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Chen Z, Zheng Z, He C, Liu J, Zhang R, Chen Q. Oily sludge treatment in subcritical and supercritical water: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 433:128761. [PMID: 35364539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oily sludge, an inherent byproduct of the petroleum industry, presents dual characteristics of petroleum resources and hazardous waste. Owing to the unique physicochemical properties of sub-/supercritical water, hydrothermal technologies have been increasingly used for oily sludge treatment. This review is the first to focus on oily sludge treatment using sub-/supercritical water. Eight hydrothermal technologies used for different purposes are summarized herein: pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) for hydrocarbon separation, thermal hydrolysis (TH) for dewaterability improvement, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) for hydrochar production, wet air oxidation (WAO) for biodegradability improvement, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) for bio-oil production, supercritical water upgrading (SCWU) for light oil production, supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) for complete degradation, and supercritical water gasification (SCWG) for H2-rich syngas production. Moreover, a general reaction pathway for sub-/supercritical water treatment of oily sludge is presented, with a particular focus on the chemical mechanism at temperatures above 350 °C. Lastly, two reaction maps are included to illustrate the reaction pathways of two groups of identifiable model compounds in oily sludge: aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. This review provides detailed information that can promote a better understanding of various hydrothermal technologies, a guideline for selecting the suitable hydrothermal process for a particular oily sludge, and recommendations for further researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
| | - Zhijian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Chunlan He
- Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Jumei Liu
- School of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Qiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
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2
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Ma Y, Deng M, Wang X, Gao X, Song H, Zhu Y, Feng L, Zhang Y. 2H–MoS2/Co3O4 nanohybrid with type I nitroreductase-mimicking activity for the electrochemical assays of nitroaromatic compounds. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1221:340078. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Görmez Ö, Akay S, Gözmen B, Kayan B, Kalderis D. Degradation of emerging contaminant coumarin based on anodic oxidation, electro-Fenton and subcritical water oxidation processes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 208:112736. [PMID: 35041815 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of emerging contaminant coumarin was separately investigated in anodic, electro-Fenton and subcritical water oxidation processes. With respect to the anodic and electro-Fenton oxidation, the influence of constant current, treatment time and initial concentration of coumarin was studied. Regarding subcritical water oxidation, the effect of the oxidant concentration, temperature, treatment time and initial coumarin concentration was investigated. In anodic and electro-Fenton oxidation processes, coumarin degradation proceeded in a similar manner, achieving 99% degradation, after 180 min at a constant current of 200 mA. In both set-ups, further increasing the applied current lowered the degradation efficiency due to the formation of by-products and the increasing occurrence of side-reactions. The highest degradation of 88% was achieved in subcritical conditions, specifically at 200 °C, using 150 mM H2O2 and after 37.5 min of treatment. Under subcritical conditions, temperature was the most prominent parameter, followed by the H2O2 concentration. Under all methodologies, increasing treatment time had a small positive effect on coumarin degradation, indicating that time is not the most influential parameter. A comparison of the three methodologies in terms of performance as well as energy consumption and simplicity of operation highlighted the advantages of subcritical water oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özkan Görmez
- Department of Chemistry, Arts and Science Faculty, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Sema Akay
- Department of Chemistry, Arts and Science Faculty, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey.
| | - Belgin Gözmen
- Department of Chemistry, Arts and Science Faculty, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Berkant Kayan
- Department of Chemistry, Arts and Science Faculty, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey.
| | - Dimitrios Kalderis
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Chania, 73100, Crete, Greece.
