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Brahmandam ASV, Kasa VP, Dubey BK, Mahakud P, Pathak K. From slag to green: Aided-phytoremediation as a sustainable tool to rehabilitate land contaminated by steel slag and assessment of CO 2 sequestration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170858. [PMID: 38342451 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Steel slag (SS) has many applications, but its immediate reuse is not possible due to its inherent swelling potential and presence of toxic metals. Therefore, it can only be used after the aging process, which can be either natural or artificial. While few large-scale steel plants afford artificial aging, many small-scale ones opt for natural aging through stockpiling of SS. This results in an increase in soil pH to over 12, thus damaging the ecosystem and making it unviable for plant growth. This research focuses on the reclamation of land affected by SS through the formation of a Phyto-barrier using 22 native plant species aided by the application of a 2 % (v/v) solution of the organic amendment. Furthermore, the superior performance of plants belonging to the Fabaceae family was ascertained, while establishing Sesbania grandiflora as an able species for aided-phytoremediation due to its remarkable growth (≈ 10 ft tall and 33 cm in circumference) during the study period. The CO2 sequestered by the plantation showed that maximum sequestration has been done by Sesbania grandiflora (49.96 kg CO2 / tree/ year), and least by Azadirachta indica (0.35 kg CO2/tree/year). The overall CO2 sequestered by the plantation stood at 3.85 tons/year. A cost-benefit analysis of using aided-phytoremediation indicates an expense of 90 $ per year as the recurring expense, while carbon credits if monetized, would yield 154 $ to 308 $ as returns. The investigations of this study established a new approach to vegetation over SS-affected land, through native species and the application of organic amendment.
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Affiliation(s)
- AnjaniKumar S V Brahmandam
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Vara Prasad Kasa
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Brajesh Kumar Dubey
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Padmanav Mahakud
- TATA Steel Limited, Meramandali, Dhenkanal, Angul, Odisha 759121, India
| | - Khanindra Pathak
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India; Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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Radziemska M, Gusiatin MZ, Cydzik-Kwiatkowska A, Majewski G, Blazejczyk A, Brtnicky M. New approach strategy for heavy metals immobilization and microbiome structure long-term industrially contaminated soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136332. [PMID: 36088975 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The progress of engineering technologies highly influences the development of methods that lead to the condition improvement of areas contaminated with heavy metals (HMs). The aided phytostabilization fits into this trend, and was used to evaluate HM-immobilization effectiveness in phytostabilized soils under variable temperatures by applying 16 freezing-thawing cycles (FTC). Diatomite amendment and Lolium perenne L., also were applied. Cd/Ni/Cu/Pb/Zn each total content in phytostabilized soils were determined, along with the verification for each metal of its distribution in four extracted fractions (F1 ÷ F4) from soils. Based on changes in HM distribution, each metal's stability was estimated. Moreover, HM accumulation in plant roots and stems and soil microbial composition were investigated. Independently of the experimental variant (no-FTC-exposure or FTC-exposure), the above-ground biomass yields in the diatomite-amended series were higher as compared to the corresponding control series. The evident changes in Pb/Zn-bioavailability were observed. The metal stability increase was mainly attributed to metal concentration decreasing in the F1 fraction and increasing in the F4 fraction, respectively. Diatomite increased Cd/Zn-stability in not-FTC-exposed-phytostabilized soils. FTC-exposure favorably influenced Pb/Zn stability. Diatomite increased soil pH values and Cd/Ni/Cu/Zn-bioaccumulation (except Pb) in roots than in stems (in both experimental variants). FTC-exposure influenced soil microbial composition, increasing bacteria abundance belonging to Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Sphingobacteria. At the genus level, FTC exposure significantly increased the abundances of Limnobacter sp., Tetrasphaera sp., Flavobacterium sp., and Dyella sp. Independently of the experimental variant, Sphingomonas sp. and Mycobacterium sp., which have a tolerance to HM contamination, were core bacterial groups, comprising about 6 ÷ 7% of all soil bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Radziemska
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Z Gusiatin
- Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna St. 45G, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cydzik-Kwiatkowska
- Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna St. 45G, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Majewski
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aurelia Blazejczyk
- Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Martin Brtnicky
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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Klik B, Holatko J, Jaskulska I, Gusiatin MZ, Hammerschmiedt T, Brtnicky M, Liniauskienė E, Baltazar T, Jaskulski D, Kintl A, Radziemska M. Bentonite as a Functional Material Enhancing Phytostabilization of Post-Industrial Contaminated Soils with Heavy Metals. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8331. [PMID: 36499826 PMCID: PMC9735557 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Growing awareness of the risks posed by pollution of the soil environment is leading to the development of new remediation strategies. The technique of aided phytostabilization, which involves the evaluation of new heavy-metal (HM)-immobilizing amendments, together with appropriately selected plant species, is a challenge for environmental protection and remediation of the soil environment, and seems to be promising. In this study, the suitability of bentonite for the technique of aided phytostabilization of soils contaminated with high HM concentrations was determined, using a mixture of two grass species. The HM contents in the tested plants and in the soil were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The application of bentonite had a positive effect on the biomass of the tested plants, and resulted in an increase in soil pH. The concentrations of copper, nickel, cadmium, lead and chromium were higher in the roots than in the above-ground parts of the plants, especially when bentonite was applied to the soil. The addition of the analyzed soil additive contributed significantly to a decrease in the levels of zinc, copper, cadmium and nickel in the soil at the end of the experiment. In view of the above, it can be concluded that the use of bentonite in the aided phytostabilization of soils polluted with HMs, is appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Klik
