1
|
Zhao ML, Ji X, Zhang J, Yang GP. Spatiotemporal variation, partitioning, and ecological risk assessment of benzothiazoles, benzotriazoles, and benzotriazole UV absorbers in the Yangtze River Estuary and its adjacent area. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133337. [PMID: 38142656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The distributions and toxicities of the pollutants benzothiazoles (BTHs), benzotriazoles (BTRs), and benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVs) have attracted much attention, but most research has focused on freshwater environments and few have examined their levels in marine environments. This study, for the first time, investigated the spatial and temporal variability and ecological risks of BTHs, BTRs and BUVs in the Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent area, and further elucidated how environmental factors influence the transport of these contaminants. The concentrations of BTHs, BTRs, and BUVs in seawater showed significant seasonal variability, with the highest concentrations in summer, followed by autumn, and then winter-spring. The spatiotemporal variability in BTHs, BTRs and BUVs in the seawater and sediments samples showed decreasing trends from nearshore to offshore, reflecting the influence of river discharge. Marine debris and continuous discharge from cities were responsible for the high detection frequency of these contaminants in the YRE and its adjacent area. Furthermore, the moderate risk from the presence of BTHs, BTRs, and BUVs as they accumulate in sediments should not be ignored. Our study provides new insights into the fate and ecological risk of BTHs, BTRs, and BUVs in the estuary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Liang Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xuan Ji
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moral A, Borrull F, Furton KG, Kabir A, Fontanals N, Marcé RM. Selective determination of 2-aminobenzothiazole in environmental water and organic extracts from fish and dust samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:439-448. [PMID: 37946037 PMCID: PMC10761388 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a homemade mixed-mode ion-exchange sorbent based on silica with embedded graphene microparticles is applied for the selective extraction of 2-aminobenzothiazole (NH2BT) followed by determination through liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. The sorbent was evaluated for the solid-phase extraction of NH2BT from environmental water samples (river, effluent wastewater, and influent wastewater), and NH2BT was strongly retained through the selective cation-exchange interactions. Therefore, the inclusion of a clean-up step of 7 mL of methanol provided good selectivity for the extraction of NH2BT. The apparent recoveries obtained for environmental water samples ranged from 62 to 69% and the matrix effect from -1 to -14%. The sorbent was also evaluated in the clean-up step of the organic extract for the extraction of NH2BT from organic extracts of indoor dust samples (10 mL of ethyl acetate from pressurized liquid extraction) and fish (10 mL of acetonitrile from QuEChERS extraction). The organic extracts were acidified (adding a 0.1% of formic acid) to promote the cation-exchange interactions between the sorbent and the analyte. The apparent recoveries for fish samples ranged from 22 to 36% depending on the species. In the case of indoor dust samples, the recovery was 41%. It should be highlighted the low matrix effect encountered in such complex samples, with values ranging from -7 to 5% for fish and dust samples. Finally, various samples were analyzed. The concentration in river samples ranged from 31 to 136 ng/L; in effluent wastewater samples, from 55 to 191 ng/L; in influent wastewater samples, from 131 to 549 ng/L; in fish samples, from 14 to 57 ng/g dried weight; and in indoor dust samples, from
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Moral
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Kenneth G Furton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, International Forensic Research Institute, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Abuzar Kabir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, International Forensic Research Institute, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Núria Fontanals
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Rosa Maria Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Andruch V, Kalyniukova A, Płotka-Wasylka J, Jatkowska N, Snigur D, Zaruba S, Płatkiewicz J, Zgoła-Grześkowiak A, Werner J. Application of deep eutectic solvents in sample preparation for analysis (update 2017–2022). Part A: Liquid phase microextraction. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
4
|
de Mendonça Ochs S, Souza TM, Sobrinho RDL, de Oliveira RB, Bernardes MC, Netto ADP. Simultaneous evaluation of benzotriazoles, benzothiazoles and benzenesulfonamides in water samples from the impacted urban Jacarepaguá Lagoon System (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:160033. [PMID: 36356777 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazoles, benzothiazoles, and benzenesulfonamides are emerging pollutants stable in aquatic media emitted by anthropogenic sources. Selected compounds of these classes were evaluated in the impacted urban Jacarepaguá Lagoon System (JLS) located in a tropical coastal region of Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil that has experienced a rapid expansion of urban occupation and environmental degradation in recent decades, and it represents a pioneering study of these compounds carried out in Brazilian areas. A method of solid phase extraction followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass-spectrometry was implemented to evaluate water samples collected in different water bodies (rivers, lagoons, and channels) of the JLS from March 2017 to May 2018. Limits of quantification (LOQs) ≤ 10.0 ng L-1, method linearity up to 1000 μg L-1, and recoveries between 62 and 121 % at three different levels were obtained. Individual concentrations varied from < LOQ to 5260 ng L-1 (benzotriazole, in May 2018) which also predominated in all river samples. 