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Wang J, Pi H, Zhao P, Zhou N. Efficient removal of methyl orange and ciprofloxacin by reusable Eu-TiO 2/PVDF membranes with adsorption and photocatalysis methods. RSC Adv 2024; 14:18432-18443. [PMID: 38860257 PMCID: PMC11163413 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02962c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of methyl orange (MO) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) in wastewater poses a serious threat to the environment and human health. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are widely studied as photocatalysts for wastewater treatment. However, TiO2 NPs have the drawbacks of high energy required for activation, fast electron-hole pair recombination and difficulty in recovering from water. To overcome these problems, europium decorated titanium dioxide/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (Eu-TiO2/PVDF) membranes were successful prepared in this work by combining the modified sol-gel method and the immersion phase inversion method. The Eu-TiO2/PVDF membranes obtained with the increase of Eu-TiO2 NPs content during the preparation process were named M1, M2 and M3, respectively. The pure PVDF membrane without the addition of Eu-TiO2 NPs was named M0, which was prepared by the immersion phase inversion method and served as a reference. The prepared Eu-TiO2/PVDF membranes could not only adsorb MO, but also degrade CIP under visible-light irradiation. Moreover, the Eu-TiO2/PVDF membranes exhibited adsorption-photocatalytic activity towards a mixture of MO and CIP under visible-light irradiation. Last but not the least, the Eu-TiO2/PVDF membranes exhibited excellent recyclability and reusability, opening the avenue for a possible use of these membranes in sewage-treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- Northwest Institute for Non-ferrous Metal Research Xi'an 710016 Shaanxi P. R. China
| | - Hemu Pi
- Northwest Institute for Non-ferrous Metal Research Xi'an 710016 Shaanxi P. R. China
| | - Panchao Zhao
- Northwest Institute for Non-ferrous Metal Research Xi'an 710016 Shaanxi P. R. China
| | - Na Zhou
- Northwest Institute for Non-ferrous Metal Research Xi'an 710016 Shaanxi P. R. China
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2
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Li Y, Chen H, Li S, Feng L, Wang Z, Wang D, Wang Q, Wang H. Corals-inspired magnetic absorbents for fast and efficient removal of microplastics in various water sources. RSC Adv 2024; 14:11908-11913. [PMID: 38623298 PMCID: PMC11017187 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02521k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) as the formidable pollutants with high toxicity and difficult degradation may threaten the aquaculture industry and human health, making it highly necessary to develop the effective removal methods. In this article, Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were initially fabricated with mesoporous structure, but showing undesirable adsorption efficiencies for the adsorption of MPs (lower than 70%). Inspired by the reefs-rebuilding corals acting as the sinks for various marine pollutants like plastic, Fe3O4 NPs were coated further with adhesive polymerized dopamine (PDA) yielding Fe3O4@PDA absorbents. Unexpectedly, it was discovered that the corals-mimicking absorbents so formed could allow for the removal of MPs with dramatically enhanced efficiencies up to 98.5%, which is over about 30% higher than those of bare Fe3O4 NPs. Herein, the PDA shells might conduct the increased adhesion to MPs, presumably through the formation of hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, and hydrophobic interactions. A fast (within 20 min) and stable adsorption of MPs can also be expected, in addition to the PDA-improved environmental storage of Fe3O4 NPs. Subsequently, the Fe3O4@PDA adsorbents were utilized to remove MPs from different water sources with high efficiencies, including pure water, suburban streams, village rivers, lake water, inner-city moats, and aquaculture water. Such a magnet-recyclable adsorbent may provide a new way for rapid, effective, and low-cost removal of MPs pollutants from various water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Li
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Medical and Environmental Application Technologies, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University Zhejiang 313000 P. R. China
| | - Huilan Chen
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Medical and Environmental Application Technologies, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University Zhejiang 313000 P. R. China
| | - Shuai Li
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Medical and Environmental Application Technologies, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University Zhejiang 313000 P. R. China
