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Choi W, Cho JH, Park SH, Kim DS, Lee HP, Kim D, Kim HS, Kim JH, Cho JY. Ginseng root-derived exosome-like nanoparticles protect skin from UV irradiation and oxidative stress by suppressing activator protein-1 signaling and limiting the generation of reactive oxygen species. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:211-219. [PMID: 38465216 PMCID: PMC10920011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PDENs) have been isolated, and active research was focusing on understanding their properties and functions. In this study, the characteristics and molecular properties of ginseng root-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (GrDENs) were examined in terms of skin protection. Methods HPLC-MS protocols were used to analyze the ginsenoside contents in GrDENs. To investigate the beneficial effect of GrDENs on skin, HaCaT cells were pre-treated with GrDENs (0-2 × 109 particles/mL), and followed by UVB irradiation or H2O2 exposure. In addition, the antioxidant activity of GrDENs was measured using a fluorescence microscope or flow cytometry. Finally, molecular mechanisms were examined with immunoblotting analysis. Results GrDENs contained detectable levels of ginsenosides (Re, Rg1, Rb1, Rf, Rg2 (S), Gyp17, Rd, C-Mc1, C-O, and F2). In UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells, GrDENs protected cells from death and reduced ROS production. GrDENs downregulated the mRNA expression of proapoptotic genes, including BAX, caspase-1, -3, -6, -7, and -8 and the ratio of cleaved caspase-8, -9, and -3 in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, GrDENs reduced the mRNA levels of aging-related genes (MMP2 and 3), proinflammatory genes (COX-2 and IL-6), and cellular senescence biomarker p21, possibly by suppressing activator protein-1 signaling. Conclusions This study demonstrates the protective effects of GrDENs against skin damage caused by UV and oxidative stress, providing new insights into beneficial uses of ginseng. In particular, our results suggest GrDENs as a potential active ingredient in cosmeceuticals to promote skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooram Choi
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Cho
- Research and Innovation Center, AMOREPACIFIC, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Park
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Seon Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Pyoung Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Research and Innovation Center, AMOREPACIFIC, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Research and Innovation Center, AMOREPACIFIC, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Muñoz-Castellanos B, Martínez-López P, Bailón-Moreno R, Esquius L. Effect of Ginseng Intake on Muscle Damage Induced by Exercise in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2023; 16:90. [PMID: 38201920 PMCID: PMC10780807 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the most popular herbal supplements in the world is ginseng. Several studies have evaluated the capacity of ginseng as a protective element in the physiological response to exercise. The result produced by the exercise causes an increase in cellular biomarkers of damage in the skeletal muscle, mainly in the pro-inflammatory types. The different types of ginseng are composed of ginsenosides, which are active ingredients that act on the central nervous system and have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as effects on cortisol modulation. The use of ginseng as a nutritional supplement can help muscle regeneration and renewal. The objective of this review is to enrich the knowledge regarding the consumption of ginseng for a specific situation, such as exercise, which would cause an improvement in the tolerance to chronic load stimuli in sport, thus helping the subjects to recover between training sessions. Due to these benefits, it could also be an ideal food supplement for regenerative processes in muscle injuries in which inflammatory markers increase significantly. This review aims to summarise that biological factors can be attenuated after exercise due to the consumption of ginseng in healthy subjects, accelerating and improving muscle regeneration and, therefore, improving the ability to adapt to the stimuli generated by said exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Muñoz-Castellanos
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain; (B.M.-C.); (L.E.)
| | - Patricia Martínez-López
- “Techné” Knowledge and Product Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Rafael Bailón-Moreno
- “Techné” Knowledge and Product Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Laura Esquius
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain; (B.M.-C.); (L.E.)
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Lee MC, Hsu YJ, Shen SY, Ho CS, Huang CC. A functional evaluation of anti-fatigue and exercise performance improvement following vitamin B complex supplementation in healthy humans, a randomized double-blind trial. Int J Med Sci 2023; 20:1272-1281. [PMID: 37786445 PMCID: PMC10542023 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.86738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
B vitamins play a crucial role in maintaining fundamental cellular functions and various essential metabolic pathways in the body. Although they do not directly provide energy, each B vitamin acts as a cofactor in energy metabolism processes. Based on the evidence presented above, we hypothesized that a 28-day supplementation of vitamin B would enhance physical performance and reduce physical fatigue. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-fatigue effect of vitamin B supplementation, specifically vitamin B1, B2, B6, and B12, and its potential to improve exercise performance. We employed a randomized double-blind crossover design with a 28-day supplementation period. Sixteen male and sixteen female subjects, aged 20-30 years, were divided into two groups: the placebo group (n=16, equal gender distribution) and the Ex PLUS® group (n=16, equal gender distribution). The participants received either placebo or Ex PLUS® (one tablet per day) for 28 consecutive days. Following the intervention, there was a 14-day wash-out period during which the subjects did not receive any further interventions. After supplementation with Ex PLUS®, we found a significant increase in the running time by 1.26-fold (p < 0.05) to exhaustion compared to that before supplementation and that in the placebo group. In addition, the Ex PLUS® supplementation group presented significantly reduced blood lactate and blood ammonia concentrations during exercise and at rest after exercise compared with placebo (p < 0.05). In conclusion, 28 consecutive days of vitamin B complex (Ex PLUS®) supplementation significantly improved exercise endurance performance and reduced exercise fatigue biochemical metabolites in not athletes. In addition, it does not cause adverse effects in humans when taken at appropriate doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mon-Chien Lee
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 333325, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 333325, Taiwan
