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Barros TV, Notario VA, de Oliveira JA, Bispo DF, Freitas LDS, Jegatheesan V, Cardozo-Filho L. Recovery of lithium and cobalt from lithium cobalt oxide and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide batteries using supercritical water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 359:124570. [PMID: 39029860 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the eco-friendly extraction of metal oxides from LCO and NMC batteries using supercritical water. Experiments were conducted at 450 °C with a feed rate of 5 mL min-1 and varying battery/PVC ratios (0.0, 2.0, and 3.0). The products were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results show the presence of cobalt chloride (CoCl2) and lithium (Li) in the liquid products, achieving 100% cobalt recovery under all conditions. The gaseous products obtained hydrogen with molar compositions up to 78.3% and 82.7% for LCO:PVC and NMC:PVC batteries, respectively, after 60 min of reaction. These findings highlight the potential of this methodology for lithium-ion battery recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago V Barros
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil; School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Vitor A Notario
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Jose Augusto de Oliveira
- School of Engineering, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus of Sao Joao da Boa Vista, Sao Joao da Boa Vista, SP, 13876-750, Brazil
| | - Diego Fonseca Bispo
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão, SE, BR, 49100-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lucio Cardozo-Filho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil; School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; School of Engineering, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus of Sao Joao da Boa Vista, Sao Joao da Boa Vista, SP, 13876-750, Brazil.
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2
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Wu X, Liu Y, Wang J, Tan Y, Liang Z, Zhou G. Toward Circular Energy: Exploring Direct Regeneration for Lithium-Ion Battery Sustainability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403818. [PMID: 38794816 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are rapidly developing into attractive energy storage technologies. As LIBs gradually enter retirement, their sustainability is starting to come into focus. The utilization of recycled spent LIBs as raw materials for battery manufacturing is imperative for resource and environmental sustainability. The sustainability of spent LIBs depends on the recycling process, whereby the cycling of battery materials must be maximized while minimizing waste emissions and energy consumption. Although LIB recycling technologies (hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy) have been commercialized on a large scale, they have unavoidable limitations. They are incompatible with circular economy principles because they require toxic chemicals, emit hazardous substances, and consume large amounts of energy. The direct regeneration of degraded electrode materials from spent LIBs is a viable alternative to traditional recycling technologies and is a nondestructive repair technology. Furthermore, direct regeneration offers advantages such as maximization of the value of recycled electrode materials, use of sustainable, nontoxic reagents, high potential profitability, and significant application potential. Therefore, this review aims to investigate the state-of-the-art direct LIB regeneration technologies that can be extended to large-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Tsinghua Shenzhen International, Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Junxiong Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Tsinghua Shenzhen International, Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yihong Tan
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Tsinghua Shenzhen International, Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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3
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Li Y, Sun M, Cao Y, Yu K, Fan Z, Cao Y. Designing Low Toxic Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Green Recycle of Lithium-Ion Batteries Cathodes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301953. [PMID: 38409620 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The Lithium-ion battery (LIB) is one of the main energy storage equipment. Its cathode material contains Li, Co, and other valuable metals. Therefore, recycling spent LIBs can reduce environmental pollution and resource waste, which is significant for sustainable development. However, traditional metallurgical methods are not environmentally friendly, with high cost and environmental toxicity. Recently, the concept of green chemistry gives rise to environmental and efficient recycling technology, which promotes the transition of recycling solvents from organic solvents to green solvents represented by deep eutectic solvents (DESs). DESs are considered as ideal alternative solvents in extraction processes, attracting great attention due to their low cost, low toxicity, good biodegradability, and high extraction capacity. It is very important to develop the DESs system for LIBs recycling for sustainable development of energy and green economic development of recycling technology. In this work, the applications and research progress of DESs in LIBs recovery are reviewed, and the physicochemical properties such as viscosity, toxicity and regulatory properties are summarized and discussed. In particular, the toxicity data of DESs are collected and analyzed. Finally, the guidance and prospects for future research are put forward, aiming to explore more suitable DESs for recycling valuable metals in batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Li
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
| | - Mingjie Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
| | - Yanbo Cao
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
| | - Keying Yu
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
| | - Zixuan Fan
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Cao
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P.R. China
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4
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Gao T, Dai T, Fan N, Han Z, Gao X. Comprehensive review and comparison on pretreatment of spent lithium-ion battery. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 363:121314. [PMID: 38843731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Pretreatment, the initial step in recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), efficiently separates cathode and anode materials to facilitate key element recovery. Despite brief introductions in existing research, a comprehensive evaluation and comparison of processing methods is lacking. This study reviews 346 references on LIBs recycling, analyzing pretreatment stages, treatment conditions, and method effects. Our analysis highlights insufficient attention to discharge voltage safety and environmental impact. Mechanical disassembly, while suitable for industrial production, overlooks electrolyte recovery and complicates LIBs separation. High temperature pyrolysis flotation offers efficient separation of mixed electrode materials, enhancing mineral recovery. We propose four primary pretreatment processes: discharge, electrolyte recovery, crushing and separation, and electrode material recovery, offering simplified, efficient, green, low-cost, and high-purity raw materials for subsequent recovery processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Gao
- MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China; Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, Chinese Geological Survey, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Tao Dai
- MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China; Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, Chinese Geological Survey, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Na Fan
- China Huanqiu Contracting & Engineering Corp., Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhongkui Han
- MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Shanxi Aerospace Qinghua Equipment Co., Ltd, Changzhi, 046012, China.
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Chen Q, Guo Y, Lai X, Han X, Liu X, Lu L, Ouyang M, Zheng Y. Chemical-Free Recycling of Cathode Material and Aluminum Foil from Waste Lithium-Ion Batteries by Combining Plasma and Ultrasonic Technology. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:31076-31084. [PMID: 38848221 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid demand for lithium-ion batteries due to the widespread application of electric vehicles, a significant amount of battery electrode pieces requiring urgent treatment are generated during battery production and disposal. The strong bonding caused by the presence of binders makes it challenging to achieve thorough separation between the cathode active materials and Al foil, posing difficulties in efficient battery material recycling. To address this issue, a plasma-ultrasonically combined physical separation method is proposed in this study. This method utilizes plasma-generated excited-state radicals assisted by ultrasonic waves to separate active materials and current collectors. The results indicate that the binders are effectively decomposed under plasma treatment at 13.56 MHz, 100 W, and 10 min in an oxygen atmosphere, resulting in a separation efficiency of 96.8 wt % for the cathode materials. Characterization results demonstrate that the morphology, crystal structure, and chemical composition of the recycled cathode active materials remain unchanged, facilitating subsequent direct restoration and hydrometallurgical recycling. Simultaneously, the Al foil is also completely recycled for subsequent reuse. Compared with traditional methods of separating cathode active materials and aluminum foil, the method proposed in this study has significant economic and environmental potential. It can promote the recycling of battery materials and the development of sustainable transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanwei Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xin Lai
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xuebing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Languang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Minggao Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuejiu Zheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
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6
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Bruno M, Fiore S. Review of lithium-ion batteries' supply-chain in Europe: Material flow analysis and environmental assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 358:120758. [PMID: 38593735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
European legislation stated that electric vehicles' sale must increase to 35% of circulating vehicles by 2030, and concern is associated to the batteries' supply chain. This review aims at analysing the impacts (about material flows and CO2 eq emissions) of Lithium-Ion Batteries' (LIBs) recycling at full-scale in Europe in 2030 on the European LIBs' supply-chain. Literature review provided the recycling technologies' (e.g., pyro- and hydrometallurgy) efficiencies, and an inventory of existing LIBs' production and recycling plants in Europe. European production plants exhibit production capacity adequate for the expected 2030 needs. The key critical issues associated to recycling regard pre-treatments and the high costs and environmental impacts of metallurgical processes. Then, according to different LIBs' composition and market shares in 2020, and assuming a 10-year battery lifetime, the Material Flow Analysis (MFA) of the metals embodied in End of Life (EoL) LIBs forecasted in Europe in 2030 was modelled, and the related CO2 eq emissions calculated. In 2030 the European LIBs' recycling structure is expected to receive 664 t of Al, 530 t of Co, 1308 t of Cu, 219 t of Fe, 175 t of Li, 287 t of Mn and 486 t of Ni. Of these, 99% Al, 86% Co, 96% Cu, 88% Mn and 98% Ni will be potentially recovered by pyrometallurgy, and 71% Al, 92% Co, 92% Fe, 96% Li, 88 % Mn and 90% Ni by hydrometallurgy. However, even if the recycling efficiencies of the technologies applied at full-scale are high, the treatment capacity of European recycling plants could supply as recycled metals only 2%-wt of the materials required for European LIBs' production in 2030 (specifically 278 t of Al, 468 t of Co, 531 t of Cu, 114 t of Fe, 95 t of Li, 250 t of Mn and 428 t of Ni). Nevertheless, including recycled metals in the production of new LIBs could cut up 28% of CO2 eq emissions, compared to the use of virgin raw materials, and support the European batteries' value chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bruno
- DIATI, Department of Engineering for Environment, Land, and Infrastructures, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Fiore
- DIATI, Department of Engineering for Environment, Land, and Infrastructures, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy.
