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Jiang H, Liu Y, Xiao C, Yang X, Dong W. Reaction Kinetics of CH 2OO and syn-CH 3CHOO Criegee Intermediates with Acetaldehyde. J Phys Chem A 2024. [PMID: 38868987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Criegee intermediates exert a crucial influence on atmospheric chemistry, functioning as powerful oxidants that facilitate the degradation of pollutants, and understanding their reaction kinetics is essential for accurate atmospheric modeling. In this study, the kinetics of CH2OO and syn-CH3CHOO reactions with acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) were investigated using a flash photolysis reaction tube coupled with the OH laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) method. The experimental results indicate that the reaction of syn-CH3CHOO with CH3CHO is independent of pressure in the range of 5-50 Torr when using Ar as the bath gas. However, the rate coefficient for the reaction between CH2OO and CH3CHO at 5.5 Torr was found to be lower compared to the near-constant values observed between 10 and 100 Torr. Furthermore, the reaction of syn-CH3CHOO with CH3CHO demonstrated positive temperature dependence from 283 to 330 K, with a rate coefficient of (2.11 ± 0.45) × 10-13 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 298 K. The activation energy and pre-exponential factor derived from the Arrhenius plot for this reaction were determined to be 2.32 ± 0.49 kcal mol-1 and (1.66 ± 0.61) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, respectively. In comparison, the reaction of CH2OO with CH3CHO exhibited negative temperature dependence, with a rate coefficient of (2.16 ± 0.39) × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 100 Torr and 298 K and an activation energy and a pre-exponential factor of -1.73 ± 0.31 kcal mol-1 and (1.15 ± 0.21) × 10-13 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, respectively, over the temperature range of 280-333 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Jiang
- Department of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chunlei Xiao
- Department of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Xueming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenrui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
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Wang Y, Jiang S, Huang L, Lu G, Kasemsan M, Yaluk EA, Liu H, Liao J, Bian J, Zhang K, Chen H, Li L. Differences between VOCs and NOx transport contributions, their impacts on O 3, and implications for O 3 pollution mitigation based on CMAQ simulation over the Yangtze River Delta, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162118. [PMID: 36791851 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between O3 and its precursors during urban polluted episodes remains unclear. In this study, the simultaneous source apportionment of VOCs, NOx, and O3 over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region during the O3 polluted episode on July 24-30, 2018, was performed based on the Integrated Source Apportionment Method (ISAM) embedded in the Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System (CMAQ). The results of the ISAM were compared with those of the Brute Force Method (BFM) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). Furthermore, the differences between the transport contributions of VOCs and NOx, and their impacts on O3 were analyzed. The results indicate that observations of VOCs species can be well captured by simulated VOCs, and the ISAM has a significant advantage in the source apportionment of VOCs, especially for sources emitting highly reactive species. In the clean and polluted periods, the local contribution percentages of VOCs in urban sites ranged from 60 % to 77 %, much higher than those of NOx (31 %-43 %) and O3 (16 %-33 %). NOx and O3 have strong transport abilities with high and close contribution percentages, which are highly correlated, mainly because oxygen atoms produced by the photolysis of NO2 in the aged air mass combined rapidly with O2 to form O3 during transport. The VOCs chemical loss caused by the oxidation of OH radicals during transport makes the ability of VOCs for long-distance transport much weaker than that of NOx. Furthermore, owing to the sufficient aging of VOCs, those contributed by long-distance transport have little effect on O3. To a certain extent, controlling one's NOx emissions can help other cities more, while controlling one's VOCs emissions can help itself more. Therefore, it is recommended to attach enough importance to joint prevention and control of NOx among cities and even long-distance areas to alleviate regional O3 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjun Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Sen Jiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ling Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Guibin Lu