| | - Sih-Yu Shen
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Engineering, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242062, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Shan Ho
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 333325, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 333325, Taiwan
- Tajen University, Pingtung 907101, Taiwan
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Sui Z, Sui D, Li M, Yu Q, Li H, Jiang Y. Ginsenoside Rg3 has effects comparable to those of ginsenoside re on diabetic kidney disease prevention in db/db mice by regulating inflammation, fibrosis and PPARγ. Mol Med Rep 2023; 27:84. [PMID: 36866725 PMCID: PMC10018274 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2023.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) is an adjuvant antitumor drug, while ginsenoside Re (Re) is an adjuvant antidiabetic drug. Our previous studies demonstrated that Rg3 and Re both have hepatoprotective effects in db/db mice. The present study aimed to observe the renoprotective effects of Rg3 on db/db mice, with Re as the control. The db/db mice were randomly assigned to receive daily oral treatment with Rg3, Re or vehicle for 8 weeks. Body weight and blood glucose were examined weekly. Blood lipids, creatinine, and BUN were examined by biochemical assay. Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson staining were used for pathological examination. The expression of peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and inflammation and fibrosis biomarkers was examined by immunohistochemical and reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR. Although neither had a significant effect on body weight, blood glucose or lipids, Rg3 and Re were both able to decrease the creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels of db/db mice to levels similar to those of wild type mice and inhibit pathological changes. The expression of PPARγ was upregulated and biomarkers of inflammation and fibrosis were downregulated by Rg3 and Re. The results showed that the potential of Rg3 as a preventive treatment of diabetic kidney disease was similar to that of Re.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sui
- Health Management Medical Center, China‑Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Dayun Sui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Min Li
- Pharmacological Experiment Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, China‑Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Health Management Medical Center, China‑Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Yichuan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Zhang H, Zhao C, Hou J, Su P, Yang Y, Xia B, Zhao X, He R, Wang L, Cao C, Liu T, Tian J. Red ginseng extract improves skeletal muscle energy metabolism and mitochondrial function in chronic fatigue mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1077249. [PMID: 36618917 PMCID: PMC9816794 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1077249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Skeletal muscles are organs with high energy requirements, especially during vigorous exercise. Adequate mitochondrial function is essential to meet the high energy needs of skeletal muscle cells. Recent studies have reported that red ginseng can significantly improve chronic fatigue; however, the specific mechanism of action is still not clear. Methods: A chronic fatigue syndrome mouse model was developed using C57BL/6J mice through long-term compound stimulation of stress factors. Following this, the animals were orally administered 200, 400, or 600 mg/kg red ginseng extracts for 28 days. Skeletal muscle lactate acid, serum lactate dehydrogenase, urea concentrations, ATP level, mitochondrial membrane potential, activities of Na+-K+-ATPase and cytochrome c oxidase were determined using assay kits or an automatic biochemical analyser detection system. Skeletal muscle mitochondria morphology was observed using electron microscopy and the expression of p-AMPK, PGC-1α, ACO2 and complex I in skeletal muscle protein was determined by western blotting. Results: Oral administration of 400 or 600 mg/kg red ginseng extract in mice with chronic fatigue reduced lactic acid, lactate dehydrogenase and urea, rescued the density and morphology of skeletal muscle mitochondria, increased the activities of Na+-K+-ATPase and cytochrome c oxidase, and activated the AMPK/PGC-1α cascade pathway, resulting in improved skeletal muscle mitochondrial function by restoring ATP level, mitochondrial membrane potential, complex I and mitochondrial biogenesis. Conclusion: The anti-fatigue effects of red ginseng are partly related to its potent mitochondrial improving activity, including decreasing mitochondrial swelling and mitochondrial membrane permeability, increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, thus ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhui Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinli Hou
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Su
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Xia
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoang Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong He
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lifang Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Cao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Ting Liu, ; Jixiang Tian,
| | - Jixiang Tian
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Ting Liu, ; Jixiang Tian,
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Synergistic Effects of Korean Red Ginseng Extract and the Conventional Systemic Therapeutics of Atopic Dermatitis in a Murine Model. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010133. [PMID: 35011005 PMCID: PMC8746861 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The synergistic effects of Korean Red ginseng (KRG, Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.) on conventional systemic therapeutics of atopic dermatitis (AD) have not been studied yet. To analyze the synergistic effects of KRG extract and the conventional systemic therapeutics of AD in TNCB-induced AD mouse model, we determined the change in modified scoring of index, the transepidermal water loss, the skin pathology, serum IgE, and the expression of various cytokines after combination treatment to the five-week-old NC/Nga female mice. The severity of AD was significantly decreased in the KRG + hydroxyzine (AH) group than AH group, and in the KRG + evening primrose oil (EPO) group than EPO group. A significant decrease in dermal inflammation was observed in the KRG + AH group than that in the AH group, and in the KRG + EPO group than that in the EPO group (p = 0.008), respectively. A decrease in CD1a expression was observed in the KRG + AH group when compared to the AH group (p = 0.008), and KRG + EPO group when compared to the EPO group. Compared to the CS group, the KRG + CS group showed a significant decrease in IL-17 expression. A combination of KRG and conventional systemic therapeutics can safely and effectively manage the AD.
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