1
|
Singh J, Dodd D, Evans-Nguyen T, Muller A. Trace Analysis of C 4F 7N Insulating Gas Mixtures by Spontaneous Raman Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:20350-20358. [PMID: 38737039 PMCID: PMC11079898 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl) propanenitrile (C4F7N) is being researched as an alternative to sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) for applications in gas-insulated switchgear. We independently assessed the effectiveness of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and a novel method of feedback-assisted multipass cavity spontaneous Raman spectroscopy (SRS) for the trace quantification of impurities in C4F7N and its related byproducts. A total of 14 gases were identified with estimated concentrations as low as 20 ppm (ppm) for C3F6 using GC-MS and 7.4 ppm for CH4 using SRS and as high as 500 ppm for CF4 using GC-MS and 1430 ppm for CO using SRS. While GC-MS is highly effective in selectively detecting and quantifying trace contaminants, it necessitates separate detectors for various gases, such as CH4 and H2. SRS succeeded in detecting CF4 and C2F6 at concentrations of 465 and 100 ppm, respectively, and in placing an upper bound of several hundred ppm for the other analytes. Crucially, SRS holds potential for portability-and thus for field applications-in gas-insulated switchgear equipment diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Singh
- Physics
Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Dawson Dodd
- Chemistry
Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Theresa Evans-Nguyen
- Chemistry
Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Andreas Muller
- Physics
Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Q, Li H, Chu J, Pan J, Yang A, Xiao S, Yuan H, Rong M, Wang X. Real-Time Monitoring of Air Discharge in a Switchgear by an Intelligent NO 2 Sensor Module. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4646-4654. [PMID: 37976675 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
An air-insulated power equipment adopts air as the insulating medium and is widely implemented in power systems. When discharge faults occur, the air produces decomposition products represented by NO2. The efficient NO2 sensor enables the identification of electrical equipment faults. However, single-sensor-dependent NO2 detection is vulnerable to interfering gases. Implementing the sensor array could reduce the interference and improve detection efficiency. In the field of NO2 detection, In2O3 sensors have exhibited tremendous advantages. In our work, four composites based on In2O3 are integrated into sensor arrays, which could detect 250 ppb of NO2 and exhibit excellent selectivity when simultaneously exposed to CO. To further reduce the impact of humidity on gas-sensing performance, a convolutional neural network and a long short-term memory model equipped with an attention mechanism are proposed to evaluate NO2 concentration within 1 ppm, and the detection error is 63.69 ppb. In addition, the NO2 concentration estimation platform based on a microgas sensor is established to detect air discharge faults. The average concentration of NO2 generated by 10 consecutive discharge faults at 15 kV is 726.58 ppb, which indicates severe discharge in the switchgear. Our NO2 estimation method has great potential for large-scale deployment in low- and medium-voltage switchgears.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Haoyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jifeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jianbin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Aijun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Song Xiao
- School of Electrical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Huan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Mingzhe Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wan X, Yu W, Wang A, Wang X, Robertson J, Zhang Z, Guo Y. High-Throughput Screening of Gas Sensor Materials for Decomposition Products of Eco-Friendly Insulation Medium by Machine Learning. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2319-2330. [PMID: 37172078 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, trifluoromethyl sulfonyl fluoride (CF3SO2F) has shown great potential to replace SF6 as an eco-friendly insulation medium in the power industry. In this work, an effective and low-cost design strategy toward ideal gas sensors for the decomposed gas products of CF3SO2F was proposed. The strategy achieved high-throughput screening from a large candidate space based on first-principle calculation and machine learning (ML). The candidate space is made up of different transition metal-embedded graphic carbon nitrides (TM/g-C3N4) owing to their high surface area and subtle electronic structure. Four main noteworthy decomposition gases of CF3SO2F, namely, CF4, SO2, SO2F2, and HF, as well as their initial stable structure on TM/g-C3N4 were determined. The best-performing ML model was established and implemented to predict the interaction strength between gas products and TM/g-C3N4, thus determining the promising gas-sensing materials for target gases with the requirements of interaction strength, recovery time, sensitivity, and selectivity. Further analysis guarantees their stability and reveals the origin of excellent properties as a gas sensor. The high-throughput strategy opens a new avenue of rational and low-cost design principles of desirable gas-sensing materials in an interdisciplinary view.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuhao Wan
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
- Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Yu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Anyang Wang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Xiting Wang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - John Robertson