- School of economics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Manomaiphiboon Kasemsan
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut's University of Technology, Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Energy Technology and Environment, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Elly Arukulem Yaluk
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hanqing Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jiaqiang Liao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jinting Bian
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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Han S, Tan Y, Gao Y, Li X, Ho SSH, Wang M, Lee SC. Volatile organic compounds at a roadside site in Hong Kong: Characteristics, chemical reactivity, and health risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161370. [PMID: 36621478 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) play important roles in atmospheric chemistry and are recognized as the major pollutants in roadside microenvironments of metropolitan Hong Kong, China. In this study, the ambient VOCs and OVOCs were intensively monitored at a roadside site in Hong Kong for one month during morning and evening rush hours. The emission characterizations, as well as ozone formation potentials (OFP) and hydroxyl radical (OH) loss rates (LOH) were determined. Results from the campaign showed that the average concentrations of detected VOCs/OVOCs ranged from 0.21 to 9.67 ppb, and higher toluene to benzene (T/B) ratio was observed during evening sections due to the variation of fuel types in vehicle fleets and mix of additional emission sources in this site. On average, OVOCs had much higher concentrations than the targeted VOC species. Acetone, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde were the three most abundant species, while formaldehyde showed the highest contributions to both OFP (32.20 %) and LOH (16.80 %). Furthermore, potential health hazards with inhalation exposure to formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), 1,3-butadiene, toluene, benzene, and acrylonitrile were found. These results reveal that it is imperative to implement efficient control measures to reduce vehicle emissions for both primary and secondary pollutants and to protect both roadside workers and pedestrians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Tan
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China.
| | - Yuan Gao
- Instrumentation and Service Center for Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA; Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Hong Kong, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shun-Cheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong, China.
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Atmospheric Carbonyl Compounds in the Central Taklimakan Desert in Summertime: Ambient Levels, Composition and Sources. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Although carbonyl compounds are a key species with atmospheric oxidation capacity, their concentrations and sources have not been sufficiently characterized in various atmospheres, especially in desert areas. In this study, atmospheric carbonyl compounds were measured from 16 May to 15 June 2018 in Tazhong in the central Taklimakan Desert, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Concentrations, chemical compositions, and sources of carbonyl compounds were investigated and compared with those of different environments worldwide. The average concentration of total carbonyls during the sampling period was 11.79 ± 4.03 ppbv. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were the most abundant carbonyls, with average concentrations of 6.08 ± 2.37, 1.68 ± 0.78, and 2.52 ± 0.68 ppbv, respectively. Strong correlations between formaldehyde and other carbonyls were found, indicating same or similar sources and sinks. A hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory was used to analyze 72 h back trajectories. The values of C1/C2 (formaldehyde to acetaldehyde, 3.22–4.59) and C2/C3 (acetaldehyde to propionaldehyde, 15.00–17.03) from different directions and distances of the trajectories were consistent with the characteristics of a remote area. Relative to various environments, the carbonyl concentration in the Tazhong desert site was lower than that in urban areas and higher than that in suburban and remote areas, implying contributions from local primary and secondary sources. The obtained data can be used to improve the source and sink estimation of carbonyls at the regional scale.