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7
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Gao Y, Zhang S, Lin S, Li Z, Chen Y, Wang C. Opportunity and challenges in recovering and functionalizing anode graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 247:118216. [PMID: 38242420 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Recent concerns have emerged regarding the improper disposal of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which has garnered widespread societal attention. Graphite materials accounted for 12-21 wt % of LIBs' mass, typically contain heavy metals, binders, and residual electrolytes. Regenerating spent graphite not only alleviated the shortage of plumbago, but also contributed to the supports environmental protection as well as national carbon peak and neutrality ("dual carbon" goals). Despite significant advancements in recycling spent LIBs had been made, a comprehensive overview of the processes for pretreatment, regeneration, and functionalization of spent graphite from retired LIBs, along with the associated technical standards and industry regulations enabling their smooth implementation still needed to be mentioned. Hence, we conducted the following research work. Firstly, the pre-treatment process of spent graphite, including discharging, crushing, and screening was summed up. Next,. Subsequently, graphite recovery methods, such as acid leaching, pyrometallurgy, and combined methods were summarized. Moreover, the modification and doping approach was used to enhance the electrochemical properties of graphite. Afterwards, we reviewed the functionalization of anode graphite from an economically and environmentally friendly view. Meanwhile, the technical standards and industry regulations of spent LIBs in domestic and oversea industries were described. Finally, we provided an overview of the technical challenges and development bottlenecks in graphite recycling, along with future prospects Overall, this study outlined the opportunities and challenges in recovering and functionalizing of anode materials via a efficient and sustainable processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Shijiazhuang Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, China
| | - Shaoyan Zhang
- Shijiazhuang Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, China.
| | - Shuanglong Lin
- Shijiazhuang Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, China
| | - Zhongqiu Li
- Shijiazhuang Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, China; Shijiazhuang Concrete Green Intelligent Manufacturing and Recycling Technology Innovation Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, China
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chengyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
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8
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Li S, Zhu J. Leaching kinetics of fluorine during the aluminum removal from spent Li-ion battery cathode materials. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:312-325. [PMID: 38135398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The high content of aluminum (Al) impurity in the recycled cathode powder seriously affects the extraction efficiency of Nickel, Cobalt, Manganese, and Lithium resources and the actual commercial value of recycled materials, so Al removal is crucially important to conform to the industrial standard of spent Li-ion battery cathode materials. In this work, we systematically investigated the leaching process and optimum conditions associated with Al removal from the cathode powder materials collected in a wet cathode-powder peeling and recycling production line of spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Moreover, we specifically studied the leaching of fluorine (F) synergistically happened along with the removal process of Al, which was not concerned about in other studies, but one of the key factors affecting pollution prevention in the recovery process. The mechanism of the whole process including the leaching of Al and F from the cathode powder was indicated by using NMR, FTIR, and XPS, and a defluoridation process was preliminarily investigated in this study. The leaching kinetics of Al could be successfully described by the shrinking core model, controlled by the diffusion process and the activation energy was 11.14 kJ/mol. While, the leaching of F was attributed to the dissolution of LiPF6 and decomposition of PVDF, and the kinetics associated was described by Avrami model. The interaction of Al and F is advantageous to realize the defluoridation to some degree. It is expected that our investigation will provide theoretical support for the large-scale recycling of spent LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianxin Zhu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Guo M, Zhang B, Gao M, Deng R, Zhang Q. A review on spent Mn-containing Li-ion batteries: Recovery technologies, challenges, and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120454. [PMID: 38412733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Mn-containing Li-ion batteries have become primary power sources for electronic devices and electric vehicles because of their high-energy density, extended cycle life, low cost, and heightened safety. In recent years, Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have undergone rapid updates, paralleling the swift advancement of the lithium battery industry, resulting in a growing accumulation of LIB scraps annually, necessitating comprehensive recovery strategies. This article reviews the recent progress in recovering spent Mn-containing LIBs (SM-LIBs), specifically focusing on LiMn2O4 and ternary LiCoxMnyNizO2 (NCM). Initially, the study analyzes the current resource profile of SM-LIBs and elucidates their service mechanisms. Subsequently, the study explores the recovery of SM-LIBs, discussing various methods such as the hydrometallurgical approach, combined pyrolytic treatment-wet leaching process, bioleaching pathway, and electrochemical extraction. These discussions include recovery processes, reaction principles, and technological features. In addition, this study evaluates the potential applications of these recovery technologies, considering aspects such as complexity, economic viability, energy consumption, environmental sustainability, and scalability. Finally, it summarizes the challenges associated with the comprehensive recovery and resource utilization of SM-LIBs and offers insights into future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Metallurgy, Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Metallurgy, Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan, China
| | - Mingyuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Metallurgy, Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan, China.
| | - Rongrong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Metallurgy, Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan, China
| | - Qibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Metallurgy, Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Cleaning Utilization in Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan, China.
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10
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Luo Y, Deng Y, Shi H, Yang H, Yin C, Ou L. Green and efficient recycling method for spent Ni-Co-Mn lithium batteries utilizing multifunctional deep eutectic solvents. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119814. [PMID: 38103425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Given the growing volume of discarded lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the extraction and recovery of valuable metals through environmentally-friendly solvent processes have become crucial, but they remain challenging tasks. Deep eutectic solvent (DES), an innovative and green solvents, have demonstrated significant promise in the extraction of valued metal elements from spent LIBs. This work employed a multifunctional DES based on natural molecules dimethyl-beta-propiothetin (DMPT) and ethylene glycol (EG) for the efficient leaching of transition metal ions. Under the reduction effect of EG and the action of carboxyl groups and chloride ions in DMPT, the leaching rate of Li, Ni, Co, and Mn can reach 99.59%, 99.28%, 99.04%, and 99.45%, respectively. Furthermore, DFT calculations were employed to explore the microstructure of DES and its interactions with metal ions. The main active site in the DES molecule is near the chloride ion, and DES binds most strongly to Mn, followed by Co, and weakest to Ni. This work avoids the use of volatile acids and demonstrates great potential in extracting valuable metals, providing a sustainable and environment-friendly alternative for the efficient recycling of waste LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luo
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, China
| | - Ying Deng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, China
| | - Huiying Shi
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, China
| | - Hao Yang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, China
| | - Chengzhe Yin
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, China
| | - Leming Ou
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, China.
