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Chen Q, Lei J, Li X, Zhang J, Liu D, Cui X, Ge F. Heterologous synthesis of ginsenoside F1 and its precursors in Nicotiana benthamiana. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 299:154276. [PMID: 38801806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Ginsenoside F1 has high medicinal values, which is a kind of rare triterpene saponin isolated from Panax plants. The extremely low content of ginsenoside F1 in herbs has limited its research and application in medical field. In this work, we constructed a pathway in tobacco for the biosynthesis of ginsenoside F1 by metabolic engineering. Four enzyme genes (PnDDS, CYP716A47, CYP716S1 and UGT71A56) isolated from Panax notoginseng were introduced into tobacco. Thus, a biosynthetic pathway for ginsenoside F1 synthesis was artificially constructed in tobacco cells; moreover, the four exogenous genes could be expressed in the roots, stems and leaves of transgenic plants. Consequently, ginsenoside F1 and its precursors were successfully synthesized in the transgenic tobacco, compared with Panax plants, the content of ginsenoside F1 in transgenic tobacco was doubled. In addition, accumulation of ginsenoside F1 and its precursors in transgenic tobacco shows organ specificity. Based on these results, a new approach was established to produce rare ginsenoside F1; meanwhile, such strategy could also be employed in plant hosts for the heterologous synthesis of other important or rare natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jun Lei
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Analytical & Testing Research Center, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650205, China
| | - Diqiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Feng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Yang C, Qu L, Wang R, Wang F, Yang Z, Xiao F. Multi-layered effects of Panax notoginseng on immune system. Pharmacol Res 2024; 204:107203. [PMID: 38719196 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated the immunomodulatory potential of Panax notoginseng in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases and cerebral hemorrhage, suggesting its significance in clinical practice. Nevertheless, the complex immune activity of various components has hindered a comprehensive understanding of the immune-regulating properties of Panax notoginseng, impeding its broader utilization. This review evaluates the effect of Panax notoginseng to various types of white blood cells, elucidates the underlying mechanisms, and compares the immunomodulatory effects of different Panax notoginseng active fractions, aiming to provide the theory basis for future immunomodulatory investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhao Yang
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China
| | - Liping Qu
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Innovation Materials Research and Development Center, Botanee Research Institute, Shanghai Jiyan Biomedical Development Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201702, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Innovation Materials Research and Development Center, Botanee Research Institute, Shanghai Jiyan Biomedical Development Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201702, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Yang
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China
| | - Fengkun Xiao
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China.
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Ahmad SS, Ahmad K, Hwang YC, Lee EJ, Choi I. Therapeutic Applications of Ginseng Natural Compounds for Health Management. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17290. [PMID: 38139116 PMCID: PMC10744087 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is usually consumed as a daily food supplement to improve health and has been shown to benefit skeletal muscle, improve glucose metabolism, and ameliorate muscle-wasting conditions, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and the effects of aging and cancers. Ginseng has also been reported to help maintain bone strength and liver (digestion, metabolism, detoxification, and protein synthesis) and kidney functions. In addition, ginseng is often used to treat age-associated neurodegenerative disorders, and ginseng and ginseng-derived natural products are popular natural remedies for diseases such as diabetes, obesity, oxidative stress, and inflammation, as well as fungal, bacterial, and viral infections. Ginseng is a well-known herbal medication, known to alleviate the actions of several cytokines. The article concludes with future directions and significant application of ginseng compounds for researchers in understanding the promising role of ginseng in the treatment of several diseases. Overall, this study was undertaken to highlight the broad-spectrum therapeutic applications of ginseng compounds for health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; (S.S.A.); (K.A.); (Y.C.H.); (E.J.L.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Khurshid Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; (S.S.A.); (K.A.); (Y.C.H.); (E.J.L.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Chan Hwang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; (S.S.A.); (K.A.); (Y.C.H.); (E.J.L.)