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Qin J, Wang X, Yang Y, Qin Y, Shi S, Xu P, Chen R, Zhou X, Tan J, Wang X. Source apportionment of VOCs in a typical medium-sized city in North China Plain and implications on control policy. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 107:26-37. [PMID: 34412785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Characteristics of atmospheric VOCs (volatile organic compounds) have been extensively studied in megacities in China, however, they are scarcely investigated in medium/small-sized cities in North China Plain (NCP). A comprehensive research on possible sources of VOCs was conducted in a medium-sized city of NCP, from May to September 2019. A total of 143 canister samples of 8 sites in Xuchang city were collected, and 57 VOC species were detected. The average VOC concentrations were 42.6 ± 31.6 μg/m3, with 53.7 ± 31.0 μg/m3 and 32.1 ± 27. 8 μg/m3, in the morning and afternoon, respectively. Alkenes and aromatics contributed 80% of the total ozone formation potential (OFP). Aromatics accounted for more than 95% of secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP). VOCs were dominated by the local emission with significant transport from the southeast direction. PMF analysis extracted 6 sources, which were combustion (33.1%), LPG usage (19.3%), vehicular exhaust & fuel evaporation (15.8%), solvent usage (15.2%), industrial (9.11%) and biogenic (7.51%), respectively and they contributed 33.4%, 17.6%, 12.9%, 18.6%, 9.28% and 8.22% to the OFP, respectively. Combustion and LPG usage were the dominant VOC sources; and combustion, solvent usage and LPG usage were the main sources of OFP in Xuchang city, which were different to megacities in China with a high contribution from vehicular exhaust, solvent usage and industry, suggesting specific control strategies on VOCs need to be implemented in medium-sized city such as Xuchang city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Qin
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanrong Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qin
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaoxuan Shi
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peihua Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueming Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Faculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Jihua Tan
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xinming Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Volatile Organic Compounds in Underground Shopping Districts in Korea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115508. [PMID: 34063851 PMCID: PMC8196595 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Underground shopping districts (USDs) are susceptible to severe indoor air pollution, which can adversely impact human health. We measured 24 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in 13 USDs throughout South Korea from July to October 2017, and the human risk of inhaling hazardous substances was evaluated. The sum of the concentrations of the 24 VOCs was much higher inside the USDs than in the open air. Based on factor analysis, six indoor air pollution sources were identified. Despite the expectation of a partial outdoor effect, the impacts of the indoor emissions were significant, resulting in an indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio of 5.9 and indicating elevated indoor air pollution. However, the effects of indoor emissions decreased, and the contributions of the pollution sources reduced when the USD entrances were open and the stores were closed. Although benzene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde exhibited lower concentrations compared to previous studies, they still posed health risks in both indoor and outdoor settings. Particularly, while the indoor excess cancer risk (ECR) of formaldehyde was ~10 times higher than its outdoor ECR, benzene had a low I/O ratio (1.1) and a similar ECR value. Therefore, indoor VOC concentrations could be reduced by managing inputs of open air into USDs.
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Stewart GJ, Nelson BS, Drysdale WS, Acton WJF, Vaughan AR, Hopkins JR, Dunmore RE, Hewitt CN, Nemitz E, Mullinger N, Langford B, Shivani, Reyes-Villegas E, Gadi R, Rickard AR, Lee JD, Hamilton JF. Sources of non-methane hydrocarbons in surface air in Delhi, India. Faraday Discuss 2021; 226:409-431. [PMID: 33336656 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00087f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Rapid economic growth and development have exacerbated air quality problems across India, driven by many poorly understood pollution sources and understanding their relative importance remains critical to characterising the key drivers of air pollution. A comprehensive suite of measurements of 90 non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) (C2-C14), including 12 speciated monoterpenes and higher molecular weight monoaromatics, were made at an urban site in Old Delhi during the pre-monsoon (28-May to 05-Jun 2018) and post-monsoon (11 to 27-Oct 2018) seasons using dual-channel gas chromatography (DC-GC-FID) and two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC-FID). Significantly higher mixing ratios of NMHCs were measured during the post-monsoon campaign, with a mean night-time enhancement of around 6. Like with NOx and CO, strong diurnal profiles were observed for all NMHCs, except isoprene, with very high NMHC mixing ratios between 35-1485 ppbv. The sum of mixing ratios of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) routinely exceeded 100 ppbv at night during the post-monsoon period, with a maximum measured mixing ratio of monoaromatic species