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Georgiou E, Mihajlović M, Petrović J, Anastopoulos I, Dosche C, Pashalidis I, Kalderis D. Single-stage production of miscanthus hydrochar at low severity conditions and application as adsorbent of copper and ammonium ions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 337:125458. [PMID: 34186330 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the framework of bio-circular economy, miscanthus biomass was valorized through a single-stage, low severity hydrothermal carbonization process. The produced hydrochars were characterized using elemental and spectroscopic methodologies. It was determined that as the temperature increased so did the C content (47.9 and 68.9% for the samples prepared at 180 and 260 °C, respectively), whereas the O content decreased (from 44.2 to 25.5%, respectively). The adsorption behaviour of the hydrochars was investigated in the adsorption of Cu2+ and NH4+ and MIS-180 was determined as the optimum sample, achieving qmax values of 310 and 71 mg g-1, respectively. Isotherm and kinetic analysis indicated the higher number of O-containing functional groups of MIS-180 as the main reason for its higher adsorption capacities. Furthermore, Cu2+ adsorption followed the 2nd-order kinetic model, whereas NH4+ adsorption followed the 1st-order kinetic model, due to the different mechanisms involved, inner-sphere and outer-sphere complex formation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthalia Georgiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marija Mihajlović
- Institute for Technology of Nuclear and Other Mineral Raw Materials, Franše d'Eperea 86, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Petrović
- Institute for Technology of Nuclear and Other Mineral Raw Materials, Franše d'Eperea 86, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ioannis Anastopoulos
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Chania, Crete 73100, Greece
| | - Carsten Dosche
- Department of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ioannis Pashalidis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Dimitrios Kalderis
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Chania, Crete 73100, Greece; Institute for Plasma Physics and Lasers-IPPL, School of Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Rethymnon 74100, Greece.
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Zhao W, Yang X, Feng A, Yan X, Wang L, Liang T, Liu J, Ma H, Zhou Y. Distribution and migration characteristics of dinitrotoluene sulfonates (DNTs) in typical TNT production sites: Effects and health risk assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 287:112342. [PMID: 33740743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The production of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) produces a great deal of waste water, and dinitrotoluene sulfonates (DNTs) are the main pollutants in its waste. This paper presents a pilot investigation on the geochemical transformation of DNTs affected by historical wastewater spillage from a typical TNT production company in Northwest China. In the horizontal direction, DNTs diffused from the evaporation pond to the surrounding area of the site, and the concentration of DNTs in the evaporation pond surface soil exceeded 1000 mg/kg. The horizontal distribution of DNTs in the site showed a migration trend to the east and south of evaporation, which was consistent with the terrain of high northwest and low southeast of the site. Due to the high water solubility of pollutants, water flow is the main driving force for the horizontal distribution of DNTs. In the vertical direction, the concentration of pollutants gradually increased with the depth of the soil. DNTs are mainly adsorbed in the third layer (6.0-8.0 m). It can be seen that the accumulation of the 2,4-DNTs-3-SO3- is obviously larger than that of the 2,4-DNTs-5-SO3-, which may be related to the steric hindrance effect of sulfonic acid groups in the two isomers. Results showed DNTs distribution strongly linked to soil physicochemical properties and the migration of DNTs in soil exhibited obvious heterogeneity in time and space. The carcinogenic risks in surface soil (0-1.5 m) and lower soil (1.5-6.0 m, 6.0-8.0 m) are all higher than 1✕10-6; non-carcinogenic risk surface soil (0-1.5 m) is 4.011✕10, which is greater than 1, indicating that they may cause certain harm to the human body. Meanwhile, this study presented a pioneering investigation for the contamination and geochemical transfer of DNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Aixi Feng
- Yuhuan Environmental Technology Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Xiulan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Lingqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Tao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory of Water Quality and Conservation in the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Huansong Ma
- Yuhuan Environmental Technology Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
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Khataee A, Kalderis D, Motlagh PY, Binas V, Stefa S, Konsolakis M. Synthesis of copper (I, II) oxides/hydrochar nanocomposites for the efficient sonocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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7
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Nagaoka M, Fujita H, Aida TM, Guo H, Smith RL. Supercritical water pretreatment method for analysis of strontium and uranium in soil (Andosols). Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 168:109465. [PMID: 33218917 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal pretreatment of soils (Andosols) from Ibaraki prefecture (Japan) was used to improve methods for monitoring radioactive Sr and U. Calcined samples were pretreated with subcritical or supercritical water (SCW) followed by extraction with 0.5 M HNO3 solutions. With SCW pretreatment, recoveries of Sr and U were 70% and 40%, respectively. Experimental recoveries obtained can be described by a linear relationship in water density. The proposed method is robust and can lower environmental burden of routine analytical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Nagaoka
- Nuclear Fuel Cycle Engineering Laboratories, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 4-33 Muramatsu, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1194, Japan
| | - Hiroki Fujita
- Nuclear Fuel Cycle Engineering Laboratories, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 4-33 Muramatsu, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1194, Japan
| | - Taku Michael Aida
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Haixin Guo
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Richard Lee Smith
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan.