2-mercaptobenzothiazole predominated in samples taken in lagoons and channels in March 2017, and 2-aminobenzothiazole was never detected. River samples showed total concentrations up to 30 times larger in all sampling campaigns, except March 2017 when the sample taken at Tijuca Lagoon showed the largest total concentration of the compounds studied due to the largest concentration of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (2505 ng L-1) found in this study. Principal component analysis (PCA) using only composition data was unable to distinguish samples from rivers, and lagoons and channels, but a PCA combining composition data and environmental parameters (pH, Eh, dissolved O2 concentration, temperature, salinity, and conductivity) discriminated the samples according to two groups: rivers and lagoons and channels. The Joá Channel flows directly to the open sea and our data allowed a (preliminary) estimation of the total mass flows of the studied compounds to the open sea, which would vary between 1702 g day-1 (March 2017) to 106 g day-1 (May 2018) and allowed a preliminary estimative based on the geometric mean of input of 87.9 kg year-1, indicating the importance of the drainage area to the contamination of the coastal area, and consequently to ocean pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soraya de Mendonça Ochs
- FIOCRUZ, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde - INCQS, Departamento de Química, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP 21040-360, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, Valonguinho, Centro, Niterói, RJ CEP 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Thallis Martins Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, Valonguinho, Centro, Niterói, RJ CEP 24020-141, Brazil; FIOCRUZ, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), Departamento de Controle de Qualidade, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo de Lima Sobrinho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ CEP 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B de Oliveira
- INMETRO, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças, 50, Xerém, Duque de Caxias, CEP: 25250-020, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Polícia Federal, Instituto Nacional de Criminalística, SAIS Quadra 07 Lote 23, Setor Policial Sul, CEP 70610-902, DF, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Corrêa Bernardes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, Valonguinho, Centro, Niterói, RJ CEP 24020-141, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ CEP 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Annibal Duarte Pereira Netto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Instituto de Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, Valonguinho, Centro, Niterói, RJ CEP 24020-141, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Alimentos e Nutrição (PPGAN), Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Pasteur, 296, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP 22290-240, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Thomas J, Cutright T, Pugh C, Soucek MD. Quantitative assessment of additive leachates in abiotic weathered tire cryogrinds and its application to tire wear particles in roadside soil samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137132. [PMID: 36343731 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tire and road wear particles (TRWP) are becoming an important research question with potential risks on ecological system. A comprehensive understanding of their detection and quantification in soils are challenged by the inherent technological inconsistencies, lack of well-set standardized methods, and generalized protocols. Reference tire cryogrinds were subjected to abiotic weathering. Next, the total environmental availability from parent elastomers and the release of additives from tire tread compounds were evaluated using mass concentration factors obtained from abiotic weathered tire cryogrinds. Headspace Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (HS-GC-MS) was employed as a nontargeted, suspect screening analysis technique to identify the tire related intermediates. Benzothiazole, 1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline (TMQ), aniline, phenol and benzoic acid were detected as tire tetrahydrofuran leachates. Total environmental availability of TMQ and benzothiazole were in the range of 1.7 × 10-3 and 0.11, respectively. Benzene and benzoic acid derivatives were identified as marker compounds for environmental samples. A TRWP content evaluation was made possible by quantifying marker concentrations and reference tire cryogrind formulation. TRWP content in the size range of 1-5 mm was between 800 and 1300 μg/g and 1200-3100 μg/g TRWP in Ohio and Kansas soil. For TRWP less than 1 mm, 0.15-2.1 wt% content was observed in Kansas and Ohio samples and were seemingly dependent on the locations and the traffic. This simple, widely applicable quantification method for TRWP analysis provides a database of tire degradation and TRWP intermediates. The TRWP content research is critical for further TRWP research development in terrestrial environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jomin Thomas
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Teresa Cutright
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA.