of 370 ppbv. The mixing ratio of highly reactive monoterpenes peaked at around 6 ppbv in the post-monsoon campaign and correlated strongly with anthropogenic NMHCs, suggesting a strong non-biogenic source in Delhi. A detailed source apportionment study was conducted which included regression analysis to CO, acetylene and other NMHCs, hierarchical cluster analysis, EPA UNMIX 6.0, principal component analysis/absolute principal component scores (PCA/APCS) and comparison with NMHC ratios (benzene/toluene and i-/n-pentane) in ambient samples to liquid and solid fuels. These analyses suggested the primary source of anthropogenic NMHCs in Delhi was from traffic emissions (petrol and diesel), with average mixing ratio contributions from Unmix and PCA/APCS models of 38% from petrol, 14% from diesel and 32% from liquified petroleum gas (LPG) with a smaller contribution (16%) from solid fuel combustion. Detailed consideration of the underlying meteorology during the campaigns showed that the extreme night-time mixing ratios of NMHCs during the post-monsoon campaign were the result of emissions into a very shallow and stagnant boundary layer. The results of this study suggest that despite widespread open burning in India, traffic-related petrol and diesel emissions remain the key drivers of gas-phase urban air pollution in Delhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Stewart
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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Feng B, Sun C, Zhao W, Zhang S. A theoretical investigation on the atmospheric degradation of the radical: reactions with NO, NO 2, and NO 3. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1554-1565. [PMID: 32608429 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00112k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The radical is the key intermediate in the atmospheric oxidation of benzaldehyde, and its further chemistry contributes to local air pollution. The reaction mechanisms of the radical with NO, NO2, and NO3 were studied by quantum chemistry calculations at the CCSD(T)/CBS//M06-2X/def2-TZVP level of theory. The explicit potential energy curves were provided in order to reveal the atmospheric fate of the radical comprehensively. The main products of the reaction of with NO are predicted to be , CO2 and NO2. The reaction of with NO2 is reversible, and its main product would be C6H5C(O)O2NO2 which was predicted to be more stable than PAN (peroxyacetyl nitrate) at room temperature. The decomposition of C6H5C(O)O2NO2 at different ambient temperatures would be a potential long-range transport source of NOx in the atmosphere. The predominant products of the reaction are predicted to be C6H5C(O)O2H, C6H5C(O)OH, O2 and O3, while HO˙ is of minor importance. So, the reaction of with would be an important source of ozone and carboxylic acids in the local atmosphere, and has less contribution to the regeneration of HO˙ radicals. The reaction of with NO3 should mainly produce , CO2, O2 and NO2, which might play an important role in atmospheric chemistry of peroxy radicals at night, but has less contribution to the night-time conversion of ( and RO˙) to ( and HO˙) in the local atmosphere. The results above are in good accordance with the reported experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, South Zhongguancun Street # 5, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
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Jiang Z, Zheng X, Zhai H, Wang Y, Wang Q, Yang Z. Seasonal and diurnal characteristics of carbonyls in the urban atmosphere of Changsha, a mountainous city in south-central China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:259-267. [PMID: 31319242 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal and diurnal variations of carbonyl compounds were investigated in the ambient air of a mountainous city in China, from September 2014 to July 2015. The most abundant carbonyl compounds are formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone, propionaldehyde and methacryladehyde (MACR), which were all measured in most samples. The average concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, propionaldehyde and MACR in the atmosphere in Changsha were broken down into each season: 6.57, 3.29, 3.66, 0.67 and 0.54 μg/m3 respectively during Spring, 14.09, 8.28, 9.02, 1.28 and 0.6 μg/m3, respectively during Summer, 9.24, 5.48, 8.62, 0.73 and 0.62 μg/m3, respectively during Autumn, and 5.88, 4.84, 7.84, 0.87 and 0.26 μg/m3 respectively during Winter. And majority of the species had higher concentration during noon, showing photochemical oxidation and human activities played an important role in diurnal variation. The highest average C1/C2 (formaldehyde/acetaldehyde) ratio was observed in summer (2.10) compared to those (1.33-2.03) in other seasons, implying the photochemical activities had a positive effect on increasing the ratio of C1/C2. In this study, the monthly concentration of formaldehyde produced from isoprene accounts for 4.8%-39.1% of formaldehyde in ambient air. Strong correlation among some carbonyl compounds means that they came from the same sources. Photochemical reaction was the main source of carbonyl compounds in summer and vehicular exhaust (gasoline and diesel engines) in winter. Changsha is not a completely urbanized city and it is rich in vegetation of broadleaf evergreen shrubs. Both atmospheric photochemical reactions and anthropogenic sources, including vehicular exhaust and industrial processes, dominate the levels of carbonyls. The ILTCR and HQ values of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are 1.23E-04 and 1.34E-05, 2.80E-01 and 1.86E-01, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, PR China.