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11
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Milian YE, Jamett N, Cruz C, Herrera-León S, Chacana-Olivares J. A comprehensive review of emerging technologies for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 910:168543. [PMID: 37984661 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Along with the increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIB), the need for recycling major components such as graphite and different critical materials contained in LIB is also reaching a peak in the research community. Several authors review the different LIB recycling methodologies, including pyro- and hydrometallurgy processes. However, the characteristics, main stages, and achievements of LIB emerging recycling are still missing. This study reviews the diverse emerging approaches for recycling critical materials from spent LIB in the last five years. A classification for emerging recycling technologies is provided, including terms like development stage and eco-friendly status. The main stages of recycling LIB are opening, phase separation, and materials recovery. Among the emerging proposals with the highest industrialization potential are direct recycling techniques due to low costs and simple procedures. Concerning phase separation, froth flotation and ultrasound-assisted methods are discussed. The former divides black mass into pure anodic and cathodic materials, while ultrasonication is employed to physically detach active materials from foils or enhance binder degradation. As to materials recovery, several recent approaches show high recovery efficiency for different elements, mainly in leaching. The use of new organic acids, deep eutectic acids, and some salts are worth noting as leaching agents due to their low environmental impact. In addition, leaching methods assisted by ultrasound and microwave irradiation increase valuable metal recovery, reducing time consumption and the number of leaching reactants. As a part of the hydrometallurgy process, metallic ion purification is performed by solvent extraction and ion exchange, while selective precipitation can be achieved by specific chemical agents or electrochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanio E Milian
- Centro Lithium I+D+i, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile.
| | - Nathalie Jamett
- Centro Lithium I+D+i, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Constanza Cruz
- Centro Lithium I+D+i, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Sebastián Herrera-León
- Centro Lithium I+D+i, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile; School of Engineering Science, LUT University, P.O. Box 20, FI-53851 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Jaime Chacana-Olivares
- Centro Lithium I+D+i, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile
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12
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Ji H, Wang J, Ma J, Cheng HM, Zhou G. Fundamentals, status and challenges of direct recycling technologies for lithium ion batteries. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8194-8244. [PMID: 37886791 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00254c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Advancement in energy storage technologies is closely related to social development. However, a significant conflict has arisen between the explosive growth in battery demand and resource availability. Facing the upcoming large-scale disposal problem of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), their recycling technology development has become key. Emerging direct recycling has attracted widespread attention in recent years because it aims to 'repair' the battery materials, rather than break them down and extract valuable products from their components. To achieve this goal, a profound understanding of the failure mechanisms of spent LIB electrode materials is essential. This review summarizes the failure mechanisms of LIB cathode and anode materials and the direct recycling strategies developed. We systematically explore the correlation between the failure mechanism and the required repair process to achieve efficient and even upcycling of spent LIB electrode materials. Furthermore, we systematically introduce advanced in situ characterization techniques that can be utilized for investigating direct recycling processes. We then compare different direct recycling strategies, focussing on their respective advantages and disadvantages and their applicability to different materials. It is our belief that this review will offer valuable guidelines for the design and selection of LIB direct recycling methods in future endeavors. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for the future of battery direct recycling technology are discussed, paving the way for its further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Ji
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Junxiong Wang
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering & Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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13
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Yang Z, Tang S, Huo X, Zhang M, Guo M. A novel green deep eutectic solvent for one-step selective separation of valuable metals from spent lithium batteries: Bifunctional effect and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 233:116337. [PMID: 37301494 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study used a novel green bifunctional deep eutectic solvent (DES) containing ethylene glycol (EG) and tartaric acid (TA) for the efficient and selective recovery of cathode active materials (LiCoO2 and Li3.2Ni2.4Co1.0Mn1.4O8.3) used in lithium-ion batteries through one-step in-situ separation of Li and Co/Ni/Mn. The effects of leaching parameters on the recovery of Li and Co (ηLi and ηCo) from LiCoO2 are discussed, and the optimal reaction conditions are verified, for the first time, using a response surface method. The results demonstrate that under optimal conditions (120 °C, 12 h, EG to TA mole ratio (MEG:TA) of 5:1, and solid to liquid ratio (RS/L) of 20 g/L), the ηLi from LiCoO2 reached 98.34%, and Co was formed as a purple precipitate of cobalt tartrate (CoC4H4O6), which was transformed into a black powder of Co3O4 after calcination. Notably, the ηLi for DES 5 EG:1 TA was maintained at 80% after five cycles, indicating good cyclic stability. When the as-prepared DES was used to leach the spent active material Li3.2Ni2.4Co1.0Mn1.4O8.3, the in-situ selective separation of Li (ηLi = 98.86%) from other valuable elements such as Ni, Mn, and Co, was achieved, indicating the good selective leaching capacity and practical application potential of the DES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shujie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiangtao Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Min Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
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14
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Wang Y, Goikolea E, Ruiz de Larramendi I, Reyes E, Lanceros-Méndez S, Zhang Q. Natural and recyclable alginate hydrogels as extracting media for recovering valuable metals of spent lithium-ion batteries from a deep eutectic solvent. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 171:271-280. [PMID: 37688930 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of achieving carbon neutrality, new policies to promote electric vehicle (EV) deployment have been announced in various countries. As EV sales gain market-share, the demand for batteries is growing very rapidly, and this has raised concerns about the raw-material supply. Therefore, efficient and environmentally friendly recycling methods for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are mandatory to properly implement circular economy paradigms in this field. Hydrometallurgical recycling methods are characterized by their selectivity, high product purity as well as low energy consumption. In order to accomplish a close-loop recycling method, in this work we propose the use of a deep eutectic solvent (DES) and alginate hydrogels as leaching reagent and adsorbent, respectively, for their reusability, availability and biodegradability. The solubility and thermal stability of a choline chloride-ethylene glycol based DES (choline chloride: ethylene glycol = 1:2) were investigated, 180 °C being regarded as the temperature threshold for this DES, and reaching up to 1.12gCoL-1 solubility after 8 h leaching. Moreover, the DES can be reused after the eutectic state recreation with a performance over 80% with respect to the pristine DES. Calcium cross-linked sodium alginate hydrogels, which were immersed in ethylene glycol and dehydrated afterwards, were able to extract cobalt from the leachate with an efficiency of 92%. The aforementioned hydrogels can be reused after desorption and reach 91% of the performance of the pristine ones. The DES together with alginate hydrogel brings therefore a highly efficient and reusable close-loop recycling method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Wang
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Eider Goikolea
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Idoia Ruiz de Larramendi
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Efraím Reyes
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi, 5, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Qi Zhang
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi, 5, Bilbao 48009, Spain.
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15
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Li D, Wang X, Hou X, Sun S, Chen X, Zhang H. Synthesis of hydrophilic glyceryl monocaffeate with economical catalyst cation-exchange resin Amberlyst-35. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:4676-4684. [PMID: 36905092 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caffeic acid (CA) has anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory. However, the poor hydrophilicity of CA limits its biological activities. In this work, hydrophilic glyceryl monocaffeate (GMC) was synthesized by esterification using different caffeoyl donors (deep eutectic solvent and solid CA). Cation-exchange resins were used as the catalysts. The effects of reaction conditions were also investigated. RESULTS The mass transfer limitation of esterification was eliminated using deep eutectic solvent. Compared with the previous catalysts (immobilized lipase Novozym 435), an economic cation-exchange resin, Amberlyst-35 (A-35), showed good catalytic performance for GMC preparation. The activation energies of GMC synthesis and CA conversion were 43.71 kJ mol-1 and 43.07 kJ mol-1 , respectively. The optimal reaction conditions were a temperature reaction of 90 °C, catalyst load of 7%, glycerol/CA molar ratio of 5:1 (mol mol-1 ), and reaction time of 24 h, which resulted in a maximum GMC yield and CA conversion of 69.75 ± 1.03% and 82.23 ± 2.02%, respectively. CONCLUSION The results of the work showed a promising alternative for the synthesis of GMC. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dami Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, PR China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Oilseed Deep Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xinying Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, PR China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Oilseed Deep Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xuebei Hou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, PR China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Oilseed Deep Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Shangde Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, PR China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Oilseed Deep Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, PR China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Oilseed Deep Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, PR China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Oilseed Deep Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, PR China
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16
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Zhang C, Zhu X, Xie Y, Wu J, Huang X, Xu H, Feng P. Shearing-enhanced mechanical exfoliation with mild-temperature pretreatment for cathode active material recovery from spent LIBs. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131959. [PMID: 37413803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The conventional approaches for recovering valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) suffer from heavy dependence on chemical reagents, high energy consumption, and low recovery efficiencies. In this study, we developed a shearing-enhanced mechanical exfoliation combined with mild-temperature pretreatment (SMEMP) method. The method achieves high-efficiency exfoliation of the cathode active materials that remain strongly adhered to polyvinylidene fluoride after it melts during mild pretreatment. The pretreatment temperature was decreased from 500-550 °C to 250 °C, the duration was decreased to 1/4-1/6 of the traditional pretreatment duration, and the exfoliation efficiency and product purity reached 96.88% and 99.93%, respectively. Despite the weakening thermal stress, the cathode materials could be exfoliated by strengthened shear forces. Compared with other traditional methods, the superiority of this method in temperature reduction and energy saving was established. The proposed SMEMP method is environmentally friendly and economical, and it offers a new route for the recovery of cathode active materials from spent LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xueshuai Zhu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yizi Xie
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jingying Wu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xue Huang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Huiyuan Xu
- Yibin Tianyuan Science-Technology and Design Company Limited, Yibin, Sichuan 644000, China
| | - Ping Feng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China.