| | - Coleen Pugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, 67260, USA
| | - Mark D Soucek
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Thomas J, Moosavian SK, Cutright T, Pugh C, Soucek MD. Method Development for Separation and Analysis of Tire and Road Wear Particles from Roadside Soil Samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11910-11921. [PMID: 35980850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of tire and road wear particles (TRWPs) and their detection and quantification in soils is still challenged by the lack of well-set standardized methods, inherent technological inconsistencies, and generalized protocols. Our protocol includes soil sampling, size separation, and organic matter removal by using hydrogen peroxide followed by density separation and analysis. In this context, roadside soil samples from different sites in Kansas and Ohio, USA, were collected and analyzed. Tire cryogrinds analogous to TRWPs were used to evaluate various density separation media, and collected particles more than 1 mm in size were then subjected to infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) to confirm TRWP presence. Particles smaller than 1 mm were Soxhlet extracted, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to validate the presence of tire-related intermediates. SEM-EDX validated the presence of elemental combinations (S + Zn/Na) ± (Al, Ca, Mg, K, Si) attributed to tires. Ketones, carboxylic acids, epoxies, cyclohexane, and benzothiazole sulfenamide (BTS) intermediates were the most probable tire-related intermediates observed in the roadside soil samples. Thus, this simple, widely applicable, cost-effective sample preparation protocol for TRWP analysis can assist TRWP research advancement in terrestrial environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jomin Thomas
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Seyed Kasra Moosavian
- Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Teresa Cutright
- Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Coleen Pugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | - Mark D Soucek
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shin YJ, Kim B, Kim H, Kim K, Park K, Kim J, Kim HJ, Kim P. 1,2,3-benzotriazole adversely affects early-life stage of Oryzias latipes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152846. [PMID: 34995609 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
1,2,3-benzotriazole (BT) is used in large amounts around the world and is one of the substances derived from household chemicals that are of concern for risk when discharged to aquatic environments. Therefore, several studies have been conducted on the aquatic toxicity effects of BT, but the chronic impact assessment studies to evaluate the developmental effects on the early-life stage of fish are insufficient. In this study, the acute toxicity test and subchronic toxicity test (fish, early-life stage toxicity test, ELS test) using embryos of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were performed to evaluate the acute toxicity, developmental toxicity, growth (indicated by total length and weight at the end of the test), and histopathological effect of BT. In the short-term toxicity test on embryo and sac-fry stage, toxicity value was calculated to be 41 mg/L (NOEC). Based on this value, the exposure concentration of the ELS test was determined as 0.04, 0.4, 4 and 40 mg/L, and total exposure duration was 42 days. At the highest concentration group (40 mg/L), failure of swim bladder inflation and decrease of survival and size (total length and weight) were observed. Moreover, in the histopathological analysis, abnormal findings were detected in swim bladders from the 40 mg/L group such as inflammation and tumor changes. On the other hands, condition index (weight-length relationships, CI) was statistically significantly lower in all exposed groups compared to the control group. NOEC for the survival of BT was calculated to be 4 mg/L. LOEC for CI was 0.04 mg/L, which means BT inhibited weight gain relative to its length on larvae of medaka.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Shin
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bokyung Kim
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyun Kim
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungtae Kim
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghwa Park
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Kim
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilje Kim
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Hsu CJ, Ding WH. Determination of benzotriazole and benzothiazole derivatives in tea beverages by deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasound-assisted liquid-phase microextraction and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2022; 368:130798. [PMID: 34411854 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Benzotriazole (BTRs) and benzothiazole (BTHs) derivatives are a group of high production volume chemicals with emerging health concern, which found in tea beverages raising potential risks for food safety and human health. The present work describes a simple method using a "green" deep eutectic solvent (DES) based-ultrasound-assisted liquid-phase microextraction (UALPME) to rapidly extract BTRs and BTHs from tea beverages, and then applying UHPLC-electrospray ionization (+)-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for detection and quantification. To overcome the challenges related to different experimental conditions, a Factorial Multilevel Categoric Design and a Face Centered Central Composite Design were applied to screen and optimize the parameters for the DES-UALPME procedure, respectively. After optimization, the method was validated and shown to possess low limits of quantification (LOQs; 1.5-12 ng mL-1), high precision (3-13%), and satisfactory accuracy (65-107%). The developed method was then successfully applied for the analysis of some selected BTRs and BTHs in tea beverages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Che-Jui Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chung-Li 320, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Hsien Ding
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chung-Li 320, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Application of Extraction and Determination Based on Deep Eutectic Solvents in Different Types of Environmental Samples. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w14010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Water sources are an indispensable resource for human survival. Monitoring the pollution status of the surrounding environment is necessary to protect water sources. Research on the environmental matrix of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) has expanded rapidly because of their high extraction efficiency for various target analytes, controllable synthesis, and versatile structure. Following the synthesis of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDESs), their application in aqueous matrices broadened greatly. The present review conducted a survey on the pollutant extraction methods based DESs in environmental matrices from two aspects, application methods and matrix types; discussed the potential risk of DESs to the environment and future development trends; and provided some references for researchers to choose DES-based extraction methods for environmental research.