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Pyrolysis Process as a Sustainable Management Option of Poultry Manure: Characterization of the Derived Biochars and Assessment of their Nutrient Release Capacities. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11112271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Raw poultry manure (RPM) and its derived biochars at temperatures of 400 (B400) and 600 °C (B600) were physico-chemically characterized, and their ability to release nutrients was assessed under static conditions. The experimental results showed that RPM pyrolysis operation significantly affects its morphology, surface charges, and area, as well as its functional groups contents, which in turn influences its nutrient release ability. The batch experiments indicated that nutrient release from the RPM as well as biochars attains a pseudo-equilibrium state after a contact time of about 48 h. RPM pyrolysis increased phosphorus stability in residual biochars and, in contrast, transformed potassium to a more leachable form. For instance, at this contact time, P- and K-released amounts passed from 5.1 and 25.6 mg g−1 for RPM to only 3.8 and more than 43.3 mg g−1 for B400, respectively. On the other hand, six successive leaching batch experiments with a duration of 48 h each showed that P and K release from the produced biochars was a very slow process since negligible amounts continued to be released even after a total duration of 12 days. All these results suggest that RPM-derived biochars have specific physico-chemical characteristics allowing them to be used in agriculture as low-cost and slow-release fertilizers.
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Maksimova YG, Maksimov AY, Demakov VA. Biotechnological Approaches to the Bioremediation of an Environment Polluted with Trinitrotoluene. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683818080045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chatterjee S, Deb U, Datta S, Walther C, Gupta DK. Common explosives (TNT, RDX, HMX) and their fate in the environment: Emphasizing bioremediation. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:438-451. [PMID: 28618276 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Explosive materials are energetic substances, when released into the environment, contaminate by posing toxic hazards to environment and biota. Throughout the world, soils are contaminated by such contaminants either due to manufacturing operations, military activities, conflicts of different levels, open burning/open detonation (OB/OD), dumping of munitions etc. Among different forms of chemical explosives, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro- 1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) are most common. These explosives are highly toxic as USEPA has recommended restrictions for lifetime contact through drinking water. Although, there are several utilitarian aspects in anthropogenic activities, however, effective remediation of explosives is very important. This review article emphasizes the details of appropriate practices to ameliorate the contamination. Critical evaluation has also been made to encompass the recent knowledge and advancement about bioremediation and phytoremediation of explosives (especially TNT, RDX and HMX) along with the molecular mechanisms of biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Chatterjee
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Post Bag No. 02, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Utsab Deb
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Post Bag No. 02, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Sibnarayan Datta
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Post Bag No. 02, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - Clemens Walther
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Radioökologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), Herrenhäuser Str. 2, Gebäude 4113, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dharmendra K Gupta
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Radioökologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), Herrenhäuser Str. 2, Gebäude 4113, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
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Yabalak E, Döndaş HA, Gizir AM. Subcritical water oxidation of 6-aminopenicillanic acid and cloxacillin using H 2O 2, K 2S 2O 8, and O 2. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2017; 52:210-220. [PMID: 27835054 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1246935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the degradation of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) and cloxacillin in aqueous solution by the combined effect of subcritical water and the oxidising agents O2, H2O2, and K2S2O8. Nano ZnO was used as a solid catalyst. Response surface methodology was used to determine the optimum experimental parameters (temperature, treatment time, and concentration of oxidising agent). For 6-APA, the maximum organic carbon (TOC) removal rates of 83.54%, 81.11% and 42.42% were obtained using H2O2, K2S2O8, and O2, respectively. For cloxacillin, the maximum TOC removal rates of 67.69%, 76.02% and 14.45% were obtained using H2O2, K2S2O8, and O2, respectively. Additionally, the impact of nano and commercial ZnO on TOC removal rates was determined. Secondary ions produced during the degradation process-such as nitrite, nitrate, sulphate and chloride-were determined using ion chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Yabalak