| | - Eun Ju Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; (S.S.A.); (K.A.); (Y.C.H.); (E.J.L.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; (S.S.A.); (K.A.); (Y.C.H.); (E.J.L.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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Wang Y, Han Q, Zhang S, Xing X, Sun X. New perspective on the immunomodulatory activity of ginsenosides: Focus on effective therapies for post-COVID-19. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115154. [PMID: 37454595 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 700 million confirmed cases of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) have been reported globally, and 10-60% of patients are expected to exhibit "post-COVID-19 symptoms," which will continue to affect human life and health. In the absence of safer, more specific drugs, current multiple immunotherapies have failed to achieve satisfactory efficacy. Ginseng, a traditional Chinese medicine, is often used as an immunomodulator and has been used in COVID-19 treatment as a tonic to increase blood oxygen saturation. Ginsenosides are the main active components of ginseng. In this review, we summarize the multiple ways in which ginsenosides affect post-COVID-19 symptoms, including inhibition of lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor signaling, modulation of chemokine receptors and inflammasome activation, induction of macrophage polarization, effects on Toll-like receptors, nuclear factor kappa-B, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, lymphocytes, intestinal flora, and epigenetic regulation. Ginsenosides affect virus-mediated tissue damage, local or systemic inflammation, immune modulation, and other links, thus alleviating respiratory and pulmonary symptoms, reducing the cardiac burden, protecting the nervous system, and providing new ideas for the rehabilitation of patients with post-COVID-19 symptoms. Furthermore, we analyzed its role in strengthening body resistance to eliminate pathogenic factors from the perspective of ginseng-epidemic disease and highlighted the challenges in clinical applications. However, the benefit of ginsenosides in modulating organismal imbalance post-COVID-19 needs to be further evaluated to better validate the pharmacological mechanisms associated with their traditional efficacy and to determine their role in individualized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Qin Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China.
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders,State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China.
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Huo R, Wang M, Wei X, Qiu Y. Research Progress on Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms of Black Ginseng. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202200846. [PMID: 36789670 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, black ginseng, a new type of processed ginseng product, has attracted the attention of scholars globally. Ginsenoside and ginseng polysaccharide, the main active substances of black ginseng, have been shown to carry curative effects for many diseases. This article focuses on the mechanism of their action in anti-inflammatory response, which is mainly divided into three aspects: activation of immune cells to exert immune regulatory response; participation in inflammatory response-related pathways and regulation of the expression level of inflammatory factors; effect on the metabolic activity of intestinal flora. This study identifies active anti-inflammatory components and an action mechanism of black ginseng showing multi-component, multi-target, and multi-channel characteristics, providing ideas and a basis for a follow-up in-depth study of its specific mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Huo
- Pharmacy College of, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Mengyuan Wang
- Pharmacy College of, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Xu Wei
- Pharmacy College of, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Ye Qiu
- Pharmacy College of, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
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Zhong B, Seah JJ, Liu F, Ba L, Du J, Wang DY. The role of hypoxia in the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis. Allergy 2022; 77:3217-3232. [PMID: 35603933 DOI: 10.1111/all.15384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal cavity characterized by excessive nasal mucus secretion and nasal congestion. The development of CRS is related to pathological mechanisms induced by hypoxia. Under hypoxic conditions, the stable expression of both Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) α and HIF-2α are involved in the immune response and inflammatory pathways of CRS. The imbalance in the composition of nasal microbiota may affect the hypoxic state of CRS and perpetuate existing inflammation. Hypoxia affects the differentiation of nasal epithelial cells such as ciliated cells and goblet cells, induces fibroblast proliferation, and leads to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tissue remodeling. Hypoxia also affects the proliferation and differentiation of macrophages, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells in sinonasal mucosa, and thus influences the inflammatory state of CRS by regulating T cells and B cells. Given the multifactorial nature in which HIF is linked to CRS, this study aims to elucidate the effect of hypoxia on the pathogenic mechanisms of CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhong
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun Jie Seah
- Department of Otolaryngology, Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Feng Liu
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luo Ba
- Department of Otolaryngology, People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa, China
| | - Jintao Du
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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