| | - Xuan Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, PR China
| | - Haiqing Zhai
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, PR China
| | - Yujiao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, PR China
| | - Qiong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, PR China
| | - Zhishu Yang
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, PR China
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Gao J, Seifert NA, Jäger W. A microwave spectroscopic and ab initio study of keto–enol tautomerism and isomerism in the cyclohexanone–water complex. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:12872-12880. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01999e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental structure and keto–enol conversion barrier of cyclohexanone–water from microwave spectroscopy and ab initio calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Gao
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
| | | | - Wolfgang Jäger
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
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Dima S, Chen KH, Wang KJ, Wang KM, Teng NC. Effect of Comorbidity on Lung Cancer Diagnosis Timing and Mortality: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1252897. [PMID: 30519567 PMCID: PMC6241217 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1252897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The effect of comorbidity on lung cancer patients' survival has been widely reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of comorbidity on the establishment of the diagnosis of lung cancer and survival in lung cancer patients in Taiwan by using a nationwide population-based study design. This study collected various comorbidity patients and analyzed data regarding the lung cancer diagnosis and survival during a 16-year follow-up period (1995-2010). In total, 101,776 lung cancer patients were included, comprising 44,770 with and 57,006 without comorbidity. The Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to compare overall survival between lung cancer patients with and without comorbidity. In our cohort, chronic bronchitis patients who developed lung cancer had the lowest overall survival in one (45%), five (28.6%), and ten years (26.2%) since lung cancer diagnosis. Among lung cancer patients with nonpulmonary comorbidities, patients with hypertension had the lowest overall survival in one (47.9%), five (30.5%), and ten (28.2%) years since lung cancer diagnosis. In 2010, patients with and without comorbidity had 14.86 and 9.31 clinical visits, respectively. Lung cancer patients with preexisting comorbidity had higher frequency of physician visits. The presence of comorbid conditions was associated with early diagnosis of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinechimeg Dima
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Huang Chen
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
- Big Data Research Center, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Jeng Wang
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Min Wang
- Department of Surgery, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Shilin District, Taipei 111, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Chia Teng
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, Taiwan
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Gallego E, Roca FJ, Perales JF, Guardino X, Gadea E, Garrote P. Impact of formaldehyde and VOCs from waste treatment plants upon the ambient air nearby an urban area (Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 568:369-380. [PMID: 27300568 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gallego
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC). Avda. Diagonal, 647. E, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francisco Javier Roca
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC). Avda. Diagonal, 647. E, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José Francisco Perales
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC). Avda. Diagonal, 647. E, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Guardino
- Centro Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo. CNCT-INSHT. Dulcet 2-10. E, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Enrique Gadea
- Centro Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo. CNCT-INSHT. Dulcet 2-10. E, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pedro Garrote
- Centro Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo. CNCT-INSHT. Dulcet 2-10. E, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Hung GY, Horng JL, Yen HJ, Lee CY, Lee YS. Geographic Variation in Cancer Incidence among Children and Adolescents in Taiwan (1995-2009). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133051. [PMID: 26192415 PMCID: PMC4507945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence from our recent study suggested that the overall trend for cancer incidence in children and adolescents has been increasing in Taiwan. METHODS To analyze geographic variations in this trend, cancer frequencies and incidence rates of disease groups were quantified according to geographic areas among 12,633 patients aged <20 years during 1995-2009 by using the population-based Taiwan Cancer Registry. Three geographic levels were defined, namely county or city, region (Northern, Central, Southern, and Eastern Taiwan), and local administrative area (special municipality, provincial city, county-administered city, township, and aboriginal area). RESULTS Of the regions, Northern Taiwan had the highest incidence rate at 139.6 per million person-years, followed by Central (132.8), Southern (131.8), and Eastern (128.4) Taiwan. Significantly higher standardized rate ratios (SRRs) were observed in Northern Taiwan (SRR = 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02-1.10) and at the township level (SRR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.03-1.11). Of the cities or counties, New Taipei City yielded the highest SRR (1.08), followed by Taipei City (SRR = 1.07). A comparison of the rates in the four regions and the remainder of Taiwan according to cancer type revealed that only the rate of neuroblastomas in Eastern Taiwan was significantly low. Trend analysis showed that the most significant increase in incidence rate was observed at the township level, with an annual percent change of 1.8% during the 15-year study period. CONCLUSIONS The high rate of childhood cancer in Northern Taiwan and at the township level deserves further attention. The potential impacts of environmental factors on the upward trend of childhood cancer incidence rate in townships warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giun-Yi Hung
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Lin Horng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ju Yen
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ying Lee
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ho KF, Ho SSH, Huang RJ, Dai WT, Cao JJ, Tian L, Deng WJ. Spatiotemporal distribution of carbonyl compounds in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 197:316-324. [PMID: 25433759 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A sampling campaign was carried out at nine Chinese cities in 2010/2011. Fifteen monocarbonyls (C# = 1-9) were quantified. Temperature is the rate-determining factor of the summertime carbonyl levels. The carbonyl emissions in winter are mainly driven by the primary anthropogenic sources like automobile. A molar ratio of propionaldehyde to nonaldehyde is a barometer of the impact of atmospheric vegetation emission which suggesting that strong vegetation emissions exist in summer and high propionaldehyde abundance is caused by fossil fuel combustion in winter. Potential health risk assessment of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde was conducted and the highest cumulative risks were observed at Chengdu in summer and Wuhan in winter. Because of the strong photochemical reaction and large amount of anthropogenic emissions, high concentrations of carbonyl compounds were observed in Chengdu. The use of ethanol-blended gasoline in Wuhan is the key reason of acetaldehyde emission and action should be taken to avoid potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Ho
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Health Risk Analysis, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China; SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China.
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States
| | - R-J Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland; Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - W T Dai
- SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - J J Cao
- SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Linwei Tian
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Health Risk Analysis, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - W J Deng
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
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16
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Bariar B, Vestal CG, Richardson C. Long-term effects of chromatin remodeling and DNA damage in stem cells induced by environmental and dietary agents. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 2014; 32:307-27. [PMID: 24579784 DOI: 10.1615/jenvironpatholtoxicoloncol.2013007980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of histones acts as a barrier to protein access; thus chromatin remodeling must occur for essential processes such as transcription and replication. In conjunction with histone modifications, DNA methylation plays critical roles in gene silencing through chromatin remodeling. Chromatin remodeling is also interconnected with the DNA damage response, maintenance of stem cell properties, and cell differentiation programs. Chromatin modifications have increasingly been shown to produce long-lasting alterations in chromatin structure and transcription. Recent studies have shown environmental exposures in utero have the potential to alter normal developmental signaling networks, physiologic responses, and disease susceptibility later in life during a process known as developmental reprogramming. In this review we discuss the long-term impact of exposure to environmental compounds, the chromatin modifications that they induce, and the differentiation and developmental programs of multiple stem and progenitor cell types altered by exposure. The main focus is to highlight agents present in the human lifestyle that have the potential to promote epigenetic changes that impact developmental programs of specific cell types, may promote tumorigenesis through altering epigenetic marks, and may be transgenerational, for example, those able to be transmitted through multiple cell divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Bariar