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
- Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Zhaofu Zhang
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Yuzheng Guo
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu H, Xia Y, Zhang C, Xie S, Wu S, Cui H. Adsorptions of C 5F 10O decomposed compounds on the Cu-decorated NiS 2 monolayer: a first-principles theory. Mol Phys 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2163715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Wu
- School of Mechanical and Resource Engineering, Wuzhou University, Wuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yalong Xia
- Power Internet of Things Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- State Grid Sichuan Electric Power Research Institute, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenmeng Zhang
- Power Internet of Things Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- State Grid Sichuan Electric Power Research Institute, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shijun Xie
- Power Internet of Things Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- State Grid Sichuan Electric Power Research Institute, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siqing Wu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hubei University of Science & Technology, Xianning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Cui
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu P, Li Y, Xiao S, Chen D, Chen J, Tang J, Zhang X. Room-Temperature Detection of Perfluoroisobutyronitrile with SnO 2/Ti 3C 2T x Gas Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:48200-48211. [PMID: 36226794 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ti3C2Tx MXene is an emerging two-dimensional transition-metal carbide/nitride with excellent properties of large specific surface and high carrier mobility for room-temperature gas sensing. However, achieving high sensitivity and long-term stability of pristine Ti3C2Tx-based gas sensors remains challenging. SnO2 is a typical semiconductor metal oxide with high reaction activity and stable chemical properties ideal for a dopant that can comprehensively improve sensing performance. Ti3C2Tx and SnO2 are investigated for the first time in this study as functional materials for hybridization and room-temperature detection of the gas insulating medium fluorinated nitrile (C4F7N) with microtoxicity. A Ti3C2Tx-SnO2 nanocomposite sensor exhibits superior sensitivity, high selectivity, strong anti-interference ability, and excellent long-term stability. The enhanced sensing mechanism is ascribed to the synergistic effect between SnO2 and Ti3C2Tx and the strong adsorption ability of SnO2 to C4F7N similar to bait for fish. We also established an actual leakage scene and demonstrated the feasibility of the Ti3C2Tx-SnO2 sensor to provide distribution rules with high sensing efficiency for actual engineering applications. The results of this work can expand the gas sensing application of Ti3C2Tx MXene and provide a reference for maintaining C4F7N-based eco-friendly gas-insulated equipment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, China
| | - Song Xiao
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, China
| | - Dachang Chen
- School of electrical and electronic engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan430023, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, China
| | - Ju Tang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, China
| | - Xiaoxing Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for High-efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy and Operation Control of Energy Storage System, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan430068, China
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing400044, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Carles A, Schlernitzauer A, Vignes M, Cros G, Magous R, Maurice T, Oiry C. Heptafluoroisobutyronitrile (C 4F 7N), a gas used for insulating and arc quenching in electrical switchgear, is neurotoxic in the mouse brain. Toxicology 2022; 480:153319. [PMID: 36100137 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fluoronitrile gas (C4F7N, CAS number 42532-60-5) is one of the most promising candidates as insulating and/or breaking medium in high and medium voltage electrical equipment. Besides its promising properties, C4F7N gas is however not devoid of acute toxicity when used pure or in gas mixtures. The toxicity was not extensively analyzed and reported. The aim of the present study was to analyze in mice the consequences of a single exposure to C4F7N gas, at different concentrations and different timepoints after exposure. Male and female Swiss mice were exposed to breathable air or C4F7N gas, at 800 ppmv or 1500 ppmv, for 4 h on day 0. Behavioral tests (spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze and object recognition) were performed on days 1, 7 and 14 to assess memory alterations. The animals were then sacrificed and their brains dissected for biochemical analyses or fixed with paraformaldehyde for histology and immunohistochemistry. Results showed behavioral impairments and memory deficits, with impairments of alternation at days 1 and 7 and object recognition at day 14. Histological alterations of pyramidal neuronal layer in the hippocampus, neuroinflammatory astroglial reaction, and microglial alterations were observed, more marked in female than male mice. Moreover, the biochemical analyses done in the brain of 1500 ppmv exposed female mice showed a reductive stress with decreased lipid peroxidation and release of cytochrome c, leading to apoptosis with increases in caspase-9 cleavage and γ-H2AX/H2AX ratio. Finally, electrophysiological analyses using a multi-electrode array allowed the measure of the extracellular activity of pyramidal neurons in the CA2 area and revealed that exposure to the gas not only prevented the induction of long-term potentiation but even provoked an epileptoid-like activity in some neurons suggesting major alterations of synaptic plasticity. This study therefore showed that an acute exposure of mice to C4F7N gas provoked, particularly in female animals, memory alterations and brain toxicity characterized by a reductive stress, microglial toxicity, loss of synaptic plasticity and apoptosis. Its use in industrial installations must be done with extreme caution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Carles
