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Feng S, Liu L, Lin J, Wang Z, Gu J, Zhang L, Zhang B, Sun S. Bio-inspired synthesis of N-doped TiO 2/C nanocrystals using jellyfish mucus with high visible-light photocatalytic efficiency. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:3759-3774. [PMID: 39050958 PMCID: PMC11265576 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00309h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Non-metal doping of titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been widely investigated, because it can facilely improve the optical response of TiO2 under visible light excitation in environmental pollution treatments. In the ongoing efforts, however, little consideration has been given to the use of harmful marine organisms as dopants. Here, we employed the natural mucus proteins of the large harmful jellyfish Aurelia coerulea and Nemopilema nomurai, which have frequently bloomed in East Asian marginal seas in recent decades, to synthesize mesoporous nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanocrystals modified with carbon (N-TiO2/C) by a simple hydrothermal method. These nanocrystals were composed of predominantly anatase phase and a small amount of brookite phase TiO2. Their mesoporous structures changed with the variation of the volume ratio of jellyfish mucus added to tetrabutyl titanate (TBT). At the same ratio, larger surface area and pore volume but smaller pore size were observed in N-TiO2/C nanocrystals from N. nomurai rather than A. coerulea. Nitrogen was determinately doped into the lattice of the prepared nanocrystals and the carbon species were modified on their surfaces, which narrowed the band gap, facilitated the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and favored the absorption of visible light, thus improving their visible light photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of Rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light irradiation first increased and then decreased with the gradual increase of the volume ratio of jellyfish mucus proteins to TBT. The maximum reached 97.52% in 20 min from N-TiO2/C nanocrystals synthesized using N. nomurai mucus at the volume ratio of 4 : 1, which showed a remarkably strong visible light absorption, lower band gap energy and smaller electron transfer resistance. These N-TiO2/C nanocrystals also had a relatively stable crystal structure in multiple degradation reactions. The main active species including superoxide radicals (˙O2 -), photogenerated holes (h+) and hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) were found to play a major role in the degradation process of RhB. This study highlights the potential high-value reapplication of harmful jellyfish mucus as a natural organic matrix in fabricating advanced materials with optimized functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao 266071 China
- College of Marine Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao 266400 China
| | - Lingchen Liu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xihua University Chengdu 610039 China
- Bureau of Natural Resources of Daan District Zigong 643000 China
| | - Jianing Lin
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University Qingdao 266237 China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center Qingdao 266237 China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Liaoning University Shenyang 110036 China
| | - Jinzeng Gu
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University Qingdao 266237 China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center Qingdao 266237 China
| | - Lutao Zhang
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University Qingdao 266237 China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center Qingdao 266237 China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xihua University Chengdu 610039 China
| | - Song Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao 266071 China
- College of Marine Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao 266400 China
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Chen Z, Yu S, Liu J, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Yu J, Yuan M, Zhang P, Liu W, Zhang J. C, F co-doping Ag/TiO 2 with visible light photocatalytic performance toward degrading Rhodamine B. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023:116311. [PMID: 37290622 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The organic pollutants in industrial wastewater continuously endanger human health. Therefore, effective treatment of organic pollutants is very urgent. Photocatalytic degradation technology is an excellent solution to remove it. TiO2 photocatalysts are easy to prepare and have high catalytic activity, unfortunately, TiO2 only absorbs ultraviolet light limiting its utilization of visible light. In this study, a facile environmentally friendly synthesis of Ag-coated on micro-wrinkled TiO2-based catalysts in order to extend the absorption of Visible light. Firstly, a fluorinated titanium dioxide precursor was prepared by a one-step solvothermal method, and the precursor was calcined at high temperature in a nitrogen atmosphere to form a carbon dopant, and then a surface silver-deposited carbon/fluorine co-doped TiO2 photocatalyst C/F-Ag-TiO2 was prepared by a hydrothermal method The results showed that the Ag was coated on the wrinkled TiO2 layer and C/F-Ag-TiO2 photocatalyst was synthetized successfully. Benefit from the synergistic effect of doped carbon and fluorine atoms in combination with the quantum size effect of the surface silver nanoparticles, the band gap energy of C/F-Ag-TiO2 (2.56 eV) is obviously lower than anatase (3.2eV). The photocatalyst achieved an impressive degradation rate of 84.2% for Rhodamine B in 4 h, with a degradation rate constant of 0.367 h-1, which was 17 times higher than that of P25 under visible light. Therefore, the C/F-Ag-TiO2 composite is a promising candidate as a highly efficient photocatalyst for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Shui Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Jianping Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Yamei Zhang
- School of Science, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China.
| | - Yuchen Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Jiangyi Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Pengchao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Wen Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China.
| | - Jiaoxia Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China.