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17
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Rensmo A, Savvidou EK, Cousins IT, Hu X, Schellenberger S, Benskin JP. Lithium-ion battery recycling: a source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to the environment? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1015-1030. [PMID: 37195252 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00511e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recycling of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is a rapidly growing industry, which is vital to address the increasing demand for metals, and to achieve a sustainable circular economy. Relatively little information is known about the environmental risks posed by LIB recycling, in particular with regards to the emission of persistent (in)organic fluorinated chemicals. Here we present an overview on the use of fluorinated substances - in particular per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) - in state-of-the-art LIBs, along with recycling conditions which may lead to their formation and/or release to the environment. Both organic and inorganic fluorinated substances are widely reported in LIB components, including the electrodes and binder, electrolyte (and additives), and separator. Among the most common substances are LiPF6 (an electrolyte salt), and the polymeric PFAS polyvinylidene fluoride (used as an electrode binder and a separator). Currently the most common LIB recycling process involves pyrometallurgy, which operates at high temperatures (up to 1600 °C), sufficient for PFAS mineralization. However, hydrometallurgy, an increasingly popular alternative recycling approach, operates under milder temperatures (<600 °C), which could favor incomplete degradation and/or formation and release of persistent fluorinated substances. This is supported by the wide range of fluorinated substances detected in bench-scale LIB recycling experiments. Overall, this review highlights the need to further investigate emissions of fluorinated substances during LIB recycling and suggests that substitution of PFAS-based materials (i.e. during manufacturing), or alternatively post-treatments and/or changes in process conditions may be required to avoid formation and emission of persistent fluorinated substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Rensmo
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Environment and Sustainable Chemistry Unit, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eleni K Savvidou
- Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ian T Cousins
- Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xianfeng Hu
- SWERIM AB, Aronstorpsvägen 1, SE-974 37 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Steffen Schellenberger
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Environment and Sustainable Chemistry Unit, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jonathan P Benskin
- Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Ou Y, Yan S, Yuan L, Chen X, Zhou T. Novel strategy towards in-situ recycling of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries through endogenous advanced oxidation process. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131818. [PMID: 37307724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and sustainable recycling of metal resources from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is critical for the metal resources security and environment protection. However, the intact exfoliation of cathode materials (CMs) from current collectors (Al foils) and selective extraction of Li towards the in-situ and sustainable recycling of cathodes from spent LIBs are still pending issues. A self-activated and ultrasonic-induced endogenous advanced oxidation process (EAOP) was proposed in this study for selective removal of PVDF and in-situ extraction of Li from CMs of waste LiFePO4 (LFP) to address the above issues. Over 99 wt% CMs can be detached from Al foils after EAOP treatment under the optimized operation conditions. High purity of Al foil can be directly recycled as metallic forms and nearly 100 % of Li can be in-situ extracted from the detached CMs and then recovered as Li2CO3 (>99.9 % in purity). With induction and reinforcement of ultrasonic, S2O82- was self-activated by LFP to generate an increased amount of SO4•- radicals that will attack the PVDF binders to ensure their degradation. The degradation pathway of PVDF and density functional theory (DFT) calculation can also support the analytical and experimental results. Then, the complete and in-situ ionization of Li can be achieved by the further oxidization of SO4•- radicals from LFP powders. This work provides a novel strategy towards efficient and in-situ recycling of valuable metals from spent LIBs with minimized environmental footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudie Ou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Shuxuan Yan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Lu Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410081, PR China; National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Xiangping Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410081, PR China; National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China.
| | - Tao Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China.
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Luo Y, Ou L, Yin C. High-efficiency recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries: A double closed-loop process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162567. [PMID: 36871725 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to the scarcity of raw materials and negative environmental effects, it is essential to selectively recover lithium and other transition metals from end-of-life lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Here, we propose a dual closed-loop process for resource utilization of spent LIBs. As an alternative to strong inorganic acids, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as green solvents are employed for the recycling of spent LIBs. The DES based on oxalic acid (OA) and choline chloride (ChCl) achieves efficient leaching of valued metals within a short time. Through the coordination adjustment of water, it can form high-value battery precursors directly in DES, changing wastes into valuables. Meanwhile, water as a diluent can achieve the selective separation of lithium ions via filtration. More importantly, DES can be perfectly re-generated and recycled many times, indicating that the process is cost-effective and eco-friendly. As experimental proof, the re-generated precursors were used to produce new Li(Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3)O2 (NCM523) button batteries. The constant current charge-discharge test revealed that the initial charge and discharge values of the re-generated cells were 177.1 and 149.5 mAh/g, respectively, corresponding to the performance of commercial NCM523 cells. The whole recycling process is clean, efficient, and environment-friendly, realizing the double closed loop of spent battery regeneration and deep eutectic solvent re-use. This fruitful research demonstrates DES has excellent potential for recycling spent LIBs and provides an efficient and eco-friendly double closed-loop solution for the sustainable re-generation of spent LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luo
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, China
| | - Leming Ou
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, China.
| | - Chengzhe Yin
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, China
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20
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Zhang S, Zhang C, Zhang X, Ma E. A mechanochemical method for one-step leaching of metals from spent LIBs. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 161:245-253. [PMID: 36905812 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A one-step system based on mechanochemical activation and the use of grape skins (GS) was proposed to recover metals from lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) cathode waste. The effects of the ball-milling (BM) speed, BM time, and quantity of added GS on the metal leaching rate were explored. The spent lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) and its leaching residue before and after mechanochemistry were characterized by SEM, BET, PSD, XRD, FT-IR, and XPS analysis. Our study shows that mechanochemistry promotes the leaching efficiency of metals from LIBs battery cathode waste by changing the cathode material properties (that is, reducing the LCO particle size (12.126 μm ∼ 0.0928 μm), increasing the specific surface area (0.123 m2/g ∼ 15.957 m2/g), enhancing the hydrophilicity and surface free energy (57.44 mN/m2 ∼ 66.18 mN/m2), promoting the generation of mesoporous structures, refining grains, disrupting the crystal structure, and increasing the microscopic strain, while deflecting the binding energy of the metal ions). A green, efficient and environmentally friendly process for the harmless and resource-friendly treatment of spent LIBs has been developed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Jinhai Road No. 2360, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Jinhai Road No. 2360, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Xihua Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Jinhai Road No. 2360, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - En Ma
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Jinhai Road No. 2360, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201209, China.