- a Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Arts and Science, Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey
| | - H Ali Döndaş
- b Department of Analytical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey
| | - Ahmet Murat Gizir
- a Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Arts and Science, Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey
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Xu W, Jiang Z, Zhao Q, Zhang Z, Su H, Gao X, Ye Z. Acute toxicity assessment of explosive-contaminated soil extracting solution by luminescent bacteria assays. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:22803-22809. [PMID: 27566156 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7492-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Explosive-contaminated soil is harmful to people's health and the local ecosystem. The acute toxicity of its extracting solution was tested by bacterial luminescence assay using three kinds of luminescent bacteria to characterize the toxicity of the soil. An orthogonal test L 16 (45) was designed to optimize the soil extracting conditions. The optimum extracting conditions were obtained when the ultrasonic extraction time, ultrasonic extraction temperature, and the extraction repeat times were 6 h, 40 °C, and three, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results showed that the main components of the contaminated soil's extracting solution were 2,4-dinitrotoluene-3-sulfonate (2,4-DNT-3-SO3-); 2,4-dinitrotoluene-5-sulfonate (2,4-DNT-5-SO3-); and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT). Compared with Photobacterium phosphoreum and Vibrio fischeri, Vibrio qinghaiensis sp. Nov. is more suitable for assessing the soil extracting solution's acute toxicity. Soil washing can remove most of the contaminants toxic to luminescent bacterium Vibrio qinghaiensis sp. Nov., suggesting that it may be a potential effective remediation method for explosive-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhenming Jiang
- Yinguang Chemical Industry Group Co., Ltd., Gansu, 730090, China
| | - Quanlin Zhao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhenzhong Zhang
- Yinguang Chemical Industry Group Co., Ltd., Gansu, 730090, China
| | - Hongping Su
- Yinguang Chemical Industry Group Co., Ltd., Gansu, 730090, China
| | - Xuewen Gao
- Yinguang Chemical Industry Group Co., Ltd., Gansu, 730090, China
| | - Zhengfang Ye
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Cotchim S, Thavarungkul P, Kanatharana P, Limbut W. A new strategy for 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene adsorption and electrochemical reduction on poly(melamine)/graphene oxide modified electrode. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Sisco E, Najarro M, Bridge C, Aranda R. Quantifying the degradation of TNT and RDX in a saline environment with and without UV-exposure. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 251:124-31. [PMID: 25909992 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Terrorist attacks in a maritime setting, such as the bombing of the USS Cole in 2000, or the detection of underwater mines, require the development of proper protocols to collect and analyse explosive material from a marine environment. In addition to proper analysis of the explosive material, protocols must also consider the exposure of the material to potentially deleterious elements, such as UV light and salinity, time spent in the environment, and time between storage and analysis. To understand how traditional explosives would be affected by such conditions, saline solutions of explosives were exposed to natural and artificial sunlight. Degradation of the explosives over time was then quantified using negative chemical ionization gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/NCI-MS). Two explosives, trinitrotoluene (TNT) and cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), were exposed to different aqueous environments and light exposures with salinities ranging from freshwater to twice the salinity of ocean water. Solutions were then aged for up to 6 months to simulate different conditions the explosives may be recovered from. Salinity was found to have a negligible impact on the degradation of both RDX and TNT. RDX was stable in solutions of all salinities while TNT solutions degraded regardless of salinity. Solutions of varying salinities were also exposed to UV light, where accelerated degradation was seen for both explosives. Potential degradation products of TNT were identified using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and correspond to proposed degradation products discussed in previously published works [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Sisco
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Laboratory, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899.
| | - Marcela Najarro
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Laboratory, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899.
| | - Candice Bridge
- Defense Forensic Science Center, Gillem Enclave, Forest Park, GA 30297; University of Central Florida/National Center for Forensic Science, P.O. Box 162367 Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| | - Roman Aranda
- Defense Forensic Science Center, Gillem Enclave, Forest Park, GA 30297.