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Fabricating metal-free Z-scheme heterostructures with nitrogen-deficient carbon nitride for fast photocatalytic removal of acetaminophen. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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4
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Z-scheme Au@TiO2/Bi2WO6 heterojunction as efficient visible-light photocatalyst for degradation of antibiotics. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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5
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Li DQ, Meng YJ, Li J, Song YJ, Xu F. TiO2/carbonaceous nanocomposite from titanium-alginate coordination compound. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 288:119400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Zhang Z, Niu M, Li W, Ding C, Xie P, Li Y, Chen L, Lan X, Liu C, Yan X, Fu X, Liu Y, Liu Y, Cao D, Dai J, Hong X, Liu C. Steered polymorphic nanodomains in TiO 2 to boost visible-light photocatalytic oxidation. RSC Adv 2022; 12:9660-9670. [PMID: 35424931 PMCID: PMC8959444 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00782g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A breakthrough in enhancing visible-light photocatalysis of wide-bandgap semiconductors such as prototypical titania (TiO2) via cocatalyst decoration is still challenged by insufficient heterojunctions and inevitable interfacial transport issues. Herein, we report a novel TiO2-based composite material composed of in situ generated polymorphic nanodomains including carbon nitride (C3N4) and (001)/(101)-faceted anatase nanocrystals. The introduction of ultrafine C3N4 results in the generation of many oxygen vacancies in the TiO2 lattice, and simultaneously induces the exposure and growth of anatase TiO2(001) facets with high surface energy. The photocatalytic performance of C3N4-induced TiO2 for degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol under visible-light irradiation was tested, its apparent rate being up to 1.49 × 10-2 min-1, almost 3.8 times as high as that for the pure TiO2 nanofibers. More significantly, even under low operation temperature and after a long-term photocatalytic process, the composite still exhibits exceptional degradation efficiency and stability. The normalized degradation efficiency and effective lifespan of the composite photocatalyst are far superior to other reported modified photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeju Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Mang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Chenfeng Ding
- Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit (EMSSU), Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) 1919-1 Tancha Kunigami-gun, Onna-son Okinawa 904-0495 Japan
- Foshan (Southern China) Institute for New Materials Foshan 528200 China
| | - Peitao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Yongxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Lili Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Xiaopeng Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Chunlei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Xiaodong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Xuewei Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 Sichuan China
| | - Yaochun Liu
- Foshan (Southern China) Institute for New Materials Foshan 528200 China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
- Foshan (Southern China) Institute for New Materials Foshan 528200 China
| | - Dapeng Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Jingjie Dai
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Qingdao Binhai University Qingdao 266555 Shandong China
| | - Xiaofen Hong
- Zhejiang Rich Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd Hangzhou 310000 China
| | - Chunzhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
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Non-Stacked γ-Fe 2O 3/C@TiO 2 Double-Layer Hollow Nanoparticles for Enhanced Photocatalytic Applications under Visible Light. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12020201. [PMID: 35055220 PMCID: PMC8779976 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a non-stacked γ-Fe2O3/C@TiO2 double-layer hollow nano photocatalyst has been developed with ultrathin nanosheets-assembled double shells for photodegradation phenol. High catalytic performance was found that the phenol could be completely degraded in 135 min under visible light, due to the moderate band edge position (VB at 0.59 eV and CB at −0.66 eV) of the non-stacked γ-Fe2O3/C@TiO2, which can expand the excitation wavelength range into the visible light region and produce a high concentration of free radicals (such as ·OH, ·O2−, holes). Furthermore, the interior of the hollow composite γ-Fe2O3 is responsible for charge generation, and the carbon matrix facilitates charge transfer to the external TiO2 shell. This overlap improved the selection/utilization efficiency, while the unique non-stacked double-layered structure inhibited initial charge recombination over the photocatalysts. This work provides new approaches for photocatalytic applications with γ-Fe2O3/C-based materials.