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21
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Wang M, Liu K, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Valix M, Tsang DC. Challenges in Recycling Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Spotlight on Polyvinylidene Fluoride Removal. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2200237. [PMID: 36910467 PMCID: PMC10000285 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the recycling of retired lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the cathode materials containing valuable metals should be first separated from the current collector aluminum foil to decrease the difficulty and complexity in the subsequent metal extraction. However, strong the binding force of organic binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) prevents effective separation of cathode materials and Al foil, thus affecting metal recycling. This paper reviews the composition, property, function, and binding mechanism of PVDF, and elaborates on the separation technologies of cathode material and Al foil (e.g., physical separation, solid-phase thermochemistry, solution chemistry, and solvent chemistry) as well as the corresponding reaction behavior and transformation mechanisms of PVDF. Due to the characteristic variation of the reaction systems, the dissolution, swelling, melting, and degradation processes and mechanisms of PVDF exhibit considerable differences, posing new challenges to efficient recycling of spent LIBs worldwide. It is critical to separate cathode materials and Al foil and recycle PVDF to reduce environmental risks from the recovery of retired LIBs resources. Developing fluorine-free alternative materials and solid-state electrolytes is a potential way to mitigate PVDF pollution in the recycling of spent LIBs in the EV era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong KongChina
- Research Centre for Environmental Technology and ManagementThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong KongChina
| | - Kang Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong KongChina
- Research Centre for Environmental Technology and ManagementThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong KongChina
| | - Jiadong Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution ControlSchool of EnvironmentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Qiaozhi Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong KongChina
- Research Centre for Environmental Technology and ManagementThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong KongChina
| | - Yuying Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong KongChina
- Research Centre for Environmental Technology and ManagementThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong KongChina
| | - Marjorie Valix
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of SydneyDarlingtonNSW2008Australia
| | - Daniel C.W. Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong KongChina
- Research Centre for Environmental Technology and ManagementThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong KongChina
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22
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Applications of Spent Lithium Battery Electrode Materials in Catalytic Decontamination: A Review. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
For a large amount of spent lithium battery electrode materials (SLBEMs), direct recycling by traditional hydrometallurgy or pyrometallurgy technologies suffers from high cost and low efficiency and even serious secondary pollution. Therefore, aiming to maximize the benefits of both environmental protection and e-waste resource recovery, the applications of SLBEM containing redox-active transition metals (e.g., Ni, Co, Mn, and Fe) for catalytic decontamination before disposal and recycling has attracted extensive attention. More importantly, the positive effects of innate structural advantages (defects, oxygen vacancies, and metal vacancies) in SLBEMs on catalytic decontamination have gradually been unveiled. This review summarizes the pretreatment and utilization methods to achieve excellent catalytic performance of SLBEMs, the key factors (pH, reaction temperature, coexisting anions, and catalyst dosage) affecting the catalytic activity of SLBEM, the potential application and the outstanding characteristics (detection, reinforcement approaches, and effects of innate structural advantages) of SLBEMs in pollution treatment, and possible reaction mechanisms. In addition, this review proposes the possible problems of SLBEMs in practical decontamination and the future outlook, which can help to provide a broader reference for researchers to better promote the implementation of “treating waste to waste” strategy.
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He H, Yang B, Wu D, Gao X, Fei X. Applications of crushing and grinding-based treatments for typical metal-containing solid wastes: Detoxification and resource recovery potentials. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120034. [PMID: 36030964 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal-containing solid wastes can induce serious environmental pollution if managed improperly, but contain considerable resources. The detoxification and resource recoveries of these wastes are of both environmental and economic significances, being indispensable for circular economy. In the past decades, attempts have been made worldwide to treat these wastes. Crushing and grinding-based treatments have been increasingly applied, the operating apparatus and parameters of which depend on the waste type and treatment purpose. Based on the relevant studies, the applications of crushing and grinding on four major types of solid wastes, namely spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) cathode, waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs), incineration bottom ash (IBA), and incineration fly ash (IFA) are here systematically reviewed. These types of solid wastes are generated in increasing amounts, and have the potentials to release various organic and inorganic pollutants. Despite of the widely different texture, composition, and other physicochemical properties of the solid wastes, crushing and grinding have been demonstrated to be universally applicable. For each of the four wastes, the technical route that involving crushing and grinding is described with the advantages highlighted. The crushing and grinding serve either mainstream or auxiliary role in the processing of the solid wastes. This review summarizes and highlights the developments and future directions of crushing and grinding-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Xunchang Fei
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore; Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, 637141, Singapore.
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Wu X, Ma J, Wang J, Zhang X, Zhou G, Liang Z. Progress, Key Issues, and Future Prospects for Li-Ion Battery Recycling. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2022; 6:2200067. [PMID: 36532240 PMCID: PMC9749081 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The overuse and exploitation of fossil fuels has triggered the energy crisis and caused tremendous issues for the society. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as one of the most important renewable energy storage technologies, have experienced booming progress, especially with the drastic growth of electric vehicles. To avoid massive mineral mining and the opening of new mines, battery recycling to extract valuable species from spent LIBs is essential for the development of renewable energy. Therefore, LIBs recycling needs to be widely promoted/applied and the advanced recycling technology with low energy consumption, low emission, and green reagents needs to be highlighted. In this review, the necessity for battery recycling is first discussed from several different aspects. Second, the various LIBs recycling technologies that are currently used, such as pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods, are summarized and evaluated. Then, based on the challenges of the above recycling methods, the authors look further forward to some of the cutting-edge recycling technologies, such as direct repair and regeneration. In addition, the authors also discuss the prospects of selected recycling strategies for next-generation LIBs such as solid-state Li-metal batteries. Finally, overall conclusions and future perspectives for the sustainability of energy storage devices are presented in the last chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene CenterTsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Jun Ma
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene CenterTsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Junxiong Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene CenterTsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene CenterTsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene CenterTsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
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Zhang N, Xu Z, Deng W, Wang X. Recycling and Upcycling Spent LIB Cathodes: A Comprehensive Review. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liu C, Ji H, Liu J, Liu P, Zeng G, Luo X, Guan Q, Mi X, Li Y, Zhang J, Tong Y, Wang Z, Wu S. An emission-free controlled potassium pyrosulfate roasting-assisted leaching process for selective lithium recycling from spent Li-ion batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 153:52-60. [PMID: 36049272 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recycling critical metals from spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs) is important for the overall sustainability of future batteries. This study reports an improved sulfation roasting technology to efficiently recycle Li and Co from spent LiCoO2 LIBs using potassium pyrosulfate as sulfurizing reagent. By sulfation roasting, LiCoO2 was converted into water-soluble lithium potassium sulfate and water-insoluble cobalt oxide. Under optimal conditions, 98.51% Li was leached in water, with a selectivity of 99.86%. More importantly, sulfur can be recirculated thoroughly, and the sulfur atomic efficiency can be significantly enhanced by controlling the amount of potassium pyrosulfate. Li ions from the water leaching process were recovered by chemical precipitation. Furthermore, application of this technology to other spent LIBs, such as LiMn2O4 and LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2, verified its effectiveness for selective recovery Li. These findings can provide some inspiration for high efficiency and environmentally friendly recovery metal from spent LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Haiyan Ji
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Jiayin Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Guisheng Zeng
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China.
