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Peng BY, Xu Y, Zhou X, Wu WM, Zhang Y. Generation and Fate of Nanoplastics in the Intestine of Plastic-Degrading Insect ( Tenebrio molitor Larvae) during Polystyrene Microplastic Biodegradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10368-10377. [PMID: 38814143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The insect Tenebrio molitor exhibits ultrafast efficiency in biodegrading polystyrene (PS). However, the generation and fate of nanoplastics (NPs) in the intestine during plastic biodegradation remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the biodegradation of PS microplastics (MPs) mediated by T. molitor larvae over a 4-week period and confirmed biodegradation by analyzing Δδ13C in the PS before and after biotreatment (-28.37‰ versus -24.88‰) as an effective tool. The ·OH radicals, primarily contributed by gut microbiota, and H2O2, primarily produced by the host, both increased after MP digestion. The size distribution of residual MP particles in excrements fluctuated within the micrometer ranges. PS NPs were detected in the intestine but not in the excrements. At the end of Weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4, the concentrations of PS NPs in gut tissues were 3.778, 2.505, 2.087, and 2.853 ng/lava, respectively, while PS NPs in glands were quantified at 0.636, 0.284, and 0.113 ng/lava and eventually fell below the detection limit. The PS NPs in glands remained below the detection limit at the end of Weeks 5 and 6. This indicates that initially, NPs generated in the gut entered glands, then declined gradually and eventually disappeared or possibly biodegraded after Week 4, associated with the elevated plastic-degrading capacities of T. molitor larvae. Our findings unveil rapid synergistic MP biodegradation by the larval host and gut microbiota, as well as the fate of generated NPs, providing new insights into the risks and fate associated with NPs during invertebrate-mediated plastic biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yazhou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Protected Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Protected Agriculture, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Key Laboratory of Rural Toilet and Sewage Treatment Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuefei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei-Min Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, William & Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4020, United States
| | - Yalei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Key Laboratory of Rural Toilet and Sewage Treatment Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Hu X, Meng LJ, Liu HD, Guo YS, Liu WC, Tan HX, Luo GZ. Impacts of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to microplastics in bioflocs system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165921. [PMID: 37527718 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are abundant in aquaculture water, including in bioflocs aquaculture systems. Compared with other aquaculture systems, biofloc technology systems have the richest microbes and are beneficial to cultivated organisms. Therefore, this study provides a comprehensive assessment of the potential effects of MPs on aquaculture organisms in bioflocs systems. Here, Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were exposed to MPs (polystyrene; 32-40 μm diameter) with 0, 80 items/L (30 μg/L), and 800 items/L (300 μg/L) for 28 days in a bioflocs aquaculture system. The results showed that the MPs generally had no apparent effect on water quality, tilapia growth, or digestive enzyme activity. However, MPs accumulated the most in the liver (5.65 ± 0.74 μg/mg) and significantly increased the hepato-somatic index of tilapia and reduced the crude protein and lipid of tilapia muscle (p < 0.05). The levels of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione S-transferase increased significantly in response to MPs (p < 0.05). In contrast, MPs did not affect the content of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, oxidized glutathione, and malondialdehyde, or the enzyme activity of Na+/K+-ATPase. Moreover, using an improved integrated biomarker response index, growth performance was found to be less responsive to MPs than to oxidative stress and digestive activity. Exposure to MPs did not significantly influence the microbial communities of the bioflocs and tilapia guts (p < 0.05). These results suggest that MPs barely affected tilapia in the bioflocs system. This study contributes to the evaluation of the ecological risk of MPs in aquaculture systems and a better understanding of the integrated response of cultivated vertebrates to MPs in biofloc technology systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Liu-Jiang Meng
- Jiaozhou Bay National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Han-Dan Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yan-Shuo Guo
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Wen-Chang Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Hong-Xin Tan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Guo-Zhi Luo
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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3
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Lv W, Shen Y, Xu S, Wu B, Zhang Z, Liu S. Underestimated health risks: Dietary restriction magnify the intestinal barrier dysfunction and liver injury in mice induced by polystyrene microplastics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165502. [PMID: 37451458 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) have gained significant attention due to their widespread presence in the environment. While studies have been conducted to investigate the risks associated with MPs, the potential effects of MPs on populations with varying dietary habits, such as dietary restriction (DR), remain largely undefined. The sensitivity of the body to invasive contaminants may increase due to insufficient food intake. Here, we aimed to investigate whether dietary restriction could affect the toxicity of MPs in mice. Following a 5-week exposure to 200 μg/L polystyrene microplastics (PSMPs), DR-PSMPs treatment group exhibited significant intestinal barrier dysfunction compared to ND-PSMPs treatment group, as determined by histopathological and biochemical analysis. Dietary restriction worsened liver oxidative stress and bile acid disorder in mice exposed to PSMPs. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed that DR-PSMPs treatment caused alterations in gut microbiota composition, including the downregulation of probiotics abundance and upregulation of pathogenic bacteria abundance. The negative effects caused by PSMPs in mice with dietary restriction could attribute to increased MPs bioaccumulation, declined water intake, reduced probiotics abundance, and elevated pathogenic bacteria abundance, as well as the susceptibility of the dietary restriction individual. Our findings hint that the biological effects of contaminants could be affected by dietary habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Lv
