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Yavuz A, Aydin D, Disli B, Ozturk T, Gul B, Gubbuk IH, Ersoz M. Enhancing visible light photocatalytic activity of holmium doped g-C 3N 4 and DFT theoretical insights. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:44828-44847. [PMID: 38955971 PMCID: PMC11255055 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34140-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
In the search of novel photocatalysts to increase the effect of visible light in photocatalysis, g-C3N4 (CN) has become a shining star. Rare earth metals have been used as dopant material to reinforce the photocatalytic activity of CN due to their unique electron configuration recently. In this present study, the pure and different amounts of Ho-doped g-C3N4 (HoCN) photocatalysts were successfully synthesized using urea as a precursor by the one-pot method. Morphological, structural, optical, and vibrational properties of the synthesized photocatalysts were characterized by SEM, EDX, XRD, TGA, XPS, FTIR, PL, TRPL, Raman, DRS, and BET analyses. In addition, theoretical calculations using density functional theory (DFT) were meticulously carried out to delve the changes in the structural and electronic structure of CN with holmium doping. According to calculations, the chemical potential, electrophilicity, and chemical softness are higher for HoCN, while HOMO-LUMO gap, dipole moment, and the chemical hardness are lower for the pure one. Thus, holmium doping becomes desirable with low chemical hardness which indicates more effectivity and smaller HOMO-LUMO gap designate high chemical reactivity. To determine the photocatalytic efficiency of the pure and doped CN photocatalysts, the degradation of methylene blue (MB) was monitored under visible light. The results indicate that holmium doping has improved the photocatalytic activities of CN samples. Most strikingly, this improvement is noticeable for the 0.2 mmol doped CN sample that showed two times better photocatalytic activity than the pure one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Yavuz
- Center for Materials Research, Integrated Research Centers, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir, 35430, Turkey
| | - Didem Aydin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, 42130, Konya, Turkey
| | - Besime Disli
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, 42130, Konya, Turkey
| | - Teoman Ozturk
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, 42130, Konya, Turkey.
- Advanced Technology Research and Application Center, Selcuk University, 42130, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Berna Gul
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, 42130, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ilkay Hilal Gubbuk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, 42130, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ersoz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, 42130, Konya, Turkey
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Zango ZU, Lawal MA, Usman F, Sulieman A, Akhdar H, Eisa MH, Aldaghri O, Ibnaouf KH, Lim JW, Khoo KS, Cheng YW. Promoting the suitability of graphitic carbon nitride and metal oxide nanoparticles: A review of sulfonamides photocatalytic degradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141218. [PMID: 38266876 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The widespread consumption of pharmaceutical drugs and their incomplete breakdown in organisms has led to their extensive presence in aquatic environments. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics, such as sulfonamides, has contributed to the development of drug-resistant bacteria and the persistent pollution of water bodies, posing a threat to human health and the safety of the environment. Thus, it is paramount to explore remediation technologies aimed at decomposing and complete elimination of the toxic contaminants from pharmaceutical wastewater. The review aims to explore the utilization of metal-oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) and graphitic carbon nitrides (g-C3N4) in photocatalytic degradation of sulfonamides from wastewater. Recent advances in oxidation techniques such as photocatalytic degradation are being exploited in the elimination of the sulfonamides from wastewater. MONP and g-C3N4 are commonly evolved nano substances with intrinsic properties. They possessed nano-scale structure, considerable porosity semi-conducting properties, responsible for decomposing wide range of water pollutants. They are widely applied for photocatalytic degradation of organic and inorganic substances which continue to evolve due to the low-cost, efficiency, less toxicity, and more environmentally friendliness of the materials. The review focuses on the current advances in the application of these materials, their efficiencies, degradation mechanisms, and recyclability in the context of sulfonamides photocatalytic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakariyya Uba Zango
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria; Institute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria
| | | | - Fahad Usman
- Engineering Unit, Department of Mathematics, Connecticut State Community College Norwalk, Connecticut State Colleges and Universities (CSCU), United States
| | - Abdelmoneim Sulieman
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, PO Box 422, Alkharj, 11942, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Akhdar
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 13318, Saudi Arabia.