| | - Luping Feng
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Medical and Environmental Application Technologies, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University Zhejiang 313000 P. R. China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Medical and Environmental Application Technologies, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University Zhejiang 313000 P. R. China
| | - Di Wang
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Medical and Environmental Application Technologies, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University Zhejiang 313000 P. R. China
| | - Qidong Wang
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Medical and Environmental Application Technologies, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University Zhejiang 313000 P. R. China
| | - Hua Wang
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Medical and Environmental Application Technologies, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University Zhejiang 313000 P. R. China
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Gill SS, Goyal T, Goswami M, Patel P, Das Gupta G, Verma SK. Remediation of environmental toxicants using carbonaceous materials: opportunity and challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27364-9. [PMID: 37160511 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption and photocatalytic properties of carbonaceous materials, viz., carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerene, graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanofiber nanospheres, and activated carbon, are the legitimate weapons for the remediation of emerging and persistent inorganic/organic contaminants, heavy metals, and radionucleotides from the environment. High surface area, low or non-toxic nature, ease of synthesis, regeneration, and chemical modification of carbonaceous material make them ideal for the removal of toxicants. The research techniques investigated during the last decade for the elimination of environmental toxicants using carbonaceous materials are reviewed to offer comprehensive insight into the mechanism, efficiency, applications, advantages, and shortcomings. Opportunities and challenges associated with carbon materials have been discussed to suggest future perspectives in the remediation of environmental toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanish Goyal
- ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142 001, Punjab, India
| | - Megha Goswami
- ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142 001, Punjab, India
| | - Preeti Patel
- ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142 001, Punjab, India
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Wang J, Liu Y, Luo W, Wang X, Liao R, Yu S, Hong M, Zhao C, Yang B, Liu Y, Liu X, Qiu G. Inhibition of humic acid on copper pollution caused by chalcopyrite biooxidation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158200. [PMID: 36049690 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Humic acid has the advantages of wide source, easy availability and environmental friendliness, which may be a good choice for inhibiting chalcopyrite biooxidation and alleviating copper pollution. However, there are few researches on the inhibitory effect and mechanism of humic acid on the biooxidation of chalcopyrite. In order to fill this knowledge gap, this study proposed and validated a novel method for inhibiting chalcopyrite biooxidation by means of humic acid. The results showed that the biooxidation of chalcopyrite could be effectively inhibited by humic acid, which consequently decreased the release of copper ions. Humic acid with a concentration of 120 ppm had the best inhibitory effect, which reduced the biooxidation efficiency of chalcopyrite from 40.7 ± 0.5 % to 29.3 ± 0.8 %. This in turn suggested that humic acid could effectively suppress the pollution of copper under these conditions. The analysis results of solution parameters, mineral surface morphology, mineral phases and element composition showed that humic acid inhibited the growth of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, promoted the formation of jarosite and intensified the passivation of chalcopyrite, which effectively hindered the biooxidation of chalcopyrite, and would help to alleviate the pollution of copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Yuling Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Luo
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Xingxing Wang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Rui Liao
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Shichao Yu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China.
| | - Maoxin Hong
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Chunxiao Zhao
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Baojun Yang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China.
