Nanomolar level detection of non-steroidal antiandrogen drug flutamide based on ZnMn2O4 nanoparticles decorated porous reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite electrode

Highly sensitive detection of environmental toxic fenitrothion in fruits and water using a porous graphene oxide nanosheets based disposable sensor

Monitoring fenitrothion (FNT) residues in food and the environment is crucial due to its high environmental toxicity. In this study, we developed a sensitive, reliable electrochemical method for detecting FNT by using screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) modified with porous graphene oxide (PGO) nanosheets. PGO surface properties have been meticulously characterized using advanced spectroscopic techniques. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry were used to test the electrochemical properties of the PGO-modified sensor. The PGO-modified sensor exhibited remarkable sensitivity, achieving a detection limit as low as 0.061 μM and a broad linear range of 0.02-250 μM. Enhanced performance is due to PGO's high surface area and excellent electrocatalytic properties, which greatly improved electron transfer. Square wave voltammetry was used to demonstrate the sensor's efficacy as a real-time, on-site monitoring tool for FNT residues in fruit and water. The outstanding performance of the PGO/SPCE sensor underscores its applicability in ensuring food safety and environmental protection.

Optimization of Electrochemical Sensitivity in Anticancer Drug Quantification through ZnS@CNS Nanosheets: Synthesis via Accelerated Sonochemical Methodology

Zinc sulfide/graphitic Carbon Nitride binary nanosheets were synthesized by using a novel sonochemical pathway with high electrocatalytic ability. The as- obtained samples were characterized by various analytical methods such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to evaluate the properties of ZnS@CNS synthesized by this new route. Subsequently, the electrical and electrochemical performance of the proposed electrodes were characterized by using EIS and CV to establish an electroactive ability of the nanocomposites. The complete properties like structural and physical of ZnS@CNS were analyzed. As-prepared binary nanocomposite was applied towards the detection of anticancer drug (flutamide) by various electrochemical methods such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and amperometry. The glassy carbon electrode modified with a ZnS@CNS composite demonstrates a remarkable electrocatalytic efficiency for detecting flutamide in a pH 7.0 (PBS). The composite modified electrode shows synergistic effect of ZnS and CNS catalyst. The electrochemical sensing performance of the linear range was improved significantly due to high electroactive sites and rapid electron transport pathways. Crucially, the electrochemical method was successfully demonstrated in biological fluids which reveals its potential real-time applicability in the analysis of drug.

Voltammetric nano-molar range quantification of agrochemical pesticide using needle-like strontium pyrophosphate embedded on sulfur doped graphitic carbon nitride electrocatalyst

The development of a viable sensor for agrochemical pesticides requires the assessment of trace levels. To achieve this, we developed a diphenylamine (DPA) sensor using needle-like strontium pyrophosphate embedded in sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride (SrPO/SCN). We obtained needle-like SrPO/SCN nanocomposite through co-precipitation followed by ultrasonication. The formation of the SrPO/SCN nanocomposite was verified through FT-IR, XRD, XPS, SEM-EDX, and HR-TEM analyses. Additionally, we explored their electrochemical behavior towards DPA using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The SrPO/SCN nanocomposite-modified electrode exhibited a higher anodic peak current (15.47 µA) than those of the other modified and unmodified electrodes. Under optimal experimental conditions, SrPO/SCN/GCE demonstrated a good limit of detection (0.009 µmol/L), dynamic linear range (0.05-98 µmol/L), and sensitivity (0.36 µAµM-1cm-2). Furthermore, the developed sensor exhibited excellent reproducibility, selectivity, and stability, and successfully detected DPA in real samples, including pear and apple samples, with good recoveries.