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Mercimek HA, Dincer S, Guzeldag G, Ozsavli A, Matyar F, Arkut A, Kayis F, Ozdenefe MS. Degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by P. aeruginosa and characterization of some metabolites. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:103-11. [PMID: 26221094 PMCID: PMC4512054 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246120140026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), a nitroaromatic explosive found in the soil and ground water, was investigated using Pseudomonas aeruginosa in in vitro experiments . Biodegradable abilitiy of this bacteria was performed with 50 and 75 mg L (-1) TNT concentrations in a defined liquid medium for 96 h time period. Treatment of TNT in supernatant samples taken at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h from agitated vessels was followed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In cultures supplemented with 50 and 75 mgL (-1) TNT, after 96 h of incubation 46% and 59% reduction were detected respectively. Two metabolites as degradation intermediates with nitrite release into the medium, 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) and 4-aminodinitrotoluene (4-ADNT), were elucidated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). These findings clearly indicate that Pseudomonas aeruginosa can be used in bioremediation of TNT contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Aysun Mercimek
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kilis 7 Aralik University, Kilis, Turkey
| | - Sadik Dincer
- Department of Biology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Gulcihan Guzeldag
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kilis 7 Aralik University, Kilis, Turkey
| | - Aysenur Ozsavli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kilis 7 Aralik University, Kilis, Turkey
| | - Fatih Matyar
- Department of Science and Technology Education, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Afet Arkut
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, Turkey
| | - Fikret Kayis
- Department of Biology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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16
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Islam MN, Shin MS, Jo YT, Park JH. TNT and RDX degradation and extraction from contaminated soil using subcritical water. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 119:1148-1152. [PMID: 25460755 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of explosives either for industrial or military operations have resulted in the environmental pollution, poses ecological and health hazard. In this work, a subcritical water extraction (SCWE) process at laboratory scale was used at varying water temperature (100-175 °C) and flow rate (0.5-1.5 mL min(-1)), to treat 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) contaminated soil, to reveal information with respect to the explosives removal (based on the analyses of soil residue after extraction), and degradation performance (based on the analyses of water extracts) of this process. Continuous flow subcritical water has been considered on removal of explosives to avoid the repartitioning of non-degraded compounds to the soil upon cooling which usually occurs in the batch system. In the SCWE experiments, near complete degradation of both TNT and RDX was observed at 175 °C based on analysis of water extracts and soil. Test results also indicated that TNT removal of >99% and a complete RDX removal were achieved by this process, when the operating conditions were 1 mL min(-1), and treatment time of 20 min, after the temperature reached 175 °C. HPLC-UV and ion chromatography analysis confirmed that the explosives underwent for degradation. The low concentration of explosives found in the process wastewater indicates that water recycling may be viable, to treat additional soil. Our results have shown in the remediation of explosives contaminated soil, the effectiveness of the continuous flow SCWE process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nazrul Islam
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Su Shin
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Tae Jo
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hun Park
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Bhosale VK, Patil NV, Kulkarni PS. Treatment of energetic material contaminated wastewater using ionic liquids. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra17271j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraction of energetic materials such as TNT, tetryl and picric acid from contaminated water by using ionic liquids is demonstrated for the treatment of energetic materials from several contaminated sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas K. Bhosale
- Energy and Environment Laboratory
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Defence Institute of Advanced Technology
- Deemed University
- Pune-411025
| | - Nitin V. Patil
- Energy and Environment Laboratory
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Defence Institute of Advanced Technology
- Deemed University
- Pune-411025
| | - Prashant S. Kulkarni
- Energy and Environment Laboratory
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Defence Institute of Advanced Technology
- Deemed University
- Pune-411025
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18
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Kirmizakis P, Tsamoutsoglou C, Kayan B, Kalderis D. Subcritical water treatment of landfill leachate: application of response surface methodology. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 146:9-15. [PMID: 25151110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Leachate is the liquid formed when waste breaks down in the landfill and water filters through that waste. This liquid is highly toxic and can pollute the land, ground water and water ways. It is mandatory for landfills to protect against leachate in most countries worldwide. Controlling the pollutant loading, means reducing its quantity by containing or treating the waste to comply with certain discharge characteristics which are compatible with the receptor medium. OBJECTIVE This paper describes the reduction of the organic load of a mature landfill leachate using a novel experimental set-up that employs hydrogen peroxide under subcritical conditions and aims to establish this method as an effective alternative to currently used options. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the treatment process and determine which of the following there parameters - temperature, residence time and hydrogen peroxide concentration - played the most important role. METHOD The method employed is based on the use of laboratory-scale, stainless steel reactors, filled with the leachate and appropriate quantities of hydrogen peroxide. Under subcritical conditions (temperature in the range of 100-374 °C and enough pressure to maintain the liquid state of water), hydrogen peroxide produces hydroxyl radicals which are highly reactive and oxidize the organic molecules of the leachate. RESULTS The highest COD decrease of 85% was experimentally observed at 300 °C, 500 mM H2O2 and 180 min residence time. It was determined that the combination of oxidant concentration and temperature is the rate-determining factor, whereas residence time has a lesser effect on the process. CONCLUSIONS A simple, quick, effective and environmentally-friendly method for the treatment of the organic load of landfill leachate was developed and optimized at laboratory scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kirmizakis
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, School of Applied Sciences, Technological and Educational Institute of Crete, Chania, Crete 73100, Greece
| | | | - B Kayan
- Department of Chemistry, Arts and Sciences Faculty, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - D Kalderis
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, School of Applied Sciences, Technological and Educational Institute of Crete, Chania, Crete 73100, Greece.