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Mallakpour S, Ramezanzade V. Tragacanth gum mediated green fabrication of mesoporous titania nanomaterials: Application in photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 291:112680. [PMID: 33965704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Water remediation is a crucial subject in present century. Hence, several processes have been used for this aim, which the photodegradation method with high activity, cost-effectiveness, and durability has been remarkable. In this project, the various novel mesoporous Titania nanomaterials (MTN) were green synthesized using Tragacanth gum as coupling agent. The effect of calcination times on the crystalline structure of the resulted MTNs was examined. MTNs displayed the dramatically specific surface area with negative surface charge and nano-sheet structure, and they applied for photodegradation of crystal violet under ultraviolet irradiation due to proper band gaps energy. The obtained MTN in 8 h calcination time (MTN-8) showed the best photoreduction activity. Also, the superoxide radicals, electrons, and hole pairs represented the main degradation agents as the reduction rate of crystal violet. Next, the transformation pathways were proposed, which could be transformation singlet oxygen addition, hydroxyl addition, and N-demethylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadpour Mallakpour
- Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Vahid Ramezanzade
- Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Al-Aoh HA, Darwish AAA. Enhancement of the adsorptive performance of TiO 2nanoparticles towards methylene blue by adding suspended nanoparticles of Pt: kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:415706. [PMID: 34233310 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac121f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB) is one of the most dangerous dyes found in numerous industries' wastewaters. Thus, the effect of suspended Pt nanoparticles (NPs) on the adsorption capability of TiO2NPs towards MB was investigated in this research. Factors affecting (adsorbate initial concentration, agitation time, solution pH, and temperature) the adsorption capacity of MB on the modified TiO2NPs were also studied. It was found that the first two factors have a positive effect, the temperature has an adverse impact, and the maximum uptake was observed when pH is 11. Isotherm parameters of Langmuir, Freundlich, and Timken models were determined. Langmuir's model was found to be the best one for analyzing the experimental data. The adsorption capacities obtained were 100.61, 90.66, and 80.26 mg g-1at 25 °C, 40 °C, and 55 °C, respectively. 1storder, 2ndorder, and intra-particle diffusion kinetic models were utilized to analyze experimental data. It found that these data were explained well by the 2ndorder model, indicating that this adsorption is chemisorption. Thermodynamic parameters were also determined, and the results obtained suggest that this adsorption is an exothermic and spontaneous process. The findings show that TiO2NPs modified by suspended Pt NPs will get a strong attraction in the treatment of fluids and wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem A Al-Aoh
- Water Treatment Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, 71474 Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - A A A Darwish
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
- Nanotechnology Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Education at Al-Mahweet, Sana'a University, Al-Mahweet, Yemen
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Gai H, Wang H, Liu L, Feng B, Xiao M, Tang Y, Qu X, Song H, Huang T. Potassium and iodide codoped mesoporous titanium dioxide for enhancing photocatalytic degradation of phenolic compounds. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Characterization and Photo-Induced Electrocatalytic Evaluation for BiVO4 Films Obtained by the SILAR Process. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-021-00641-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Abstract
This article presents an overview of the reports on the doping of TiO2 with carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur, including single, co-, and tri-doping. A comparison of the properties of the photocatalysts synthesized from various precursors of TiO2 and C, N, or S dopants is summarized. Selected methods of synthesis of the non-metal doped TiO2 are also described. Furthermore, the influence of the preparation conditions on the doping mode (interstitial or substitutional) with reference to various types of the modified TiO2 is summarized. The mechanisms of photocatalysis for the different modes of the non-metal doping are also discussed. Moreover, selected applications of the non-metal doped TiO2 photocatalysts are shown, including the removal of organic compounds from water/wastewater, air purification, production of hydrogen, lithium storage, inactivation of bacteria, or carbon dioxide reduction.
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Jin J, Song W, Zhang N, Li L, Liu H, Yang B, Zhao B. Highly efficient core-shell Ag@carbon dot modified TiO 2 nanofibers for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants and their SERS monitoring. RSC Adv 2020; 10:26639-26645. [PMID: 35515768 PMCID: PMC9055520 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00168f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a novel hybrid nanomaterial composed of core-shell structured Ag@carbon dot (CD) modified TiO2 nanofibers (NFs) was successfully fabricated via a simple two-step strategy for the first time. Herein, the Ag@CDs-TiO2 NFs are demonstrated to be an efficient SERS substrate. The strong LSPR-induced electromagnetic enhancement (EM) by Ag@CDs NPs and efficient charge transfer (CT) effect between Ag@CDs and TiO2 NFs synergistically contribute to the excellent SERS enhancement. In addition, the Ag@CDs-TiO2 NFs exhibit enhanced photocatalytic activity regarding the organic pollutant degradation under visible light irradiation because of the enhanced light absorption and improved separation of photo-generated electron-hole pairs. Thus, this new nanocomposite can be used as a sensitive SERS substrate for determining the catalytic activity and reaction kinetics during the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB). Compared with UV-vis spectroscopy, the SERS technique enables more accurate monitoring of the changes of adsorption molecules and actual catalytic process on the surface of the catalyst. These results are significant for the development of metal or semiconductor-based catalysts for ensuring optoelectronic, energy and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Linjia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Bing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
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