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France; ©MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Michel Vignes
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Gérard Cros
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Richard Magous
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Tangui Maurice
- ©MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Catherine Oiry
- ©MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Toxic Study on the New Eco-Friendly Insulating Gas Trifluoromethanesulfonyl Fluoride: A Substitute for SF6. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been proven that the gas trifluoromethanesulfonyl fluoride (CF3SO2F) has good dielectric performance and the potential to replace the potent greenhouse gas sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), which is the most commonly used insulating gas in high-voltage electrical equipment. However, there are many key biochemical properties, such as toxicity, that the new eco-friendly insulating gas will need to obtain. It could protect the operator and equipment and help the chemical engineering development of this gas in the power grid industry. In this study, according to Horn’s method, an acute toxic gas inhalation test was carried out. The results showed that the lethal concentration of 50% (LC50) for female rats was 27.1 g/m3, and that for male rats was 23.3 g/m3. The behavioral and vital sign changes in the rats were recorded. Pathological sections of the main organs revealed that the heart, lungs, spleen, and eyes suffered the most damage from the gas. This research also provides scientific suggestions for the protection of electrical workers exposed to the insulating gas CF3SO2F.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu P, Li Y, Xiao S, Chen J, Tang J, Chen D, Zhang X. SnO 2 nanoparticles based highly sensitive gas sensor for detection of C 4F 7N: A new eco-friendly gas insulating medium. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 422:126882. [PMID: 34403939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As a novel eco-friendly gas insulation medium, perfluoroisobutyronitrile (C4F7N) has been utilized in various gas insulated equipment. Considering the biological toxicity of C4F7N, it is of great engineering significance to develop highly sensitive sensors for leakage detection scenarios. Herein, we fabricated the first SnO2 nanoparticles based highly sensitive C4F7N gas sensor that realized a superior response of 65.01% within 21 s for 50 ppm C4F7N exposure and a detection limit of 0.25 ppm. Meanwhile, successive response-recovery tests were performed to confirm its durability and stability. We also explored the sensing mechanism of SnO2 nanoparticles towards C4F7N and explained the superior sensing performance compared with other gases based on the density functional theory. It was found that the O vacancy demonstrates strong interaction with the -CN group in C4F7N that promotes the detection response, which was also confirmed by sensing experiments for SnO2 with different O vacancy density. We believe this paper provides convincing support for lowering the potential operation risk brought by C4F7N in electrical engineering and the application scenarios of SnO2 based gas sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Song Xiao
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Junyi Chen
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ju Tang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Dachang Chen
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaoxing Zhang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for Safety Monitoring of New Energy and Power Grid Equipment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Recent Development of Two Alternative Gases to SF6 for High Voltage Electrical Power Applications. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14165051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For many years, SF6 has been the preferred dielectric medium in electrical power applications, particularly in high voltage gas-insulated equipment. However, with the recognition that SF6 has an extremely long atmospheric lifetime and very high global warming potential, governments have pursued emission reductions from gas-filled equipment. The electrical power industry has responded to this environmental challenge applying SF6-free technologies to an expanding range of applications which have traditionally used SF6, including gas-insulated switchgear, gas-insulated circuit breakers and gas-insulated lines or bus bars. Some of these SF6-free solutions include gas mixtures containing fluorinated compounds that have low climate impact, among them, a fluoronitrile and a fluoroketone developed as 3M™ Novec™ 4710 Insulating Gas and 3M™ Novec™ 5110 Insulating Gas, respectively. Both fluoronitrile and fluoroketone mixtures are successfully used in gas-insulated equipment currently operating on the grid where they reduce greenhouse gas emissions by more than 99% versus SF6. This paper reviews these leading components of alternative-gas mixtures with updates on the performance, safety and environmental profiles in electrical power applications.