Electrochemical Detection of Flutamide by the Composite of Complex Based on Thiacalix[4]arene Derivatives and Reduced Graphene Oxide

In this paper, a thiacalix[4]arene complex [Zn2(TIT4A)L2]·4DMF·2CH3OH (H2L = 4,4'-oxybisbenzoic acid) (Zn-TIT4A-L) was synthesized by a solvothermal method. The composites were prepared by combining Zn-TIT4A-L with reduced graphene oxide (RGO), mesoporous carbon (MC), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), respectively. Three representative composites are Zn-TIT4A-L@RGO(1:1), Zn-TIT4A-L@MC(1:2), and Zn-TIT4A-L@MWCNT(1:2). X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy characterized their structures and morphologies. The results showed that three composites were successfully prepared, and the crystals of the complex remained in the composites. The electrochemical properties of the composites were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The results indicated that they had good electrocatalytic activity and conductivity. Among them, Zn-TIT4A-L@RGO(1:1) had the best performance and was used for the quantitative detection of flutamide (FTA). The linear range of detection is 0.1-200 μM, and the limit of detection is 0.015 μM. At the same time, the sensor also had good reproducibility, anti-interference, and stability. The sensor was also used for the detection of FTA in lake water, human urine, and serum with a satisfactory recovery rate. The possible mechanism of electrochemical detection of FTA was also discussed.

Binder-Free Zinc-Iron Oxide as a High-Performance Negative Electrode Material for Pseudocapacitors

The interaction between cathode and anode materials is critical for developing a high-performance asymmetric supercapacitor (SC). Significant advances have been made for cathode materials, while the anode is comparatively less explored for SC applications. Herein, we proposed a high-performance binder-free anode material composed of two-dimensional ZnFe₂O₄ nanoflakes supported on carbon cloth (ZFO-NF@CC). The electrochemical performance of ZFO-NF@CC as an anode material for supercapacitor application was examined in a KOH solution via a three-electrode configuration. The ZFO-NF@CC electrode demonstrated a specific capacitance of 509 F g^-1 at 1.5 A g^-1 and was retained 94.2% after 10,000 GCD cycles. The ZFO-NF@CC electrode showed exceptional charge storage properties by attaining high pseudocapacitive-type storage. Furthermore, an asymmetric SC device was fabricated using ZFO-NF@CC as an anode and activated carbon on CC (AC@CC) as a cathode with a KOH-based aqueous electrolyte (ZFO-NF@CC||AC@CC). The ZFO-NF@CC||AC@CC yielded a high specific capacitance of 122.2 F g^-1 at a current density of 2 A g^-1, a high energy density of 55.044 Wh kg^-1 at a power density of 1801.44 W kg^-1, with a remarkable retention rate of 96.5% even after 4000 cycles was attained. Thus, our results showed that the enhanced electrochemical performance of ZFO-NF@CC used as an anode in high-performance SC applications can open new research directions for replacing carbon-based anode materials.

Self assembled three dimensional β-Cu2V2O7 hierarchical flower decorated porous carbon: An efficient electrocatalyst for flutamide detection in biological and environmental samples

The serious situation mandates the use of anticancer drugs, which protect people all over the world from the growth of prostate cancer. In particular, excessive dosage and erroneous discharge of flutamide concentration cause make environmental pollution on the surface of the wastewater. In this study, the highly sensitive and selective electrochemical approach based on copper vanadium oxide decorated porous carbon (denoted as β-Cu₂V₂O₇/PC) composite modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) has been developed and it was applied for sensitive detection of anticancer drug flutamide (FTM). Moreover, using the co-precipitation method, the flower-like β-Cu₂V₂O₇ hierarchical microstructure was synthesized, and through the wet chemical process, the β-Cu₂V₂O₇/PC composite was obtained. The resultant product was characterized by XRD, FTIR, RAMAN, XPS and structural morphology established by FESEM analysis. Besides that, the electrochemical characterization and properties were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometric (i-t) techniques. The β-Cu₂V₂O₇/PC/RDGCE had two linear ranges at 0.01-2.11 μM and 2.31-30.81 μM. The lower limits of detection and sensitivity were found at 0.62 nM (S/N = 3), and 24.33 μA μM^-1 cm^-2 respectively. The practicability test was applied for the determination of FTM in urine, blood serum and environmental aquatic fluid with satisfactory recovery obtained.