| | - Xueduan Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Guanzhou Qiu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
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Response surface methodology for removal of copper (II) ions from aqueous solutions by DMSA@SiO2@Fe3O4 nanocomposite. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wang J, Sgarzi M, Němečková Z, Henych J, Licciardello N, Cuniberti G. Reusable and Antibacterial Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for the Adsorption of Dyes and the Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Degradation of Antibiotics. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2022; 6:2200076. [PMID: 36381130 PMCID: PMC9638429 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption and advanced oxidation processes, especially photocatalysis, are amongst the most common water treatment methodologies. Unfortunately, using each of these techniques independently does not fully eliminate the pollutants of diverse nature, which are present in wastewater. Here, an avenue for multifunctional materials for water treatment is opened by reporting for the first time the preparation, characterization, and study of the properties of a novel multifunctional nanocomposite with both adsorption and visible-light-driven photocatalysis abilities. These multifunctional nanocomposites, namely iron (II, III) oxide/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-methacrylic acid)/silver-titanium dioxide (Fe3O4/P(NIPAM-co-MAA)/Ag-TiO2), are prepared by combining magnetic polymeric microspheres (Fe3O4/P(NIPAM-co-MAA)) with silver-decorated titanium dioxide nanoparticles (Ag-TiO2 NPs). Cationic dyes, such as basic fuchsin (BF), can be adsorbed by the nanocomposites thanks to the carboxylic groups of Fe3O4/P(NIPAM-co-MAA) microspheres. Concomitantly, the presence of Ag-TiO2 NPs endows the system with the visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation ability toward antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin (CIP) and norfloxacin (NFX). Furthermore, the proposed nanocomposites show antibacterial activity toward Escherichia coli (E. coli), thanks to the presence of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). Due to the superparamagnetic properties of iron (II, III) oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs), the nanocomposites can be also recycled and reused, after the cleaning process, by using an external magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- Institute for Materials ScienceMax Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Dresden Center for NanoanalysisTU Dresden01062DresdenGermany
| | - Massimo Sgarzi
- Institute for Materials ScienceMax Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Dresden Center for NanoanalysisTU Dresden01062DresdenGermany
- Present address:
Department of Molecular Sciences and NanosystemsCa’ Foscari University of VeniceVia Torino 15530172Venezia MestreItaly
| | - Zuzana Němečková
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryCzech Academy of SciencesHusinec‐Řež 1001Řež250 68Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Henych
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryCzech Academy of SciencesHusinec‐Řež 1001Řež250 68Czech Republic
- Faculty of EnvironmentJan Evangelista Purkyně UniversityPasteurova 3632/15Ústí nad Labem400 96Czech Republic
| | - Nadia Licciardello
- Institute for Materials ScienceMax Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Dresden Center for NanoanalysisTU Dresden01062DresdenGermany
- Present address:
Department of Drug and Health SciencesUniversity of CataniaViale Andrea Doria 695125CataniaItaly
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials ScienceMax Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Dresden Center for NanoanalysisTU Dresden01062DresdenGermany
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Šehović E, Memić M, Sulejmanović J, Hameed M, Begić S, Ljubijankić N, Selović A, Ghfar AA, Sher F. Thermodynamic valorisation of lignocellulosic biomass green sorbents for toxic pollutants removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135737. [PMID: 35850218 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Various toxic heavy metals have become hazardous to human health as well as the environment. This research has been focused on a biosorption/bioremoval process of chromium (III), copper (II) and lead (II) ions from an aqueous solution by utilizing lignocellulosic biomass of Citrus limon peel (CLP) powder. CLP powder biomass was selected based on dietary fibre components having greater potential to remove target heavy metal ions in order to purify wastewater by following the eco-friendly biosorption method. At optimum conditions, the observed maximum removal efficiency of 97.47, 87.13 and 95.71% for Cr, Cu and Pb ions, respectively, was observed. An investigation has been made as a work of pH, CLP amount and temperature. The presented bio-removal processes by prepared CLP biosorbent manifested as a temperature-independent. Langmuir isotherm model was found an excellent fit of the isotherm data for tested systems with the calculated biosorption capacities of 111.11 (Cr), 76.92 (Cu) and 100 (Pb) mg/g. The positive ΔH values for selected target heavy metal ions, except lead ions, confirmed that the reaction was spontaneous and endothermic. A cooperative mechanism of second-order and intraparticle diffusion models during the adsorption processes of all three target ions was established with a higher coefficient of determination and more closely anticipated take-up (adsorption capacity). Furthermore, the interaction of -OH and -COOH functional groups of CLP that have a major role in the removal of Cr, Cu and Pb ions from single-ion aqueous solution and/or a surface biosorption was confirmed based on the results presented by SEM-EDS and FTIR analysis. Analysis from XRD revealed peak corresponding to amorphous cellulose type I as observed by FT-IR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elma Šehović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja Od Bosne 33-35, 71 000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; International Society of Engineering Science and Technology, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mustafa Memić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja Od Bosne 33-35, 71 000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jasmina Sulejmanović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja Od Bosne 33-35, 71 000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; International Society of Engineering Science and Technology, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Mariam Hameed
- International Society of Engineering Science and Technology, Nottingham, United Kingdom; School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Sabina Begić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja Od Bosne 33-35, 71 000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Nevzeta Ljubijankić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja Od Bosne 33-35, 71 000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Alisa Selović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja Od Bosne 33-35, 71 000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ayman A Ghfar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farooq Sher
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom.