Collapse
|
10
|
Huang Y, Lei C, Liu CH, Perez P, Forehead H, Kong S, Zhou JL. A review of strategies for mitigating roadside air pollution in urban street canyons. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 280:116971. [PMID: 33774541 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Urban street canyons formed by high-rise buildings restrict the dispersion of vehicle emissions, which pose severe health risks to the public by aggravating roadside air quality. However, this issue is often overlooked in city planning. This paper reviews the mechanisms controlling vehicle emission dispersion in urban street canyons and the strategies for managing roadside air pollution. Studies have shown that air pollution hotspots are not all attributed to heavy traffic and proper urban design can mitigate air pollution. The key factors include traffic conditions, canyon geometry, weather conditions and chemical reactions. Two categories of mitigation strategies are identified, namely traffic interventions and city planning. Popular traffic interventions for street canyons include low emission zones and congestion charges which can moderately improve roadside air quality. In comparison, city planning in terms of building geometry can significantly promote pollutant dispersion in street canyons. General design guidelines, such as lower canyon aspect ratio, alignment between streets and prevailing winds, non-uniform building heights and ground-level building porosity, may be encompassed in new development. Concurrently, in-street barriers are widely applicable to rectify the poor roadside air quality in existing street canyons. They are broadly classified into porous (e.g. trees and hedges) and solid (e.g. kerbside parked cars, noise fences and viaducts) barriers that utilize their aerodynamic advantages to ease roadside air pollution. Post-evaluations are needed to review these strategies by real-world field experiments and more detailed modelling in the practical perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Huang
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Chengwang Lei
- Centre for Wind, Waves and Water, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Chun-Ho Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pascal Perez
- SMART Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Hugh Forehead
- SMART Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - John L Zhou
- Centre for Green Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Luo C, Huang X, Wu R, Li B, Qin Z, Li C, Ma S. Exploration of Ni-doped BN monolayer as a promising gas sensor for air decomposed species in the high-voltage switchgears. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
12
|
Tian Y, Zhang X, Wang Y, Cui Z, tang J. SF6 abatement in a packed bed plasma reactor: Role of zirconia size and optimization using RSM. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
13
|
Zhang X, Ye F, Li Y, Tian S, Xie B, Gao Y, Xiao S. Acute toxicity and health effect of perfluoroisobutyronitrile on mice: a promising substitute gas-insulating medium to SF 6. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020; 55:1646-1658. [PMID: 33054532 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1830654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroisobutyronitrile (C4F7N) is a new eco-friendly gas insulation medium that has potential to replace the most greenhouse gas sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) used in power industry. In order to ensure the engineering application safety, an in-depth assessment of the acute inhalation toxicity of C4F7N gas mixture is required. This article revealed gender differences in male and female mice after exposure to C4F7N and the physiological recovery characteristics of surviving mice by means of 4 h acute inhalation toxicity tests, hematological determinations and histopathological examination. Comparative analysis on the toxicity of C4F7N on mice and rats is also evaluated. We find that the LC50 of C4F7N for male and female mice is 1175 ppm (4 h), 1380 ppm (4 h) and female ones are more tolerant to C4F7N. Mice that exposed to 1000 ppm C4F7N for 4 h could survive and return to their normal state after the 14-day observation period without irreversible damage. The toxic effect duration of C4F7N on rats is longer than that of mice. Relevant results revealed the acute inhalation toxicity of C4F7N systematically and provided fundamental reference for inhalation safety protection and engineering application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Zhang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory for High-Efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy and Operation Control of Energy Storage System, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fanchao Ye