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yihan Shen
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shimin Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zongyao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Su Liu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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4
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Peng BY, Xiao S, Sun Y, Liu Y, Chen J, Zhou X, Wu WM, Zhang Y. Unveiling Fragmentation of Plastic Particles during Biodegradation of Polystyrene and Polyethylene Foams in Mealworms: Highly Sensitive Detection and Digestive Modeling Prediction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15099-15111. [PMID: 37751481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
It remains unknown whether plastic-biodegrading macroinvertebrates generate microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) during the biodegradation of plastics. In this study, we utilized highly sensitive particle analyzers and pyrolyzer-gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS) to investigate the possibility of generating MPs and NPs in frass during the biodegradation of polystyrene (PS) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) foams by mealworms (Tenebrio molitor larvae). We also developed a digestive biofragmentation model to predict and unveil the fragmentation process of ingested plastics. The mealworms removed 77.3% of ingested PS and 71.1% of ingested PE over a 6-week test period. Biodegradation of both polymers was verified by the increase in the δ13C signature of residual plastics, changes in molecular weights, and the formation of new oxidative functional groups. MPs accumulated in the frass due to biofragmentation, with residual PS and PE exhibiting the maximum percentage by number at 2.75 and 7.27 μm, respectively. Nevertheless, NPs were not detected using a laser light scattering sizer with a detection limit of 10 nm and Py-GCMS analysis. The digestive biofragmentation model predicted that the ingested PS and PE were progressively size-reduced and rapidly biodegraded, indicating the shorter half-life the smaller plastic particles have. This study allayed concerns regarding the accumulation of NPs by plastic-degrading mealworms and provided critical insights into the factors controlling MP and NP generation during macroinvertebrate-mediated plastic biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shaoze Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yurong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Manufacturing in Energy Chemical Process, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiabin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuefei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei-Min Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, William & Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4020, United States
| | - Yalei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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5
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Wu D, Zhou H, Hu Z, Ai F, Du W, Yin Y, Guo H. Multiple effects of ZnO nanoparticles on goldfish (Carassius auratus): Skin mucus, gut microbiota and stable isotope composition. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 329:121651. [PMID: 37062409 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The skin and the gut are direct target tissues for nanoparticles, yet attention to effects of metal-based nanoparticles (MNPs) on these two and the discrepancy in these effects remain inadequate. Here, effects of ZnO nanoparticles (nZnO) on skin mucus and gut microbiota of goldfish (Carassius auratus) were investigated, as well as further elements turnover and metabolic variations. After 14 days of exposure, considerable variations in levels of biomarkers (protein, glucose, lysozyme and immunoglobulin M) in skin mucus demonstrated significant stress responses to nZnO. nZnO exposure significantly reduced the abundance of Cetobacterium in the gut while increased that of multiple pathogens, and further leading to down-regulation of pathways such as carbohydrate metabolism, translation, and replication and repair. Decreased δ15N values indicated declined N turnover in vivo, further demonstrating the negative effect of nZnO on metabolism in the organism. Integration analysis of each biomarker using the biomarker response index version 2 (IBRv2) revealed concentration-dependent effects of nZnO on skin mucus, while effects on physiology in vivo was not, demonstrating the discrepancy in the toxicity pathways and toxic effects of nZnO on different tissues. This work improved our understanding about the comprehensive toxicity of nZnO on aquatic organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hailing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zixuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Fuxun Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wenchao Du
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ying Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Joint International Research Centre for Critical Zone Science-University of Leeds and Nanjing University, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Hongyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Joint International Research Centre for Critical Zone Science-University of Leeds and Nanjing University, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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6