Hybridized 1D-2D MnMoO4-MXene nanocomposites as high-performing electrochemical sensing platform for the sensitive detection of dihydroxybenzene isomers in wastewater samples

Hydroquinone (HQ) and catechol (CC) are the two major dihydroxybenzene isomers, are considered one of the toxic pollutants in wastewater, which often coexisted and impede each other during sample identification. For practical analysis and simultaneous detection of HQ and CC in wastewater, we fabricate a hybrid electrochemical sensor with electrospun one-dimensional (1D) MnMoO₄ nanofibers coupled with a few-layered exfoliated two-dimensional (2D) MXene. The facilitated abundant defective edges of 1D MnMoO₄ and 2D MXene nanoarchitecture accelerated the effect of synergistic signal amplification and exhibited high electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of hydroquinone and catechol. MnMoO₄-MXene-GCE showed oxidation potentials of 0.102 V and 0.203 V for hydroquinone and catechol, respectively. It revealed the distinguished and simultaneous detection range of 0.101 V with a strong anodic peak current. Noteworthily, the proposed 1D-2D hybridized MnMoO₄-MXene-GCE sensor exhibited a wide linear response from 5 nM to 65 nM for hydroquinone and catechol. Moreover, it showed a low detection limit of 0.26 nM and 0.30 nM for HQ and CC with high stability, respectively. The feasible 1D-2D MnMoO₄-MXene nanocomposite-based biosensor effectively detected hydroquinone and catechol in hazardous water pollutants using the differential pulse voltammetric technique with recovery values.

Achievements of Graphene and Its Derivatives Materials on Electrochemical Drug Assays and Drug-DNA Interactions

Graphene, emerging as a true two-dimensional (2D) material, has attracted increasing attention due to its unique physical and electrochemical properties such as high surface area, excellent conductivity, high mechanical strength, and ease of functionalization and mass production. The entire scientific community recognizes the significance and potential impact of graphene. Electrochemical detection strategies have advantages such as being simple, fast, and low-cost. The use of graphene as an excellent interface for electrode modification provides a promising way to construct more sensitive and stable electrochemical (bio)sensors. The review presents sensors based on graphene and its derivatives for electrochemical drug assays from pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological samples. Future perspectives in this rapidly developing field are also discussed. In addition, the interaction of several important anticancer drug molecules with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that was immobilized onto graphene-modified electrodes has been detailed in terms of dosage regulation and utility purposes.

Recent Advances on Spinel Zinc Manganate Cathode Materials for Zinc-Ion Batteries

Zinc metal is abundant in nature, non-toxic, harmless, and cheap. Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have also emerged as the times require, which has attracted scholars' research interest. In the zinc-ion batteries, the cathode material is indispensable. Manganese oxides are widely used in electrode materials because of their various valence states (+2, +3, +4, +7). ZnMn₂ O₄ (ZMO) is a mixed metal oxide with a spinel structure similar to LiMn₂ O₄ . Due to the synergistic effect of Zn and Mn, it has the advantages of high theoretical capacity. In recent years, researchers have gradually applied ZnMn₂ O₄ to zinc ion batteries. In order to obtain high-energy-density zinc ion batteries, it is also very important to match electrolytes with a wide operating voltage window and develop a highly reversible anode. In the first instance, we investigate the research progress of spinel ZnMn₂ O₄ as a reliable candidate material for zinc ion batteries. Later on, we review the optimization and modification measures of anode and electrolyte to improve the electrochemical properties of spinel ZnMn₂ O₄ . On this basis, we propose the reasonable research direction and development prospects for this material. It is hoped that there will be a help to researchers in this field.

Sustainable one-pot synthesis of strontium phosphate nanoparticles with effective charge carriers for the photocatalytic degradation of carcinogenic naphthylamine derivative

In this work, a sustainable one-pot precipitation method was applied for synthesizing strontium phosphate nanoparticles (SrPO NPs), which can be utilized as effective charge separation photocatalysts for the degradation of oncogenic naphthylamine derivatives (congo red).