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuangshuang Tian
- Key Laboratory for High-Efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy and Operation Control of Energy Storage System, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Baojuan Xie
- Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yadong Gao
- Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Xiao
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Widger P, Carr D, Hills M, Reid A. A Comparison of Partial Discharge Sensors for Natural Gas Insulated High Voltage Equipment. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20164443. [PMID: 32784863 PMCID: PMC7472498 DOI: 10.3390/s20164443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The research in this paper consists of practical experimentation on a gas insulated section of high voltage equipment filled with carbon dioxide and technical air as a direct replacement to sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and analyses the results of PD measurement by way of internal UHF sensors and external HFCTs. The results contribute to ongoing efforts to replace the global warming gas SF6 with an alternative such as pure carbon dioxide or technical air and are applicable to mixtures of electronegative gases that have a high content of buffer gas including carbon dioxide. The experiments undertaken involved filling a full-scale gas insulated line demonstrator with different pressures of CO2 or technical air and applying voltages up to 242 kV in both clean conditions and particle contaminated conditions. The results show that carbon dioxide and technical air can insulate a gas section normally insulated with SF6 at phase-to-earth voltage of 242 kV and that both HFCT and UHF sensors can be used to detect partial discharge with natural gases. The internal UHF sensors show the most accurate PD location results but external HFCTs offer a good compromise and very similar location accuracy.
Collapse
|
15
|
Das D, Karmakar L. Autogenic single p/n-junction solar cells from black-Si nano-grass structures of p-to-n type self-converted electronic configuration. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:15371-15382. [PMID: 32656561 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03927f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photovoltaic performance of solar cells automatically improves when the absorber layer itself simultaneously acts as the anti-reflection nanostructure with an enhanced active absorber area on the front surface. Combined physical and chemical etching of p-c-Si wafers by (Ar + H2) plasma in inductively coupled low-pressure plasma CVD produces various nanostructures with subsequent minimization of reflectance. At a reduced temperature, the rate constant of thermal diffusion of atomic-H in the Si-network becomes smaller, leading to enhanced chemical etching reactions that further increase at an elevated RF power. Regrowth of the SiHn precursors produced by etching and subsequent hydrogenation in the plasma develops a high density of elongated nano-grass structures, which further align with sharp tips via Ar+ ion bombardment and elimination of loosely bound amorphous over-layers, on application of negative dc substrate bias during real-time etching and regrowth. A significantly reduced reflectance (∼0.5%) via coherent light trapping within the uniformly distributed vertically aligned nano-grass surfaces evolves truly black-silicon (b-Si) nanostructures, which further self-convert from the p-type to n-type electronic configuration via etching-mediated modification of B-H bonds from BH1 to BH2 and/or BH3 states, producing autogenic p/n junctions. Using (Ar + H2) plasma etched b-Si nano-grass structures at low temperature (∼200 °C), one-step fabrication of autogenic single p/n-junction proof-of-concept solar cells is accomplished. There is plenty of room for further progress in device performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debajyoti Das
- Energy Research Unit, School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata - 700 032, India.