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Zeng F, Wang L, Zhen H, Guo C, Liu A, Xia X, Pei H, Dong C, Ding J. Nanoplastics affect the growth of sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus intermedius) and damage gut health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 869:161576. [PMID: 36640870 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics (NPs) are abundant and widespread throughout the ocean, not only causing severe environmental pollution, but also worsening the aquatic organisms. To elucidate the mechanism of biological toxic effects underlying the responses of marine invertebrates to NPs, Strongylocentrotus intermedius was stressed with three different NPs concentrations (0 particles/L, 102 particles/L and 104 particles/L). Specific growth rates, enzyme activity, gut tissue section observation and structural characteristics of the gut bacterial community were analyzed. After 28 days of exposure, the specific growth rate of S. intermedius decreased significantly with NPs groups. Further, both lysozyme, pepsin, lipase and amylase activities decreased, while the superoxide dismutase activity increased, indicating that NPs negatively affected digestive enzyme and immune enzyme activity. The analysis of gut tissue sections revealed that NPs caused atrophy and cytoplasmic reduction in the epithelial cells of the S. intermedius intestine. Moreover, the structural characterization of the gut bacterial community indicated significant changes in the abundances of members from Campylobacterota, Chlamydiae, and Firmicutes. Members from Arcobacteraceae, Christensenellaceae and Clostridia were endemic to the NPs treatment. The KEGG database analysis demonstrated that the metabolic pathways specific to the NPs treatment group were significantly associated with growth, energy metabolism, and immunity. In summary, NPs have negatively affected on physiological response and altered gut microecological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanshuang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Luo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Hao Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Anzheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xinglong Xia
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Honglin Pei
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Changkun Dong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China.
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7
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Huang JN, Yang BT, Wen B, Gao JZ, Chen ZZ. Occurrence and Characteristics of Microplastics Contamination in Different Intensive Aquaculture Systems Nearby the Yangtze Estuary, China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 110:1. [PMID: 36484820 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03643-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) pollution has been extensively investigated in natural fishery waters, but studies on intensive aquaculture systems are scarce. Here, the occurrence and properties of MPs were investigated and compared between four different aquaculture systems nearby the Yangtze Estuary. The average MPs concentration was in order of recirculating aquaculture system (RAS, 1.67 particles/L) < aquarium (2.47 particles/L) < cement pond (10.09 particles/L) < earthen pond (13.81 particles/L). Compared to fragment MPs, fiber was the more abundant shape in aquarium (85.88%), RAS (77.61%) and earthen pond (68.13%). A total of six colors were found in four systems. The black MPs accounted for 56.86% and 47.45% in aquarium and RAS system, respectively. The high proportion of blue MPs was found in cement pond (37.65%) and earthen pond (40%). The most MPs sizes observed in the four systems were 43% of 50-300 μm MPs in aquarium; 44% and 30.19% of 300-1000 μm MPs in RAS and cement pond, respectively; and 30.19% of 3000-5000 μm MPs in earthen pond. For polymers, polypropylene occupied 47.83% in aquarium and RAS, 41.46% in cement pond and 27.79% in earthen pond. Proportion of rayon was highest in RAS (60.87%) and 34.04% of nylon was found in earthen pond. These results could provide scientific reference for further traceability and removal of MPs in different aquaculture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Nan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo-Tian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China.
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jian-Zhong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China
| | - Zai-Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China.
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, China.
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Battulga B, Atarashi-Andoh M, Nakanishi T, Koarashi J. A new approach to extracting biofilm from environmental plastics using ultrasound-assisted syringe treatment for isotopic analyses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157758. [PMID: 35926621 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are one of the ubiquitous and artificial types of substrates for microbial colonization and biofilm development in the aquatic environment. Characterizing plastic-associated biofilms is key to the better understanding of organic material and mineral cycling in the "Plastisphere"-the thin layer of microbial life on plastics. In this study, we propose a new method to extract biofilms from environmental plastics, in order to evaluate the properties of biofilm-derived organic matter through stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope signatures and their interactions with radionuclides especially radiocesium (137Cs). The extraction method is simple and cost-effective, requiring only an ultrasonic bath, disposable plastic syringes, and a freeze drier. After ultrasound-assisted separation from the plastics, biofilm samples were successfully collected via a sequence of syringe treatments, with less contamination from plastics and other mineral particles. Effective removal of small microplastics from the experimental suspension was satisfactorily achieved using the method with syringe treatments. Biofilm-derived organic matter samples (14.5-65.4 mg) from four river mouths in Japan showed 137Cs activity concentrations of <75 to 820 Bq·kg-1 biofilm (dw), providing evidence that environmental plastics, mediated by developed biofilms, serve as a carrier for 137Cs in the coastal riverine environment. Significant differences in the δ13C and δ15N signatures were also obtained for the biofilms, indicating the different sources, pathways, and development processes of biofilms on plastics. We demonstrate here a straightforward method for extracting biofilms from environmental plastics; the results obtained with this method could provide useful insights into the plastic-associated nutrient cycling in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batdulam Battulga
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan.