Collapse
|
12
|
Li YJ, Ding WH. Determination of benzotriazole and benzothiazole derivatives in human urine by eco-friendly deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasound-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction followed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 284:117530. [PMID: 34261225 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole (BTRs) and benzothiazole (BTHs) derivatives have been classified as high production volume pollutants of emerging concern. The present work describes a rapid and simple process using an eco-friendly deep eutectic solvent (DES) based-ultrasound-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (DES-UALLME) technique to effectively extract five BTRs and four BTHs in human urine samples, and then applying ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization (+)-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI(+)-QTOF-MS) for their detection and quantification. DESs are a group of novel "green" solvents, and their applications in sample pretreatment are appropriate for the requirements for green chemistry, environmental protection and sustainable development. Furthermore, to overcome the challenges related to different experimental conditions, multivariate experimental design approaches conducted by means of a multilevel categorical design and a Box-Behnken Design were applied to screen and optimize parameters that have significant influences on the extraction efficiency of DES-UALLME. After optimization, the method was validated and shown to possess low limits of quantitation (LOQs; 0.4 - 9 ng mL-1), high precision (3-12%), and high accuracy (mean spiked recoveries; 80-101%). The developed method was then successfully applied for the analysis of BTRs and BTHs in human urine samples. Interestingly, 5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzotriazole (XTR) was detected in almost all of the urine samples, which correlates with its high production and widely applications in industry processes and consumer products in Taiwan. These target analytes could potentially be used as biomarkers to assess exposure of BTRs and BTHs in biomonitoring programs and studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Jou Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chung-Li, 320, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Hsien Ding
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chung-Li, 320, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hsieh CZ, Chung WH, Ding WH. Experimental design approaches to optimize ultrasound-assisted simultaneous-silylation dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the rapid determination of parabens in water samples. RSC Adv 2021; 11:23607-23615. [PMID: 35479786 PMCID: PMC9036600 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04195a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes a rapid solvent-minimized process to effectively determine four common paraben preservatives (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl- and butyl-paraben) in surface water samples. The method involved the use of a combination of a novel ultrasound-assisted simultaneous-silylation within dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (UASS-DLLME) with detection by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). To overcome the challenges related to the different experimental conditions, multivariate experimental design approaches conducted by means of a multilevel categorical design and a Box–Behnken design were utilized to screen and optimize parameters that have significant influences on the efficiency of silylation and extraction. The method was then validated and shown to provide low limits of quantitation (LOQs; 1–5 ng L−1), high precision (3–11%), and satisfactory mean spiked recoveries (accuracy; 79–101%). Upon analyzing samples of surface water obtained from the field, we found that, in total, there was a relatively high concentration of the target parabens ranging from 200 to 1389 ng L−1. The sources of the elevated levels of these parabens may be from the release of untreated municipal wastewater in this region, and also due to the widespread application of parabens in personal care and food products. This work describes a rapid solvent-minimized process to effectively determine four common paraben preservatives (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl- and butyl-paraben) in surface water samples.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Zhong Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University Chung-Li 320 Taiwan +886-3-4227664 +886-3-4227151 ext. 65905
| | - Wu-Hsun Chung
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University Chung-Li 320 Taiwan +886-3-4227664 +886-3-4227151 ext. 65905.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Army Academy ROC Chung-Li 320 Taiwan
| | - Wang-Hsien Ding
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University Chung-Li 320 Taiwan +886-3-4227664 +886-3-4227151 ext. 65905
| |
Collapse
|