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19
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Mustafa A, Turner C. Pressurized liquid extraction as a green approach in food and herbal plants extraction: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 703:8-18. [PMID: 21843670 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pressurized liquid extraction is a "green" technology for the extraction of nutraceuticals from foods and herbal plants. This review discusses the extraction principles and the optimization of the extraction parameters that improves the extraction efficiency. The use of different solvent mixtures and other extraction additives to enhance the efficiency of the extraction are discussed. Dynamic mode of extraction in Pressurized liquid extraction, and the use of combined and hyphenated sample preparation and analytical techniques are presented. This work discusses how different studies used Pressurized liquid extraction to enrich phenolic compounds, lignans, carotenoids, oils and lipids, essential oils and other nutraceuticals from foods and herbal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Mustafa
- Center for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Sweden.
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20
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Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-rep-10-01-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An explosion occurs when a large amount of energy is suddenly released. This energy may come from an over-pressurized steam boiler, from the products of a chemical reaction involving explosive materials, or from a nuclear reaction that is uncontrolled. In order for an explosion to occur, there must be a local accumulation of energy at the site of the explosion, which is suddenly released. This release of energy can be dissipated as blast waves, propulsion of debris, or by the emission of thermal and ionizing radiation. Modern explosives or energetic materials are nitrogen-containing organic compounds with the potential for self-oxidation to small gaseous molecules (N2, H2O, and CO2). Explosives are classified as primary or secondary based on their susceptibility of initiation. Primary explosives are highly susceptible to initiation and are often used to ignite secondary explosives, such as TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), RDX (1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine), HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane), and tetryl (N-methyl-N-2,4,6-tetranitro-aniline).
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21
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Ye Z, Zhao Q, Zhang M, Gao Y. Acute toxicity evaluation of explosive wastewater by bacterial bioluminescence assays using a freshwater luminescent bacterium, Vibrio qinghaiensis sp. Nov. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 186:1351-1354. [PMID: 21185645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The compositions of explosive wastewater generated from TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) purification stage were characterized by using UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) and gas chromatograph/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). The acute toxicity was evaluated by bacterium bioluminescence assay using a freshwater luminescent bacterium (Vibrio qinghaiensis sp. Nov.) and a marine luminescent bacterium (Photobacterium phosphoreum). The results showed that the wastewater's biodegradability was poor due to the high amount of chemical oxygen demand (COD). The main organic components were dinitrotoluene sulfonates (DNTS) with small amount of TNT, dinitrotoluene (DNT), mononitrotoluene (MNT) and other derivatives of nitrobenzene. It was highly toxic to luminescent bacteria P. phosphoreum and V. qinghaiensis sp. Nov. After reaction time of 15 min, the relative concentration of toxic pollutants (expressed as reciprocal of dilution ratio of wastewater) at 50% of luminescence inhibition ratio was 5.32×10(-4) for P. phosphoreu, while that was 4.34×10(-4) for V. qinghaiensis. V. qinghaiensis is more sensitive and suitable for evaluating the wastewater's acute toxicity than P. phosphoreum. After adsorption by resin, the acute toxicity can be greatly reduced, which is helpful for further treatment by biological methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfang Ye
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China
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22
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Zhang M, Zhao Q, Ye Z. Organic pollutants removal from 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) red water using low cost activated coke. J Environ Sci (China) 2011; 23:1962-1969. [PMID: 22432325 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(10)60619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We treated 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) red water from the Chinese explosive industry with activated coke (AC) from lignite. Since the composition of TNT red water was very complicated, chemical oxygen demand (COD) was used as the index for evaluating treatment efficiency. This study focused on sorption kinetics and equilibrium sorption isotherms of AC for the removal of COD from TNT red water, and the changes of water quality before and after adsorption were evaluated using high performance liquid chromatography, UV-Vis spectra