| | - Mariko Atarashi-Andoh
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakanishi
- Sector of Fukushima Research and Development, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Fukushima 975-0036, Japan
| | - Jun Koarashi
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
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9
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Huang JN, Zhang Y, Xu L, He KX, Wen B, Yang PW, Ding JY, Li JZ, Ma HC, Gao JZ, Chen ZZ. Microplastics: A tissue-specific threat to microbial community and biomarkers of discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127751. [PMID: 34799162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As detriments in aquatic environments, microplastics (MPs) have been commonly studied on organisms, but tissue-scale effects of MPs were poorly understood. Discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus), herewith, were exposed to polystyrene MPs (0/20/200 μg/L) for 28 d. We found that MPs significantly inhibited growth performance. MPs were observed in skin, gill and intestine after 14/28-d exposure. MPs bioaccumulation was independent of exposure time, but increased with MPs concentrations. Microbial community diversity of fish gill, but not skin and intestine, in MPs treatments was significantly increased. Bacterial community of MP-treated skin and gill were obviously separated from control. Skin dominant phyla changed from Actinobacteriota to Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Proteobacteria gradually occupied dominance in gill after exposure. Furthermore, MPs-induced skin oxidative stress was demonstrated by the activation of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Skin malondialdehyde also increased and showed significant correlations with four bacterial phyla, e.g., Proteobacteria. Gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity decreased, strongly correlating to microbial community changes caused by MPs. Intestinal digestive enzymes activity (pepsin, lipase and α-amylase) reduced, revealing correlation with bacterial community especially Fibrobacterota. These results suggest a tissue-specific effect of MPs to microbial community and biomarkers in aquatic organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Nan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Kai-Xuan He
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Bin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Pei-Wen Yang
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jie-Yu Ding
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jing-Ze Li
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Huan-Chao Ma
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zai-Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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10
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Huang JN, Wen B, Xu L, Ma HC, Li XX, Gao JZ, Chen ZZ. Micro/nano-plastics cause neurobehavioral toxicity in discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus): Insight from brain-gut-microbiota axis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 421:126830. [PMID: 34396975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have investigated neurobehavioral toxicity of microplastics, but no studies have illustrated mechanism via brain-gut axis. Here, juvenile discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus) were exposed for 96 h to microfibers (900 µm, fiber, MFs) or nanoplastics (~88 nm, bead, NPs) with three concentrations (0, 20 and 200 µg/L). Accumulation in fish gut was independent of plastics type and concentration. MFs reduced growth performance while NPs weakened swimming and predatory performance of post-exposed discus. For brain cholinesterase activity, acetylcholinesterase was activated by NPs while NPs/MFs exposure inhibited butyrylcholinesterase. Concentrations of neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, dopamine and γ-aminobutyric acid) increased in brain but decreased in gut after NPs or MFs exposure. For gut microbiota, increased richness under MFs exposure was observed. At phylum level, Proteobacteria proportion was lower in NPs but higher in MFs. Abundance of Clostridia and Fusobacteriia (Bacillus), potentially secreting neurotransmitters, increased in NPs but decreased in MFs. Brain transcriptomics revealed seven upregulated and four downregulated genes concerning neural-activities. Pathways of neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and serotonergic synapse were enriched in both MFs and NPs, but dopaminergic synapse pathway was enriched only in MFs. These results established a novel mechanism by which microplastics might cause behavioral toxicities via brain-gut-microbiota axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Nan Huang
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Bin Wen
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Lei Xu
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Huan-Chao Ma
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xin-Xin Li
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Gao
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zai-Zhong Chen
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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11
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Effects of Virgin Microplastics on Growth, Intestinal Morphology and Microbiota on Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides). APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112411921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), classified as plastic debris less than 5 mm in size, are widely found in various aquatic environments. However, there have been few studies regarding their potential threat under aquaculture conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the general health, intestinal morphology and microbiota of virgin polypropylene MPs (3–4 mm) on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) over a 28-d exposure period. Four groups were divided according to whether the MPs were added in water or in food. The results disproved the hypothesis that MPs expose may adversely affect the growth of fish. Largemouth bass expelled MPs with minimal harm to the organism. MPs exposure had no significant effect on the community composition or diversity of intestinal microbial, although it could partly influence intestinal morphology, and the recombination process of the intestinal microbial community. Fish may be more sensitive to answer MPs exposure in water than in feed. Proteobacteria could potentially be pathogenic bacteria phylum in fish gut when affected by MPs. This research represents an innovative attempt to investigate the impact of virgin MPs on largemouth bass using a manipulative feeding experiment. The results could provide new insight on commercial fish health when challenged with MPs pollution.