| | - Laxmikanta Karmakar
- Energy Research Unit, School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata - 700 032, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Partial Discharge Measurements in a High Voltage Gas Insulated Transmission Line Insulated with CO2. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13112891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper uses practical experimentation to analyse the effect of replacing SF6 with pure CO2 in conventional gas insulated transmission line sections by studying partial discharge measurements taken with applied voltages up to 242 kV (rms). The results can also help in understanding the properties of new alternative gas mixtures which can be utilised with a ratio of up to and over 95% CO2. The experiments undertaken involved filling a gas insulated line demonstrator with 3 bars of CO2 and applying voltages up to 242 kV in both clean conditions and particle-contaminated enclosure conditions. The results demonstrate that CO2 can be used to insulate gas equipment without breakdown at high voltage, however, a higher gas-filling pressure may be needed to reduce the partial discharge found in the tests presented in this paper. Another aspect of the work showed that partial discharge (PD) measurements from internal ultra-high frequency (UHF) sensors compared with a direct measurement from a capacitive divider both clearly showed the effect of contaminating particles in CO2. However, the PD divider measurements also showed considerable external PD on the outside of the gas compartment, leading to the conclusion that UHF sensors are still regarded as having the highest sensitivity and noise immunity for gas insulated switchgear (GIS) or gas insulated transmission line (GIL) systems including when the equipment is insulated with CO2.
Collapse
|
17
|
AC Volume Breakdown and Surface Flashover of a 4% NovecTM 4710/96% CO2 Gas Mixture Compared to CO2 in Highly Nonhomogeneous Fields. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13071710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AC pre-discharge currents, breakdown, and flashover voltage measurements are reported in a 10 mm needle-plane arrangement in a 4% NovecTM 4710/96% CO2 gas mixture and compared with CO2 for pressures up to 8.8 bar abs. Flashover measurements were performed on different solid dielectrics (Al2O3_filled epoxy resins, PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) and PE (polyethylene)) for different roughness surface finishes. The effect of fixed conducting needles at various positions on electrical strength is reported. A strong nonlinear behaviour as function of gas pressure was observed for all the studied parameters (gas, needle position, solid insulator, insulator roughness). The non-linear behaviour is attributed to the inception and quenching of glow corona, in the interval between inception and breakdown or flashover voltages. It is found that a 4% concentration of NovecTM 4710 in CO2 has a breakdown/flashover voltage ≈ 1.14 higher than CO2. The glow corona-induced stabilization effect is seen for pressures between 2 and 5 bar abs for all the studied parameters. The peak flashover voltage and its associated pressure of the different insulators are strongly dependent on surface roughness. At 8.8 bar abs, the flashover voltage level obtained with various materials was ordered as follows: PTFE > PE-UHMW > Epoxy > HDPE(High-density polyethylene).
Collapse
|
18
|
Li Y, Zhang X, Li Y, Chen D, Cui Z, Liu W, Tang J. Interaction Mechanism between the C 4F 7N-CO 2 Gas Mixture and the EPDM Seal Ring. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:5911-5920. [PMID: 32226871 PMCID: PMC7097995 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
C4F7N (fluorinated nitrile) has been introduced as a remarkable substitute gas for the greenhouse gas SF6 (sulfur hexafluoride) which is used in gas-insulated equipment (GIE). Intensive investigations about the compatibility between C4F7N and materials used in GIE are required to decide their long-term behavior. In this paper, the interaction mechanism between EPDM, used as a sealing ring in GIE, and C4F7N-CO2 was explored. The composition and morphology properties of EPDM were first revealed based on scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that EPDM rubber is incompatible with the C4F7N-CO2 gas mixture at temperatures higher than 70 °C. There exist chemical reactions between EPDM and C4F7N, resulting in the generation of gaseous byproducts including C3F6, CF3H, and C2F5H and corrosion of EPDM. DFT calculation also shows that the interaction between C4F7N and EPDM could cause the dissociation of C4F7N. Relevant results provide important guidance for the engineering application of the C4F7N gas mixture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- School
of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- School
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Xiaoxing Zhang
- School
of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- School
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
- E-mail: . Phone: +86 13627275072 (X.Z.)
| | - Yalong Li
- School
of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- E-mail: . Phone: +86 15207108639 (Y.L.)