and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. The results showed that the sorption kinetics of COD removal from TNT red water onto AC fitted well with the pseudo second-order model. The adsorption process was an exothermic and physical process. The sorption isotherm was in good agreement with Redlich-Peterson isotherm. At the conditions of initial pH = 6.28, 20 degrees C and 3 hr of agitation, under 160 g/L AC, 64.8% of COD was removed. The removal efficiencies of 2,4-dinitrotoluene-3-sulfonate (2,4-DNT-3-SO3-) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene-5-sulfonate (2,4-DNT-5-SO3-) were 80.5% and 84.3%, respectively. After adsorption, the acute toxicity of TNT red water reduced greatly, compared with that of unprocessed TNT red water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohe Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Envimronment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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23
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Zhao Q, Ye Z, Zhang M. Treatment of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) red water by vacuum distillation. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 80:947-950. [PMID: 20510431 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) red water from Chinese explosive industry was treated by vacuum distillation. The water quality before and after distillation was evaluated using high performance liquid chromatograph, UV-vis spectroscopy, Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS) and other physical and chemical analyses. The acute toxicity of TNT red water and its distillate was evaluated by determining the luminescence inhibition of Vibrio qinghaiensis sp. Nov. The results showed that the parameters except pH of the distillate met the criterion specified by the Chinese discharge standard for water pollutants from ordnance industry. Distillation removed chemical oxygen demand almost completely and the chrominance was reduced from 100,000 degrees to 17 degrees . The concentrations of 2,4-dinitrotoluene-3-sulfonate and 2,4-dinitrotoluene-5-sulfonate decreased from 20 x 10(3) and 31 x 10(3)mg L(-1) to 1.3 and 1.8 mg L(-1), respectively. GC/MS results showed that most of the organic components of TNT red water can be removed by distillation. The acute toxicity of water sample after distillation reduced 96%, compared with that of unprocessed TNT red water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanlin Zhao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China
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24
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Teo CC, Tan SN, Yong JWH, Hew CS, Ong ES. Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE). J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2484-94. [PMID: 20060531 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) has become a popular green extraction method for different classes of compounds present in numerous kinds of matrices such as environmental, food and botanical samples. PHWE is also used in sample preparation to extract organic contaminants from foodstuff for food safety analysis and soils/sediments for environmental monitoring purposes. The main parameters which influence its extraction efficiency are namely the temperature, extraction time, flow rates and addition of modifiers/additives. Among these different parameters studied, temperature is described as the most important one. It is reported that the extraction of certain compounds is rather dependent on pressurized water with different applied temperature. Thus, the stability and reduced solubilities of certain compounds at elevated temperatures are highlighted in this review. With some modifications, a scaled-up PHWE could extract a higher amount of desirable compounds from solid and powdered samples such as plant and food materials. The PHWE extracts from plants are rich in chemical compounds or metabolites which can be a potential lead for drug discovery or development of disease-resistant food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Chye Teo
- Natural Sciences and Science Education Academic Group, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore
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25
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Barreto-Rodrigues M, Silva FT, Paiva TCB. Characterization of wastewater from the Brazilian TNT industry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 164:385-388. [PMID: 18818021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to characterize the effluent originating from a Brazilian TNT production industry. Analyses were performed using physical, chemical, spectroscopic and ecotoxicological assays, which demonstrated that the effluent had a significant pollution potential, mainly due to the low pH and high concentration of TNT (156+/-10mgL(-1)). The results also demonstrated that the effluent presented significant acute toxicity, and could cause countless damages if released into the receiving body without being adequately treated first. The observed pollution potential justifies studies to evaluate treatment technologies or recover the residue generated in the TNT industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio Barreto-Rodrigues
- FEDERAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF PARANA - UTFPR, Via do Conhecimento s/n, km 01 Bairro Fraron, CEP85501-970, Pato Branco-PR, Brazil.
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