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC
| | - C Greer Vestal
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC
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Ho KF, Ho SSH, Dai WT, Cao JJ, Huang RJ, Tian L, Deng WJ. Seasonal variations of monocarbonyl and dicarbonyl in urban and sub-urban sites of Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:2835-49. [PMID: 24420739 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Seventeen airborne carbonyls including monocarbonyls and dicarbonyls were determined in urban and sub-urban sites of Xi'an, China in three seasons in 2010. In winter, acetone was the most abundant carbonyl in the urban site due to usage of organic solvents in constructions and laboratories and its slower atmospheric removal mechanisms by photolysis and reaction with hydroxyl radical than those of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. In the sub-urban site, acetaldehyde was the most abundant carbonyl, followed by formaldehyde and acetone. During summer, however, formaldehyde was the most dominant carbonyl in both sites. The photooxidations of a wide range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) yielded much more formaldehyde than other carbonyls under high solar radiation and temperature. In the urban site, the average concentrations of dicarbonyls (i.e., glyoxal and methyglyoxal) in spring and summer were higher than that in winter. Transformation of aromatic VOCs emitted from fuel evaporation leads to the formation of 1,2-dicarbonyls. A reverse trend was observed in sub-urban sites, as explained by the relatively low abundances and accumulations of VOC precursors in the rural atmosphere during warm seasons. Moreover, cumulative cancer risk based on measured outdoor carbonyls (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) in Xi'an Jiaotong University and Heihe was estimated (8.82 × 10(-5) and 4.96 × 10(-5), respectively). This study provides a clear map on the abundances of carbonyls and their source interpretation in the largest and the most economic city in Northwestern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Ho
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China,
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Salthammer T. Formaldehyd in der Umgebungsluft: von der Innenluftverunreinigung zur Außenluftverunreinigung? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Salthammer T. Formaldehyde in the ambient atmosphere: from an indoor pollutant to an outdoor pollutant? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:3320-7. [PMID: 23365016 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde has been discussed as a typical indoor pollutant for decades. Legal requirements and ever-lower limits for formaldehyde in indoor air have led to a continual reduction in the amount of formaldehyde released from furniture, building materials, and household products over many years. Slowly, and without much attention from research on indoor air, a change of paradigm is taking place, however. Today, the formaldehyde concentrations in outdoor air, particularly in polluted urban areas, sometimes already reach indoor levels. This is largely a result of photochemical processes and the use of biofuels. In the medium term, this development might have consequences for the way buildings are ventilated and lead to a change in the way we evaluate human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Bienroder Weg 54 E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Ma Z, Jeon J, Kim S, Jung S, Lee W, Seo S. Characteristics of odorous carbonyl compounds in the ambient air around a fishery industrial complex of Yeosu, Korea. J Environ Sci (China) 2012; 24:1785-1789. [PMID: 23520848 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(11)61020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the amounts of odorous carbonyl compounds (OCCs) including acetaldehyde (Acet-A), propionaldehyde (Pron-A), butylaldehyde (Buty-A), iso-valeric aldehyde (Iso-Vale-A) and n-valeric aldehyde (N-Vale-A) emitted from a fishery industrial complex near the exhibition facilities of "Expo 2012 Yeosu Korea" were measured. Acet-A was found to be the most abundant OCC, and the total concentrations of the OCCs were the highest in the summer. However, due to vehicular exhaust and photochemical reactions, the concentrations of some of the OCCs presented their highest levels in the fall. A significant correlation between Acet-A and Buty-A was found at the major fishery facilities (r = 0.816, p = 1.87E-15, n = 60) and at the border areas (r = 0.809, p = 3.40E-12, n = 48) of this fishery industrial complex. The concentrations of OCCs at the border areas were not worse than those at the urban areas in other places, indicating that the concentrations of ambient OCCs at the border areas were not greatly influenced by manmade activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongkun Ma
- Department of Environmental System Engineering, Chonnam National University, 50 Daehak-ro, Yeosu 550-749, Republic of Korea.
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