| | - Xubiao Luo
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Qian Guan
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Xue Mi
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Yingpeng Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Jiefei Zhang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Yongfen Tong
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Zhongbing Wang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Shaolin Wu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
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Ji Y, Jafvert CT, Kpodzro EE, Zhao F. Chemical-free pressure washing system as pretreatment to harvest cathode materials. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 153:121-128. [PMID: 36088859 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recycling cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries has the potential to reduce damages to the environment and human health due to hazardous waste treatment, and mitigate supply risks of raw materials. Related political incentives or regulations have led to increased research and development efforts on cathode recycling. Promising approaches include direct recycling and hydrometallurgical processes, where delamination is the first step after collection of cathodes. In this study, we examined a pressure washing system's ability to harvest cathode materials. A high-pressure water jet provides strong forces to overcome the adhesion provided by organic binders. Four factors (water pressure, distance between nozzle and cathode, incident angle of water jet, and nozzle type) were investigated using a 34-1 fractional factorial design to screen important parameters and find the optimal conditions. Compared with other delamination processes where chemical reagents and heating are involved, the chemical-free pressure washing system can achieve separation in a few seconds (∼74 min/m2) at room temperature, which remarkably improves the efficiency of delamination. The particle size of recycled products (D50 of 31.87 μm) is significantly reduced without Al contamination from current collectors or morphological damages. In addition, three types of recycled cathode materials were used as inputs for the acid leaching process. High leaching efficiencies of lithium (>90 %) and cobalt (>85 %) suggest that the pressure washing system could be a practical, economical, and eco-friendly pretreatment process to harvest cathode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ji
- Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chad T Jafvert
- Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Edwin E Kpodzro
- Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Ecological Sciences and Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Fu Zhao
- Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Wang Z, Zhang Z, Yuan T, Shimizu K, Wang D, Luo D, Wang D, Ru J. Direct electroseparation of zinc from zinc sulfide in eco-friendly deep eutectic solvent: Highlighting the role of malonic acid. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Niu B, Xiao J, Xu Z. Advances and challenges in anode graphite recycling from spent lithium-ion batteries. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129678. [PMID: 36104906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been one of the fast-growing and largest quantities of solid waste in the world. Spent graphite anode, accounting for 12-21 wt% of batteries, contains metals, binders, toxic, and flammable electrolytes. The efficient recovery of spent graphite is urgently needed for environmental protection and resource sustainability. Recently, more and more studies have been focused on spent graphite recycling, while the advance and challenges are rarely summarized. Hence, this study made a comprehensive review of graphite recycling including separation, regeneration, and synthesis of functional materials. Firstly, the pretreatment of graphite separation was overviewed. Then, the spent graphite regeneration methods such as leaching, pyrometallurgy, their integration processes, etc. were systematically introduced. Furthermore, the modification strategies to enhance the electrochemical performance were discussed. Subsequently, we reviewed in detail the synthesis of functional materials using spent graphite for energy and environmental applications including graphene, adsorbents, catalysts, capacitors, and graphite/polymer composites. Meanwhile, we briefly compared the economic and environmental benefits of graphite regeneration and other functional materials production. Finally, the technical bottlenecks and challenges for spent graphite recycling were summarized and some future research directions were proposed. This review contributes to spent LIBs recycling more efficiently and profitably in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Niu
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 07100, Hebei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Environment of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiefeng Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.
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Yan S, Jiang Y, Chen X, Zhou T. Improved Advanced Oxidation Process for In Situ Recycling of Al Foils and Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxuan Yan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P.R. China
| | - Youzhou Jiang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P.R. China
| | - Xiangping Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710021, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P.R. China
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Tian Y, Chen W, Zhang B, Chen Y, Shi R, Liu S, Zhang Z, Mu T. A Weak Acidic and Strong Coordinated Deep Eutectic Solvent for Recycling of Cathode from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200524. [PMID: 35778817 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The leaching and recycling of valuable metals via environmentally benign solvents is important because of the ever-increasing waste lithium-ion batteries, but it remains a challenge. Herein, a multi-functional deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on lactic acid (LA) and guanidine hydrochloride (GHC) was used to extract cobalt and lithium ions from LiCoO2 . Due to the strong acidity (protons) and abundant chlorine coordinating ions of LA/GHC, the solubility of LiCoO2 in LA/GHC could reach as high as 19.9 mg g-1 (stirred at 80 °C for 24 h), and a little LiCoO2 powder even could be dissolved at room temperature without stirring. Oxalic acid was used to strip and separate the oxalates of cobalt and lithium. Furthermore, LA/GHC could be recycled with a similar dissolving performance. This work avoided using corrosive acids and could be realized at low temperature (80 °C), making it energy-saving and cost-effective. It shows DESs have great potential in extracting strategically important metals from LiCoO2 cathodes and provides an efficient and green alternative for sustainable recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurun Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Baolong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science, Langfang Normal University, Langfang, 065000, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Ruifen Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Shuzi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Zhenchuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Tiancheng Mu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
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The investigation of deep eutectic electrolyte based on Choline Chloride: Ethylene glycol in 1:3 M ratio and lithium hexafluorophosphate salt for application in Lithium-Ion batteries. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ghaed-Sharaf T, Omidvar A. Evaluating the behaviour of deep eutectic solvent electrolytes on 2D Ca 2C MXene anode for the Li-ion batteries. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:13988-13998. [PMID: 35635546 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01155g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rechargeable Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are one of the green energy storage devices that have been utilized in large-scale devices. Hence, improving the LIBs performance plays a crucial role in many industrial sectors. Herein, we introduce a novel electrode and electrolytes for improving the LIBs efficiency. The deep eutectic solvents (DESs) electrolytes based on lithium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl] imide (Li[TFSI]) and two different ratios of 2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide (TFA): (Li[TFSI] : 2TFA and Li[TFSI] : 4TFA), and the calcium carbide monolayer (Ca2C-ML) MXene were used as an anode in the LIBs. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed to evaluate the interaction and orientation of DESs on Ca2C-ML. The density profiles, pair correlation functions, mean square displacement (MSD), diffusion coefficient, ionic conductivity, molecular orientation, and charge density profiles analyses are performed to determine the behavior of DESs on Ca2C-ML. The results indicate that in both DESs, the adsorption of Li+ cations and TFA species on the Ca2C surface is more than that of the [TFSI]- anions. However, the interaction of Li+ cations on the Ca2C surface in Li[TFSI]:2TFA is stronger than in Li[TFSI]:4TFA. Because the adsorption of Li+ on the Ca2C occurs favorably, the low intercalation potential of Li+ on the Ca2C anode can be predicted. Additionally, the simulations are carried out at higher temperatures (333.15 K, 353.15 K, and 373.15 K), and the enhancement in MSD, diffusion coefficient, and ionic conductivity is observed by increasing the temperature. Meanwhile, the low open-circuit voltage (0.30 V) during the Li-ion intercalation processes further shows the advantages of Ca2C MXene as a potential candidate for LIB anodes. Overall, it is hoped that these findings will provide guidance for the future design of high efficiency LIBs using the Li-based DESs electrolytes and novel MXene anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Ghaed-Sharaf
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran.
| | - Akbar Omidvar
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran.
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Mu D, Liang J, Zhang J, Wang Y, Jin S, Dai C. Exfoliation of Active Materials Synchronized with Electrolyte Extraction from Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries by Supercritical CO
2. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deying Mu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 (P.R.China)
- Department of Environmental Engineering Harbin University of Commerce Harbin 150076 P.R.China
| | - Jianquan Liang
- Electric Power Research Institute State Grid Heilongjiang Electric Power Co., Ltd Harbin 10090 P.R.China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Electric Power Research Institute State Grid Heilongjiang Electric Power Co., Ltd Harbin 10090 P.R.China
| | - Yue Wang
- Electric Power Research Institute State Grid Heilongjiang Electric Power Co., Ltd Harbin 10090 P.R.China
| | - Shan Jin
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 (P.R.China)
| | - Changsong Dai
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 (P.R.China)
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Pargoletti E, Arnaboldi S, Cappelletti G, Longhi M, Meroni D, Minguzzi A, Mussini PR, Rondinini S, Vertova A. Smart interfaces in Li-ion batteries: Near-future key challenges. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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A Sustainable Strategy for Solid-Phase Extraction of Antiviral Drug from Environmental Waters by Immobilized Hydrogen Bond Acceptor. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12081287. [PMID: 35457995 PMCID: PMC9027420 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents are a new generation of green solvents composed of hydrogen bond acceptors and donors. However, when used as extractants in liquid–liquid separation, they are difficult to recycle and easy to lose. In order to solve these problems, herein, immobilized hydrogen bond acceptor adsorbent material was prepared for the separation and enrichment of antiviral drug arbidol from seven kinds of environmental water samples by in situ formation of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents. The structure, morphology and thermal stability of the adsorbents were characterized, the separation and enrichment conditions for the targeted analyte were optimized, and the adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics were investigated. It was found that the adsorbent material could effectively enrich trace arbidol with the recovery more than 95% at the concentration above 7.5 ng/mL, and the enrichment factor was as high as 634.7. Coexisting substances, such as NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2, did not interfere with the adsorption of arbidol, even if their concentration was high, up to 1.0 mol/L, and the relative recovery for real samples was in the range from 92.5% to 100.3%. Furthermore, the immobilized hydrogen bond acceptor could be recycled and reused, and the recovery of arbidol was still above 95% after 12 adsorption–desorption cycles. The mechanism study demonstrates that the synergistic effect of hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking is the primary factor for the high adsorption efficiency.
