds at Various Stages of Ripeness. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071283. [PMID: 34202618 PMCID: PMC8309187 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rose hips are the fruits of the beach rose (Rosa rugosa). To determine the optimal harvest time and to obtain the maximum functional compounds, rose hips at various stages of ripeness (immature, early, mid, and late) were harvested, and the flesh tissue and seeds were separated. The rose hip flesh showed the highest total phenolic content at the mid-ripeness stage (8.45 ± 0.62 mg/g gallic acid equivalent concentration (dry weight)). The early-, mid-, and late-ripeness stages of rose hip flesh did not show significantly different 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl antioxidant capacities. The elastase inhibitory activity of the 95% ethanol extract from the rose hip seeds was highest at the mid-ripeness stage; however, the elastase inhibitory activity of the rose hip tissue was not significantly different from that of the seeds. Pathway analysis using MetaboAnalyst showed that sucrose, fructose, and glucose gradually increased as the fruit ripened. Ursolic acid was detected in the seeds but not in the flesh. Of the fatty acids, linoleic acid concentrations were highest in rose hip seeds, followed by linolenic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid. Fatty acids and ursolic acid might be the active compounds responsible for elastase inhibitory activity and can be utilized as a functional cosmetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hun Chae
- BK21 Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (T.-H.H.)
- Department of Horticulture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Young-Sang Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea;
| | - Jin-Hee Kim
- Department of Herbal Skin Care & Cosmetology, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea;
- Healinnols, Inc., Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Tae-Ho Han
- BK21 Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (T.-H.H.)
- Department of Horticulture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Kang-Mo Ku
- BK21 Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (T.-H.H.)
- Department of Horticulture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-62-530-2065
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Evaluation of Metabolite Profiles of Ginseng Berry Pomace Obtained after Different Pressure Treatments and Their Correlation with the Antioxidant Activity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020284. [PMID: 33429987 PMCID: PMC7827211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng berry pomace (GBP) is a byproduct of ginseng berry processing and is rich in numerous bioactive components, including ginsenosides and their derivatives. The application of GBP as a beneficial biomaterial is currently limited. In this study, we aimed to evaluate their potential as a promising source of bioactive compounds using metabolite profiling. The GBP obtained after different ultra-high-pressure (UHP) treatments was analyzed by GC-TOF-MS and UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS. In multivariate analyses, we observed a clear demarcation between the control and UHP-treated groups. The results demonstrated that the relative abundance of primary metabolites and a few ginsenosides was higher in the control, whereas UHP treatment contained higher levels of fatty acids and sugars. Furthermore, GBPs were fractionated using different solvents, followed by UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS analyses. The heatmap revealed that phenolics (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol) and fewer polar ginsenosides (e.g., F4, Rh2) were abundant in the ethyl acetate fraction, whereas the levels of lignans (e.g., 7-hydroxysecoisolariciresinol, syringaresinol) and fatty acids (e.g., trihydroxy-octadecenoic acid, oxo-dihydroxy-octadecenoic acid) were high in chloroform. Correlation analysis showed that phenolics, less polar ginsenosides, and fatty acids were positively correlated with the antioxidant activity of GBP. Our study highlights GBP as a functional ingredient for the development of high-quality ginseng berry products.
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GC-TOF-MS-Based Metabolomic Analysis and Evaluation of the Effects of HX106, a Nutraceutical, on ADHD-Like Symptoms in Prenatal Alcohol Exposed Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103027. [PMID: 33023237 PMCID: PMC7600704 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that occurs in children characterized by inattention and hyperactivity. Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can disrupt fetal neuronal development and cause an ADHD-like hyperactive behavior in the offspring. In this study, we hypothesized that metabolic disturbance would involve in ADHD neuropathology and aimed to investigate the changes in metabolite profile in PAE-induced ADHD-like model and the effects of HX106, a nutraceutical, on ADHD-like pathophysiology and metabolite changes. To this end, we administered HX106 to the mouse offspring affected by PAE (OPAE) and assessed the hyperactivity using the open field test. We observed that HX106-treated OPAE showed less hyperactive behavior than vehicle-treated OPAE. The effects of HX106 were found to be related to the regulation of dopamine transporter and D2 dopamine receptor expression. Furthermore, using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, we explored the metabolite changes among the experimental groups. The metabolite profile, particularly related with the amino acids, linoleic acid and amino sugar pathways, was altered by PAE and reversed by HX106 treatment partially similar to that observed in the control group. Overall, this study suggest that metabolite alteration would be involved in ADHD pathology and that HX106 can be an efficient supplement to overcome ADHD by regulating dopamine signaling-related protein expression and metabolite changes.
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Piao X, Zhang H, Kang JP, Yang DU, Li Y, Pang S, Jin Y, Yang DC, Wang Y. Advances in Saponin Diversity of Panax ginseng. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153452. [PMID: 32751233 PMCID: PMC7435442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are the major bioactive constituents of Panax ginseng, which have pharmacological effects. Although there are several reviews in regards to ginsenosides, new ginsenosides have been detected continually in recent years. This review updates the ginsenoside list from P. ginseng to 170 by the end of 2019, and aims to highlight the diversity of ginsenosides in multiple dimensions, including chemical structure, tissue spatial distribution, time, and isomeride. Protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol and C17 side-chain varied (C17SCV) manners are the major types of ginsenosides, and the constitute of ginsenosides varied significantly among different parts. Only 16 ginsenosides commonly exist in all parts of a ginseng plant. Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside is dominant in root, rhizome, leaf, stem, and fruit, whereas malonyl- and C17SCV-type ginsenosides occupy a greater proportion in the flower and flower bud compared with other parts. In respects of isomeride, there are 69 molecular formulas corresponding to 170 ginsenosides, and the median of isomers is 2. This is the first review on diversity of ginsenosides, providing information for reasonable utilization of whole ginseng plant, and the perspective on studying the physiological functions of ginsenoside for the ginseng plant itself is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmin Piao
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China; (X.P.); (H.Z.)
