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Gao Y, Zhang S, Lin S, Li Z, Chen Y, Wang C. Opportunity and challenges in recovering and functionalizing anode graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries: A review. Environ Res 2024; 247:118216. [PMID: 38242420 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Recent concerns have emerged regarding the improper disposal of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which has garnered widespread societal attention. Graphite materials accounted for 12-21 wt % of LIBs' mass, typically contain heavy metals, binders, and residual electrolytes. Regenerating spent graphite not only alleviated the shortage of plumbago, but also contributed to the supports environmental protection as well as national carbon peak and neutrality ("dual carbon" goals). Despite significant advancements in recycling spent LIBs had been made, a comprehensive overview of the processes for pretreatment, regeneration, and functionalization of spent graphite from retired LIBs, along with the associated technical standards and industry regulations enabling their smooth implementation still needed to be mentioned. Hence, we conducted the following research work. Firstly, the pre-treatment process of spent graphite, including discharging, crushing, and screening was summed up. Next,. Subsequently, graphite recovery methods, such as acid leaching, pyrometallurgy, and combined methods were summarized. Moreover, the modification and doping approach was used to enhance the electrochemical properties of graphite. Afterwards, we reviewed the functionalization of anode graphite from an economically and environmentally friendly view. Meanwhile, the technical standards and industry regulations of spent LIBs in domestic and oversea industries were described. Finally, we provided an overview of the technical challenges and development bottlenecks in graphite recycling, along with future prospects Overall, this study outlined the opportunities and challenges in recovering and functionalizing of anode materials via a efficient and sustainable processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Shijiazhuang Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, China
| | - Shaoyan Zhang
- Shijiazhuang Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, China.
| | - Shuanglong Lin
- Shijiazhuang Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, China
| | - Zhongqiu Li
- Shijiazhuang Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, China; Shijiazhuang Concrete Green Intelligent Manufacturing and Recycling Technology Innovation Center, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050035, China
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chengyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Viera JSC, Marques MRC, Nazareth MC, Jimenez PC, Sanz-Lázaro C, Castro ÍB. Are biodegradable plastics an environmental rip off? J Hazard Mater 2021; 416:125957. [PMID: 34492874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
While the use of biodegradable polymers is recognized as a global strategy to minimize plastic pollution, the technical standards (TS) used to attest their biodegradability may not be in compliance with most environmental parameters observed aquatic ecosystems. Indeed, through a careful assessment of the TS currently in use, this study evidenced that these guidelines cover only a fraction of the biogeochemical parameters seen in nature and largely disregard those that occur in the deep-sea. Thus, these TS may not be able to ensure the degradation of such polymers in natural environments, where microbial activity, pH, temperature, salinity, UV radiation and pressure are highly variable. This raises environmental concern, since relevant parcel of plastic ends up in the oceans reaching deep zones. Therefore, there is an urgent need to revise these TS, which must consider the actual fate of most plastic debris and include assessments under the challenging conditions found at these types of environment, alongside microplastic formation and ecotoxicology effects. Moreover, the next generation of biodegradability tests must be designed to enable a cost-effective implementation and incorporate accurate analytical techniques to assess polymer transformation. Furthermore, certification should provide information on time scale and degradation rates and, preferably, be globally harmonized.
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Affiliation(s)
- João S C Viera
- Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (IMAR-UNIFESP), Rua Maria Máximo, 11030-100 Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Mônica R C Marques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química do Instituto de Química, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524 Pavilhão Haroldo Lisboa da Cunha, 20559-900 RJ, Brazil
| | - Monick Cruz Nazareth
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química do Instituto de Química, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524 Pavilhão Haroldo Lisboa da Cunha, 20559-900 RJ, Brazil
| | - Paula Christine Jimenez
- Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (IMAR-UNIFESP), Rua Maria Máximo, 11030-100 Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Sanz-Lázaro
- Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, PO Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Ítalo Braga Castro
- Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (IMAR-UNIFESP), Rua Maria Máximo, 11030-100 Santos, SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke is the leading cause of acquired disability and its treatment is still a major challenge. For more than a decade, various mechanical devices have been developed for the recanalization of proximal artery occlusions in acute ischemic stroke but most of them have been approved for clinical use, only on the basis of uncontrolled case series. Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue-specific plasminogen activator administered (iv rtPA) within 4.5 h of symptom onset is so far the only approved medicinal treatment in the acute phase of cerebral infarction. With the introduction of stent retrievers, mechanical thrombectomy has demonstrated substantial rates of partial or complete arterial recanalization and improved outcomes compared with iv rtPA and best medical treatment alone in multiple randomized clinical trials in select patients with acute ischemic stroke and proximal artery occlusions. This review discusses the evolution of endovascular stroke therapy followed by a discussion of the current technical standards of mechanical thrombectomy that have to be considered during endovascular stroke therapy and the updated treatment recommendations of the ESO Karolinska stroke update.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Möhlenbruch
- Abt. Neuroradiologie, Neurologische Klinik, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
| | - M Bendszus
- Abt. Neuroradiologie, Neurologische Klinik, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
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