| | - Dachang Chen
- School
of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhaolun Cui
- School
of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Electric
Power Research Institute of State Grid Anhui Electric Power Company
Ltd., Hefei 230000, China
| | - Ju Tang
- School
of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Cui H, Zhang Y, Chen D, Xiao S, Tang J. Thermal decomposition properties of fluoronitriles-N2 gas mixture as alternative gas for SF6. J Fluor Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2019.109434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
20
|
Compatibility between C6F12O–N2 Gas Mixture and Metal Used in Medium-Voltage Switchgears. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12244639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
C6F12O has been introduced as the potential alternative gas to SF6 because of its excellent insulation properties and great eco-friendly performance. Considering that C6F12O may react with the internal materials of switchgears in practical applications, its compatibility with metal materials must be tested to evaluate its long-term application possibilities. In this work, the compatibility of C6F12O–N2 gas mixtures with aluminum and copper was tested at different temperatures by setting up a heat-aging reaction platform between the gas and each metal. The metal surface morphology and gas composition before and after the reaction were compared and analyzed. The results show that the surface color of the copper sheet changed considerably, and the corrosion degree of the surface deepened with the increase of temperature. The decomposition of C6F12O was also promoted. In contrast, aluminum did not react severely with the gas mixture. The compatibility of the gas mixture with aluminum was generally better than that of copper.
Collapse
|
21
|
Tian Y, Zhang X, Tang B, Cui Z, Zhang G, Chen Z, Wang H. SF 6 abatement in a packed bed plasma reactor: study towards the effect of O 2 concentration. RSC Adv 2019; 9:34827-34836. [PMID: 35702550 PMCID: PMC9097596 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05629g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SF6 is a greenhouse gas with extremely high global warming potential value (GWP). In this paper, oxygen and a packed bed plasma reactor (PBR) were applied to remove it. The synergistic effect between oxygen and PBRs was evaluated by the destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) and energy yield (EY) at different oxygen concentrations. The results show that excessive oxygen weakened the micro-discharge in a PBR to suppress SF6 degradation while the addition of a proper amount of oxygen (1–4%) can improve the DRE and EY. 2% O2 in the system had the best promoting effect on the destruction of 6–10% SF6, which made the maximum energy yield (EY) increase by 50.99% to 37.99 g kW−1 h−1 (SF6 concentration was 10%, flow rate was 150 mL min−1). Moreover, in the flow rate range of 100 mL min−1 to 250 mL min−1, the DRE decreased and the EY increased with the flow rate. In addition, the selectivity of different products were affected by the oxygen concentration. For 6% SF6, SO2F2 selectivity was always the highest while SO2 was always the lowest; when the oxygen concentration did not exceed 2%, SOF2 selectivity was higher than SOF4, otherwise, SOF4 selectivity was higher than SOF2. This paper provided experimental support for better understanding of the effect of additional gas concentration on SF6 decomposition in a PBR. SF6 is a greenhouse gas with extremely high global warming potential (GWP).![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Xiaoxing Zhang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Bowen Tang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Zhaolun Cui
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Guozhi Zhang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Zhenwei Chen
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Grid Hubei Electric Power Company Maintenance Company Wuhan 430050 China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Study on the Compatibility of Gas Adsorbents Used in a New Insulating Gas Mixture C4F7N/CO2. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7100698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An environment-friendly insulating gas, perfluoroisobutyronitrile (C4F7N), has been developed recent years. Due to its relatively high liquefaction temperature (around −4.7 °C), buffer gases, such as CO2 and N2, are usually mixed with C4F7N to increase the pressure of the filled insulating medium. During these processes, the insulating gases may be contaminated with micro-water, and the mixture of H2O with C4F7N could produce HF under breakdown voltage condition, which is harmful to the gas insulated electricity transfer equipment. Therefore, removal of H2O and HF in situ from the gas insulated electricity transfer equipment is significant to its operation security. The adsorbents with the ability to remove H2O but without obvious C4F7N/CO2 adsorption capacity are essential to be used in this system. In this work, a series of industrial adsorbents and desiccants were tested for their compatibility with C4F7N/CO2. Pulse adsorption tests were conducted to evaluate the adsorption performance of these adsorbents and desiccants on C4F7N and CO2. The 5A molecular sieve showed high adsorption of C4F7N (22.82 mL/g) and CO2 (43.86 mL/g); F-03 did not show adsorption capacity with C4F7N, however, it adsorbed CO2 (26.2 mL/g) clearly. Some other HF adsorbents, including NaF, CaF2, MgF2, Al(OH)3, and some desiccants including CaCl2, Na2SO4, MgSO4 were tested for their compatibility with C4F7N and CO2, and they showed negligible adsorption capacity on C4F7N and CO2. The results suggested that these adsorbents used in the gas insulated electricity transfer equipment filled with SF6 (mainly 5A and F-03 molecular sieves) are not suitable anymore. The results of this work suggest that it is a good strategy to use a mixture of desiccants and HF adsorbents as new adsorbents in the equipment filled with C4F7N/CO2.