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Lou J, Fu Q, Yu L, Yuan H, Zhao J, Wang L, Shi D, Mo C, Luo J. Highly effective removal of Pb2+ from wastewater by nickel-based metal organic framework. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Tan TL, Somat HBA, Latif MABM, Rashid SA. One-pot solvothermal synthesis of Zr-based MOFs with enhanced adsorption capacity for Cu2+ ions removal. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Removal of Cu(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solution by a magnetic multi-wall carbon nanotube adsorbent. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2021.100184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
The discharge of toxic heavy metals including zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd) in water above the permissible limits causes high threat to the surrounding environment. Because of their toxicity, heavy metals greatly affect the human health and the environment. Recently, better remediation techniques were offered using the nanotechnology and nanomaterials. The attentions were directed toward cost-effective and new fabricated nanomaterials for the application in water/wastewater remediation, such as zeolite, carbonaceous, polymer based, chitosan, ferrite, magnetic, metal oxide, bimetallic, metallic, etc. This review focused on the synthesis and capacity of various nanoadsorbent materials for the elimination of different toxic ions, with discussion of the effect of their functionalization on the adsorption capacity and separation process. Additionally, the effect of various experimental physicochemical factors on heavy metals adsorption, such as ionic strength, initial ion concentration, temperature, contact time, adsorbent dose, and pH was discussed.
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Specific enrichment of phosphopeptides by using magnetic nanocomposites of type Fe3O4@graphene oxide and Fe3O4@C coated with self-assembled oligopeptides. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:144. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-4096-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zhang J. Two-dimensional infrared spectral explorations into bilayer and monolayer self-assemblies of amphiphilic polypeptides. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:9-19. [PMID: 31914853 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1713891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Poly(2-(3-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)-3-oxopropyl)ethyleneamido) (PHAOE) is an amphiphilic polypeptide. The self-assembly is significant, but the ultrafast dynamic analyses of the peptide self-assembly are exiguous and worth further exploring. In this investigation, the temporal dynamic characteristics of the aggregates and unaggregated PHAOEs are mined by the two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy. The homogeneous and inhomogeneous diffusion processes of the carbonyl stretching modes of the unaggregated PHAOEs are slower than those of the self-assemblies. The inhomogeneous spectral diffusion proportion of the biopolymer PHAOE in methanol is greater than that in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The solvation shells surround the aggregates and unaggregated PHAOEs in the protic solvent methanol, but there are not any solvation shells around the aggregates or unaggregated PHAOEs in the dipolar solvent DMSO. The massive hydrogen-bonded monolayer self-assembly has merely an aggregate of PHAOEs and no solvation shell in DMSO. But the hydrogen-bonded bilayer self-assembly has a self-assembled methanol shell and an interior aggregate of PHAOEs in methanol. The self-assemblies of PHAOEs motivate the methanols to self-assemble. The large delocalized amide structure results in the fast spectral diffusion of the carbonyl stretching mode.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Molecular Reaction Dynamics Laboratory, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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