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12
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Pironti C, Ricciardi M, Motta O, Miele Y, Proto A, Montano L. Microplastics in the Environment: Intake through the Food Web, Human Exposure and Toxicological Effects. TOXICS 2021; 9:224. [PMID: 34564375 PMCID: PMC8473407 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9090224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, studies on microplastics (MPs) have increased rapidly due to the growing awareness of the potential health risks related to their occurrence. The first part of this review is devoted to MP occurrence, distribution, and quantification. MPs can be transferred from the environment to humans mainly through inhalation, secondly from ingestion, and, to a lesser extent, through dermal contact. As regards food web contamination, we discuss the microplastic presence not only in the most investigated sources, such as seafood, drinking water, and salts, but also in other foods such as honey, sugar, milk, fruit, and meat (chickens, cows, and pigs). All literature data suggest not-negligible human exposure to MPs through the above-mentioned routes. Consequently, several research efforts have been devoted to assessing potential human health risks. Initially, toxicological studies were conducted with aquatic organisms and then with experimental mammal animal models and human cell cultures. In the latter case, toxicological effects were observed at high concentrations of MPs (polystyrene is the most common MP benchmark) for a short time. Further studies must be performed to assess the real consequences of MP contamination at low concentrations and prolonged exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Pironti
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Maria Ricciardi
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Oriana Motta
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Ylenia Miele
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (Y.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonio Proto
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (Y.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Luigi Montano
- Andrology Unit and Service of Lifestyle Medicine in UroAndrology, Local Health Authority (ASL) Salerno, Coordination Unit of the Network for Environmental and Reproductive Health (Eco-FoodFertility Project), “S. Francesco di Assisi Hospital”, 84020 Oliveto Citra, Italy
- PhD Program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
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13
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Ouyang MY, Feng XS, Li XX, Wen B, Liu JH, Huang JN, Gao JZ, Chen ZZ. Microplastics intake and excretion: Resilience of the intestinal microbiota but residual growth inhibition in common carp. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130144. [PMID: 33690034 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic animals can be influenced by exposure to microplastics (MPs), but little is known about their recovery capacity following MPs excretion. Here, common carp were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of MPs for 30 days and followed by MPs excretion for another 30 days. Growth, isotopic and elemental compositions and intestinal microbiota were investigated. We found that fish growth was not influenced by exposed to MPs but was significantly reduced following MPs excretion, indicating a delayed effect on growth. MPs intake and excretion, however, had no obvious effects on isotopic and elemental compositions. MPs altered the community structure and composition of intestinal microbiota and might reduce functional diversity. After MPs excretion, interestingly, bacterial community structures of MPs treatments were grouped together with the control, suggesting the general resilience of fish intestinal microbiota. Nevertheless, high abundance of pathogenic Shewanella, Plesiomonas and Flavobacterium was observed in MPs treatments but did not affect the functional potential of intestinal microbiota. The results of this study provide new information for the application of adverse outcome pathway (AOP) in MPs, suggesting the necessity of paying attention to recovery assay following MPs intake in the development of AOP frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yan Ouyang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xiao-Sa Feng
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xin-Xin Li
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Bin Wen
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Jun-Heng Liu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jun-Nan Huang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Gao
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zai-Zhong Chen
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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