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (Y.L.); (S.P.); (Y.J.)
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China; (X.P.); (H.Z.)
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (Y.L.); (S.P.); (Y.J.)
| | - Jong Pyo Kang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Korea; (J.P.K.); (D.U.Y.)
| | - Dong Uk Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Korea; (J.P.K.); (D.U.Y.)
| | - Yali Li
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (Y.L.); (S.P.); (Y.J.)
| | - Shifeng Pang
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (Y.L.); (S.P.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yinping Jin
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (Y.L.); (S.P.); (Y.J.)
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Korea; (J.P.K.); (D.U.Y.)
- Correspondence: (D.C.Y.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +82-031-281-6326 (D.C.Y.); +86-431-8453-3431 (Y.W.)
| | - Yingping Wang
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China; (X.P.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence: (D.C.Y.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +82-031-281-6326 (D.C.Y.); +86-431-8453-3431 (Y.W.)
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13
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Park SE, Seo SH, Kim EJ, Park DH, Park KM, Cho SS, Son HS. Metabolomic Approach for Discrimination of Cultivation Age and Ripening Stage in Ginseng Berry Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2019; 24:E3837. [PMID: 31653085 PMCID: PMC6864821 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze metabolic differences of ginseng berries according to cultivation age and ripening stage using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics method. Ginseng berries were harvested every week during five different ripening stages of three-year-old and four-year-old ginseng. Using identified metabolites, a random forest machine learning approach was applied to obtain predictive models for the classification of cultivation age or ripening stage. Principal component analysis (PCA) score plot showed a clear separation by ripening stage, indicating that continuous metabolic changes occurred until the fifth ripening stage. Three-year-old ginseng berries had higher levels of valine, glutamic acid, and tryptophan, but lower levels of lactic acid and galactose than four-year-old ginseng berries at fully ripened stage. Metabolic pathways affected by different cultivation age were involved in amino acid metabolism pathways. A random forest machine learning approach extracted some important metabolites for predicting cultivation age or ripening stage with low error rate. This study demonstrates that different cultivation ages or ripening stages of ginseng berry can be successfully discriminated using a GC-MS-based metabolomic approach together with random forest analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Eun Park
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Korea.
| | - Seung-Ho Seo
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Korea.
| | - Eun-Ju Kim
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Korea.
| | - Dae-Hun Park
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Mok Park
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Korea.
| | - Seung-Sik Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Mokpo 58554, Korea.
| | - Hong-Seok Son
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju 58245, Korea.
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14
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Song SY, Park DH, Seo SW, Park KM, Bae CS, Son HS, Kim HG, Lee JH, Yoon G, Shim JH, Im E, Rhee SH, Yoon IS, Cho SS. Effects of Harvest Time on Phytochemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Panax ginseng Berry Extracts. Molecules 2019; 24:E3343. [PMID: 31540334 PMCID: PMC6766869 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng) has long been used as a traditional medicine for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Generally, the harvest time and age of ginseng have been regarded as important factors determining the efficacy of ginseng. However, most studies have mainly focused on the root of ginseng, while studies on other parts of ginseng such as its berry have been relatively limited. Thus, the aim of this study iss to determine effects of harvest time on yields, phenolics/ginsenosides contents, and the antioxidant/anti-elastase activities of ethanol extracts of three- and four-year-old ginseng berry. In both three- and fourfour-year-old ginseng berry extracts, antioxidant and anti-elastase activities tended to increase as berries ripen from the first week to the last week of July. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis has revealed that contents of ginsenosides except Rg1 tend to be the highest in fourfour-year-old ginseng berries harvested in early July. These results indicate that biological activities and ginsenoside profiles of ginseng berry extracts depend on their age and harvest time in July, suggesting the importance of harvest time in the development of functional foods and medicinal products containing ginseng berry extracts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the influence of harvest time on the biological activity and ginsenoside contents of ginseng berry extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Yeap Song
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
| | - Dae-Hun Park
- Department of Nursing, Dongshin University, Jeonnam 58245, Korea.
| | - Seong-Wook Seo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Mok Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Dongshin University, Jeonnam 58245, Korea.
| | - Chun-Sik Bae
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.
| | - Hong-Seok Son
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Jeonnam 58245, Korea.
| | - Hyung-Gyun Kim
- Department of Research Planning, Mokpo Marine Food-industry Research Center, Jeonnam 58621, Korea.
| | - Jung-Hee Lee
- Department of Research Planning, Mokpo Marine Food-industry Research Center, Jeonnam 58621, Korea.
| | - Goo Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
| | - Jung-Hyun Shim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
| | - Eunok Im
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Sang Hoon Rhee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
| | - In-Soo Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Seung-Sik Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Korea.
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