| | - M H Eisa
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 13318, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osamah Aldaghri
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 13318, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Hassan Ibnaouf
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 13318, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia; Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Yoke Wang Cheng
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower, #15-02, 138602, Singapore, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability Solutions for Megacities (E2S2), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 138602, Singapore, Singapore
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Rao VS, Sharma R, Paul DR, Almáši M, Sharma A, Kumar S, Nehra SP. Architecting the Z-scheme heterojunction of Gd 2O 3/g-C 3N 4 nanocomposites for enhanced visible-light-induced photoactivity towards organic pollutants degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:98773-98786. [PMID: 36702986 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A basic calcination process in one step was employed to create g-C3N4 photocatalytic composites modified by Gd2O3 nanoparticles. SEM (scanning electron microscopy), FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy), PL (photoluminescence studies) as well as TEM (transmission electron microscopy), XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), and CV (cyclic voltammetry) were employed to explain the structural traits, optical properties, and morphological features of the processed photocatalyst. The findings show that Gd2O3 (Gd) does not affect the sample's crystalline structure but rather increases g-C3N4 surface area by spreading it superficially. Furthermore, Gd can redshift the light absorption peak, reduce the energy gap, and improve the efficiency with which photogenerated holes and electrons are removed in g-C3N4. The surface morphology of g-C3N4, in particular, could be significantly enhanced. We similarly employed three distinct photocatalytic complexes of Gd2O3 and g-C3N4 in 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 proportions to degrade methylene blue (MB). After 100 min in visible light (400-800 nm), the photodegradation rate of composites is 58.8% for 1:1 (GG1), 94.5% for 2:1 (GG2), and 92% for 3:1 (GG3). In addition to the MB dye, the photocatalytic activity of synthesized materials was also studied for methyl orange. The result shows phenomenal degradation values, i.e.; for GG1 86%, GG2 96%, and for GG3 84.6%. The narrow band gap that separates the photogenerated electron and hole enhances g-C3N4 ability to degrade photo-catalytically. From the result, we concluded that the photocurrent and cyclic photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue shows that a composition of 2:1 Gd2O3/g-C3N4 has high photocatalytic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Singh Rao
- Center of Excellence for Energy and Environmental Studies, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, 131039, Sonipat, India
| | - Rishabh Sharma
- Center of Excellence for Energy and Environmental Studies, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, 131039, Sonipat, India
- Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies (IDPCS), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Devina Rattan Paul
- Center of Excellence for Energy and Environmental Studies, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, 131039, Sonipat, India
| | - Miroslav Almáši
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. Safarik University, Moyzesova 11, 041 54, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Anshu Sharma
- Department of Physics, School of Engineering & Technology (SoET), Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh, 123031, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Electronic Science, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 1336119, India
| | - Satya Pal Nehra
- Center of Excellence for Energy and Environmental Studies, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, 131039, Sonipat, India.
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Construction of novel CdS@CuS/g-C3N4 heterojunctions for efficient visible light-driven photo-Fenton degradation performance. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tong C, Jing L, Xie M, He M, Liu Y, Yuan J, Song Y, Xu Y. C-O band structure modified broad spectral response carbon nitride with enhanced electron density in photocatalytic peroxymonosulfate activation for bisphenol pollutants removal. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128663. [PMID: 35306414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Here, a simple one-step calcination method uses glycolic acid (GA) and urea to synthesize C-O band structure modified carbon nitride with broad spectral response, which is used to construct a peroxymonosulfate/visible light (PMS/vis) system. The solid-state 13C NMR proved that C-O band structure was successfully introduced into the carbon nitride. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation show that the introduction of C-O band structure shortens the band gap of 0.05 g GA modified CN (0.05 GA-CN). Besides, Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) further illustrate that the 0.05 GA-CN has a higher charge density and promotes the degradation of pollutants. In PMS/vis system, 0.05 GA-CN can completely degrade bisphenol A (BPA) within 36 min. In addition, 0.05 GA-CN can also degrade bisphenol E (BPE) and bisphenol F (BPF). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) curve show that the introduction of C-O band structure enhances the activation ability of PMS. At the same time, 0.05 GA-CN/PMS has enhanced the activity of degrading BPA under blue light (450-462 nm), green light (510-520 nm) and red light (610-625 nm). This research provides a new method to synthesize carbon nitride with enhanced electron density for degradation of bisphenol pollutants in PMS/vis system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Tong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Liquan Jing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Meng Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Minqiang He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Junjie Yuan
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Yanhua Song
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, PR China.
| | - Yuanguo Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
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Zhou Y, Zeng F, Sun C, Wu J, Xie Y, Zhang F, Rao S, Wang F, Zhang J, Zhao J, Li S. Gd2O3 nanoparticles modified g-C3N4 with enhanced photocatalysis activity for degradation of organic pollutants. J RARE EARTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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