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Huang F, Li T, Yan X, Xiong Y, Zhang X, Lu S, An N, Huang W, Guo Q, Ge X. Ternary Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) with a Regulated Rate-Determining Step for Efficient Recycling of Lithium Cobalt Oxide. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:11452-11459. [PMID: 35415356 PMCID: PMC8992278 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have attracted extensive research for their potential applications as leaching solvent to recycle valuable metal elements from spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Despite various advantages like being economical and green, the full potential of conventional binary DES has not yet been harnessed because of the kinetics during leaching. Herein, we consider the fundamental rate-determining-step (RDS) in conventional binary DES and attempt to design ternary DES, within which the chemical reaction kinetics and diffusion kinetics can be regulated to maximize the overall leaching rate. As a proof of concept, we show that the ternary choline chloride/succinic acid/ethylene glycol (ChCl/SA/EG) type ternary DES can completely dissolve LCO powder at 140 °C in 16 h. By systematically studying the leaching process at various conditions, the energy barrier during leaching can be calculated to be 11.77 kJ/mol. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the extraction of the cobalt ions from the leaching solution can be directly achieved by adding oxalic ions without neutralizing the solution. The precipitate can be used to regenerate LCO with high purity. The recycled materials show comparable electrochemical performance with commercial LCO. Our design strategy of ternary DES with regulated RDS is expected to have both scientific and technological significance in the field of hydrometallurgical recycling of LIBs.
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Xu R, Xu W, Wang J, Liu F, Sun W, Yang Y. A Review on Regenerating Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. Molecules 2022; 27:2285. [PMID: 35408680 PMCID: PMC9000613 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have attracted increasing attention for their great significance in environmental protection and cyclic resources utilization. Numerous studies focus on developing technologies for the treatment of spent LIBs. Among them, the regeneration of functional materials from spent LIBs has received great attention due to its short process route and high value-added product. This paper briefly summarizes the current status of spent LIBs recycling and details the existing processes and technologies for preparing various materials from spent LIBs. In addition, the benefits of material preparation from spent LIBs, compared with metals recovery only, are analyzed from both environmental and economic aspects. Lastly, the existing challenges and suggestions for the regeneration process are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (R.X.); (J.W.)
| | - Wei Xu
- Quzhou Huayou Cobalt New Material Co., Ltd., Quzhou 324002, China; (W.X.); (F.L.)
| | - Jinggang Wang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (R.X.); (J.W.)
| | - Fengmei Liu
- Quzhou Huayou Cobalt New Material Co., Ltd., Quzhou 324002, China; (W.X.); (F.L.)
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (R.X.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-Containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yue Yang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (R.X.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-Containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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Abstract
The increasing demand for Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles sheds light upon the Co supply chain. The metal is crucial to the cathode of these batteries, and the leading global producer is the D.R. Congo (70%). For this reason, it is considered critical/strategic due to the risk of interruption of supply in the short and medium term. Due to the increasing consumption for the transportation market, the batteries might be considered a secondary source of Co. The outstanding amount of spent batteries makes them to a core of urban mining warranting special attention. Greener technologies for Co recovery are necessary to achieve sustainable development. As a result of these sourcing challenges, this study is devoted to reviewing the techniques for Co recovery, such as acid leaching (inorganic and organic), separation (solvent extraction, ion exchange resins, and precipitation), and emerging technologies—ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvent, supercritical fluids, nanotechnology, and biohydrometallurgy. A dearth of research in emerging technologies for Co recovery from Li-ion batteries is discussed throughout the manuscript within a broader overview. The study is strictly connected to the Sustainability Development Goals (SDG) number 7, 8, 9, and 12.
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Yi C, Zhou L, Wu X, Sun W, Yi L, Yang Y. Technology for recycling and regenerating graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Xiao J, Niu B, Xu Z. Highly efficient selective recovery of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries by thermal reduction with cheap ammonia reagent. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126319. [PMID: 34329006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of new energy technology leads to explosive growth of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) industry which greatly alleviates the problems of environmental pollution and energy shortage. However, how to realize resource circulation of critical metals including lithium (Li) and cobalt (Co) becomes the new problem of LIBs industry. This paper proposes an improved thermal reduction technology to efficiently recycle Li and Co from spent LIBs, where cheap urea is applied as the only additive to provide ammonia (NH3). By thermal reduction, LiCoO2 was thermally reduced into water-soluble lithium carbonate and water-insoluble cobalt metal Under the optimal conditions, 99.96% Li with nearly 100% selectivity was obtained by water leaching. More importantly, the concept of "oxygen elements removal (OER)" was proposed to explain the metal extraction from spent LIBs, which could help to describe the reaction mechanism as O-cage digestion mechanism. Furthermore, metal extraction from spent LIBs was re-understood as "seeking an applicable reductant", which provided a fresh perspective for understanding Li selective recovery. These concepts and findings can provide some inspiration for metal recovery from spent LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefeng Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China.