Collapse
|
23
|
Analysis of Gaseous By-Products of CF 3I and CF 3I-CO 2 after High Voltage Arcing Using a GCMS. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081599. [PMID: 31018513 PMCID: PMC6514910 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing demand for an alternative insulation medium to sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) has led to the investigation of new environmentally friendly insulation gases which could be used in high voltage equipment on the electrical power network. One such alternative, which is currently being explored by researchers, is Trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I) which could potentially be used in a gas mixture with carbon dioxide (CO2) as an insulation medium. In this paper an analysis of gaseous by-products detected as a result of high voltage breakdown through pure CF3I and a CF3I-CO2 gas mixture across a sphere-sphere electrode arrangement is given. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GCMS) is used to identify the gaseous by-products produced as a result of high voltage arcing which causes the gas between the electrodes to dissociate. Analysing these gas by-products helps to identify the long-term behaviour of the gas mixture in high voltage equipment.
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang Y, Zhang X, Li Y, Li Y, Chen Q, Zhang G, Xiao S, Tang J. Effect of oxygen on power frequency breakdown voltage and decomposition characteristics of the C5F10O/N2/O2 gas mixture. RSC Adv 2019; 9:18963-18970. [PMID: 35516863 PMCID: PMC9064930 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03275d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is widely used in the power industry because of its excellent insulation and arc extinguishing performance; however, as the global environment is deteriorating, the need to replace SF6 is becoming significantly critical. In recent years, C5F10O has received extensive attention as a potential alternative to SF6. In this study, a part of N2 in C5F10O/N2 was replaced by O2, and the breakdown voltages of C5F10O/N2/O2 at different oxygen concentrations under a slightly uneven electric field were tested. The dispersion of breakdown voltage and the discharge decomposition components of C5F10O/N2/O2 with different oxygen concentrations were analysed. It was found that as the oxygen concentration increased, the breakdown voltage of C5F10O/N2/O2 with 15 kPa C5F10O at 0.2 MPa increased, and the dispersion of the breakdown voltage became worse. When 0.5% O2 or more O2 was added to the C5F10O/N2 gas mixture, the carbon precipitates on the electrode surface disappeared. As the oxygen concentration continued to increase, another characteristic component, CF2O, could be detected, whereas C2F4 and C3F6 disappeared. It is believed that O2 can inhibit the formation of C2F6, C3F8, C4F10, and C3F7H. Therefore, it is recommended to use oxygen as the second buffer gas for the engineering applications of C5F10O. Moreover, the ratio of C5F10O to O2 is recommended to be 1 : 1. C5F10O gas mixture is a SF6 potential substitute with high insulation strength and is a new type of environmentally friendly insulating gas. By adding oxygen to C5F10O gas mixture, insulation strength can be improved and carbon deposition can be suppressed.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - Xiaoxing Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Hubei University of Technology
- Wuhan 430072
- China
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation
| | - Yi Li
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - Yalong Li
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - Guozhi Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Hubei University of Technology
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - Song Xiao
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - Ju Tang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| |
Collapse
|