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Xu M, Kang S, Jiang F, Yan X, Zhu Z, Zhao Q, Teng Y, Wang Y. A process of leaching recovery for cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries by citric acid and salicylic acid. RSC Adv 2021; 11:27689-27700. [PMID: 35480651 PMCID: PMC9037909 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04979h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is great economic and environmental value in recovering valuable metal ions from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). A novel method that employs organic acid recovery using citric acid and salicylic acid was used to enhance the leaching of metal ions from the cathode materials of spent LIBs. The effects of the acid concentration, reducing agent content, solid to liquid (S : L) ratio, temperature, and leaching time were systematically analyzed and the optimal acid leaching process condition was determined through the results. The kinetics of the leaching process with different temperatures was analyzed to explore and verify the relationship between the leaching mechanism and temperature. The results of TG/DSC analysis showed that the optimum calcination temperature was 500 °C for 1 h and 600 °C for 3 h. The XRD and micromorphology analysis results showed that cathode material powders without impurities were obtained after pretreatment. The experimental results demonstrated that the optimal leaching efficiencies of the metals ions were 99.5% Co and 97% Li and the optimal corresponding condition was 1.5 M citric acid, 0.2 M salicylic acid, a 15 g L−1 S : L ratio, 6 vol% H2O2, 90 °C, and 90 min. Afterward, the infrared tests and SEM morphologies results indicated that only salicylic acid was present in the residue after filtration because of the microsolubility of the salicylic acid. Finally, it was obvious that the temperature had a great influence on the leaching process as observed through the kinetics and thermodynamics analyses, while the Ea values for Co and Li were obtained as 37.96 kJ mol−1 and 25.82 kJ mol−1 through the kinetics model. The whole process was found to be efficient and reasonable for recovering valuable metals from the industrial electrodes of spent LIBs. A new mixed organic acid of citric acid and salicylic acid is proposed to recover valuable Co and Li ions from spent LIBs. Under the optimum leaching conditions, the leaching efficiencies of Co and Li ions can reach 99.5% and 97%.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Xu
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan 114051 China
| | - Shumei Kang
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan 114051 China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xinyong Yan
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan 114051 China
| | - Zhongbo Zhu
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan 114051 China
| | - Qingping Zhao
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan 114051 China
| | - Yingxue Teng
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan 114051 China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan 114051 China
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Buken O, Mancini K, Sarkar A. A sustainable approach to cathode delamination using a green solvent. RSC Adv 2021; 11:27356-27368. [PMID: 35480693 PMCID: PMC9037836 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04922d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Designing an environment-friendly delamination process for an end-of-life (EoL) composite cathode is a crucial step in direct cathode recycling. In this study, the green solvent dimethyl isosorbide (DMI) is explored to extract cathode active materials (AMs) from the Al current collector via dissolving the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder. Mechanistic insight suggests that binder removal from the Al substrate proceeds via reducing polymer interchain interaction through DMI penetrating into the PVDF crystalline region. Polymer–solvent interaction may increase via establishing hydrogen bond between PVDF and DMI, which facilitates binder removal. Analytical characterizations including 1H NMR, FTIR, XRD and SEM-EDS reveal that the molecular, micro, and crystal structures of the recovered cathode AMs, PVDF and Al foil are preserved. This finding is expected to provide a replacement for the toxic organic solvent N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and offers an effective, ecofriendly, and sustainable direct cathode recycling approach for spent Li-ion batteries. A green solvent-based methodology was developed for delaminating cathode active materials from aluminium current collectors in end-of-life Li-ion batteries.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Onurcan Buken
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montclair State University NJ 07043 USA
| | - Kayla Mancini
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montclair State University NJ 07043 USA
| | - Amrita Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montclair State University NJ 07043 USA
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Zinov’eva IV, Fedorov AY, Milevskii NA, Zakhodyaeva YA, Voshkin AA. A Deep Eutectic Solvent Based on Choline Chloride and Sulfosalicylic Acid: Properties and Applications. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0040579521030246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Duan L, Cui Y, Li Q, Wang J, Man C, Wang X. Recycling and Direct-Regeneration of Cathode Materials from Spent Ternary Lithium-Ion Batteries by Hydrometallurgy: Status Quo and Recent Developments : Economic recovery methods for lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide cathode materials. JOHNSON MATTHEY TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1595/205651320x15899814766688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cathodes of spent ternary lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are rich in nonferrous metals, such as lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese, which are important strategic raw materials and also potential sources of environmental pollution. Finding ways to extract these valuable metals cleanly
and efficiently from spent cathodes is of great significance for sustainable development of the LIBs industry. In the light of low energy consumption, ‘green’ processing and high recovery efficiency, this paper provides an overview of different recovery technologies to recycle
valuable metals from cathode materials of spent ternary LIBs. Development trends and application prospects for different recovery strategies for cathode materials from spent ternary LIBs are also predicted. We conclude that a highly economic recovery system: alkaline solution dissolution/calcination
pretreatment → H2SO4 leaching → H2O2 reduction → coprecipitation regeneration of nickel cobalt manganese (NCM) will become the dominant stream for recycling retired NCM batteries. Furthermore, emerging advanced technologies, such as
deep eutectic solvents (DESs) extraction and one‐step direct regeneration/recovery of NCM cathode materials are preferred methods to substitute conventional regeneration systems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Duan
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710055 China
| | - Yaru Cui
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710055 China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710055 China
| | - Juan Wang
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Clean Energy, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710055 China
| | - Chonghao Man
- Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, 2052 Australia
| | - Xinyao Wang
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710055 China
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Yang H, Deng B, Jing X, Li W, Wang D. Direct recovery of degraded LiCoO 2 cathode material from spent lithium-ion batteries: Efficient impurity removal toward practical applications. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 129:85-94. [PMID: 34044320 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Regenerating cathode material from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) permits an effective approach to resolve resource shortage and environmental pollution in the increasing battery industry. Directly renovating the spent cathode materials is a promising way, but it is still challenging to efficiently remove all of the complex impurities (such as binder, carbon black, graphite and current collectors) without destroying the material structure in the electrode. Herein, a facile strategy to directly remove these impurities and simultaneously repair the degraded LiCoO2 by a target healing method is reported. Specifically, by using an optimized molten salt system of LiOH-KOH (molar ratio of 3:7) where LiNO3 and O2 both serve as oxidants, the impurities can be completely removed, while the structure, composition and morphology of degraded LiCoO2 can be successfully repaired to commercial level based on a two-stage heating process (300 °C for 8 h and 500 °C for 16 h, respectively), resulting in a high recovery rate of approximately 100% for cathode material. More importantly, the regenerated LiCoO2 exhibits a high reversible capacity, good cycling stability and excellent rate capability, which are comparable with commercial LiCoO2. This work demonstrates an efficient approach to recycle and reuse advanced energy materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimeng Yang
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resources and Energy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bowen Deng
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resources and Energy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaoyun Jing
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resources and Energy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resources and Energy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Dihua Wang
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resources and Energy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Zhang G, Yuan X, He Y, Wang H, Zhang T, Xie W. Recent advances in pretreating technology for recycling valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124332. [PMID: 33229267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the amount of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) increase sharply due to the promotion of new energy vehicles and the limited service life. Recycling of spent LIBs has attracted much attention because of the serious environmental pollution and high economic value. Although some established techniques have been presented in spent LIBs recycling process, but most of them focus on cathode material recycling due to its high economic value. Therefore, preparation of high purity cathode material by a proper pretreating technology is an important procedure. In this paper, the technologies used in the pretreating process of spent LIBs are summarized systematically from three main points of discharging procedure, liberation, and separation. The collaborative application of multi-technologies is the key to realize efficient pretreating process, which can lay the foundation for the subsequent metallurgical process. In addition, an alternative pretreating flowchart of spent LIBs is proposed based on the multi-process collaboration. Pretreating procedures in this process are mainly based on the physical property difference, and they include "Discharging-Shredding-Crushing-Sieving-Separation".
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Zhang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Jiangsu, Xuzhou 221116, China.
| | - Xue Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Jiangsu, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yaqun He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Jiangsu, Xuzhou 221116, China.
| | - Haifeng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Jiangsu, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shen Zhen 518057, China
| | - Weining Xie
- Advanced Analysis and Computation Center, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Jiangsu, Xuzhou 221116, China
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Guo H, Min Z, Hao Y, Wang X, Fan J, Shi P, Min Y, Xu Q. Sustainable recycling of LiCoO 2 cathode scrap on the basis of successive peroxymonosulfate activation and recovery of valuable metals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 759:143478. [PMID: 33213911 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing demand and waste of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has adversely affected resources and the environment. Multistage utilization of spent LIBs is essential to their sustainable development. Here, we propose a simple recycling method of LiCoO2 cathode scrap, based on the first use of the cathode scrap as a catalyst to degrade organic pollutants via peroxymonosulfate activation, and subsequent recovery of valuable metals from the used catalyst. Compared with pristine LiCoO2, the LiCoO2 cathode scrap exhibits excellent catalytic performance due to the active sites generated, such as the vacancy generation and electronic structure modulation by the degradation of LiCoO2 during the continuous lithiation and delithiation processes. The removal efficiency of cathode scrap to the o-phenylphenol exceeds 98% within 60 min, and the degradation efficiency is still above 95% after the 10th use because its unique sandwich and porous structure ensure the stability and recyclability. After multiple catalytic reactions, due to the generation of crack, the separation of the sandwich structure, and further degradation of active materials, the leaching efficiency of transition metals from the cathode scrap in deep eutectic solvent is promoted. 86% of lithium and 95% of cobalt are leached from the used catalyst respectively. This study provides a promising strategy for the sustainable development of LIBs and promotes the utilization of spent LIBs in multiaspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Zijun Min
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Ying Hao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Xu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Jinchen Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Penghui Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200090, PR China.
| | - Yulin Min
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Qunjie Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200090, PR China
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