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jiri Holatko
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iwona Jaskulska
- Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Mariusz Z. Gusiatin
- Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tereza Hammerschmiedt
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Brtnicky
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ernesta Liniauskienė
- Hydrotechnical Construction Department, Kaunas University of Applied Sciences, Liepu Str. 1, Girionys, LT-53101 Šlienava, Lithuania
| | - Tivadar Baltazar
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dariusz Jaskulski
- Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Antonin Kintl
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Agricultural Research, Ltd., Zahradni 1, 664 41 Troubsko, Czech Republic
| | - Maja Radziemska
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Bärenstrauch M, Vanhove AS, Allégra S, Peuble S, Gallice F, Paran F, Lavastre V, Girardot F. Microbial diversity and geochemistry of groundwater impacted by steel slag leachates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:156987. [PMID: 35772557 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To understand long-term impacts of steel slag material on aquifer geochemistry and microbial communities, we conducted four sampling campaigns in the Gier alluvial groundwater (Loire, France). In its northern part, the aquifer flows under a 200,000 m3 steel slag exhibiting high levels of chromium and molybdenum. Geochemical analyses of the water table revealed the existence of water masses with different chemical signatures. They allowed us to identify an area particularly contaminated by leachates from the slag heap, whatever the sampling period. Water samples from this area were compared to non-contaminated samples, with geochemical characteristics similar to the river samples. To follow changes in microbial communities, the V3-V4 region of 16 s rRNA gene was sequenced. Overall, we observed lower diversity indices in contaminated areas, with higher relative abundances of Verrucomicrobiota and Myxococcota phyla, while several Proteobacteria orders exhibited lower relative abundances. In particular, one single genus among the Verrucomicrobiota, Candidatus Omnitrophus, represented up to 36 % of total taxon abundance in areas affected by steel slag leachates. A large proportion of taxa identified in groundwater were also detected in the upstream river, indicating strong river-groundwater interactions. Our findings pave the way for future research work on C. Omnitrophus remediation capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Bärenstrauch
- Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, CNRS, EVS-ISTHME UMR 5600, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Audrey S Vanhove
- Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, CNRS, EVS-ISTHME UMR 5600, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Séverine Allégra
- Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, CNRS, EVS-ISTHME UMR 5600, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Steve Peuble
- Mines Saint-Étienne, Centre "Sciences des Processus Industriels et Naturels" (SPIN), Département "Procédés pour l'Environnement et les Géo-ressources" (PEG), UMR 5600 EVS, UMR 5307 LGF, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Frédéric Gallice
- Mines Saint-Étienne, Centre "Sciences des Processus Industriels et Naturels" (SPIN), Département "Procédés pour l'Environnement et les Géo-ressources" (PEG), UMR 5600 EVS, UMR 5307 LGF, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Frédéric Paran
- Mines Saint-Étienne, Centre "Sciences des Processus Industriels et Naturels" (SPIN), Département "Procédés pour l'Environnement et les Géo-ressources" (PEG), UMR 5600 EVS, UMR 5307 LGF, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Véronique Lavastre
- Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre Planètes Environnement LGL-TPE, CNRS -UMR 5276, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Françoise Girardot
- Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, CNRS, EVS-ISTHME UMR 5600, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
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Xu DM, Fu RB. The mechanistic insights into the leaching behaviors of potentially toxic elements from the indigenous zinc smelting slags under the slag dumping site scenario. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 437:129368. [PMID: 35897171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Since lager quantities of the zinc (Zn) smelting slags were traditionally dumped at the indigenous Zn smelting sites, the release characterization of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) from the Zn smelting slags under various environmental conditions were of great significance for an environmental risk analysis. The acidification of the Zn smelting slags to pH= 4 and 6 would result in the leaching concentrations of Cd and Mn exceeding the fourth-class standard of surface water quality standard in China (GB3838-2002). Notably, most metals exhibited an amphoteric leaching pattern, where the highest leached concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn were 4.15, 4.21, 140.0, 78.1, 156.9 and 477.0 mg/L, respectively. In addition, the highest release of toxic metals within 96 h reached 0.17 % of As, 3.50 % of Cd, 2.77 % of Cu, 6.92 % of Mn, 0.13 % of Pb, and 2.57 % of Zn, respectively. The combined results of various characterization techniques suggested that the PTEs remobilization effected by rhizosphere-like organic acids were mainly controlled by the precipitation of newly formed Fe, Mn and Al (hydr) oxides and the complexation of organic ligands. The present study results could provide valuable insights into the long-term leaching behaviors of PTEs from the Zn smelting slags to reduce ecological hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Mao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Centre for Environmental Risk Management and Remediation of Soil and Groundwater, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Rong-Bing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Centre for Environmental Risk Management and Remediation of Soil and Groundwater, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Ali W, Zhang H, Mao K, Shafeeque M, Aslam MW, Yang X, Zhong L, Feng X, Podgorski J. Chromium contamination in paddy soil-rice systems and associated human health risks in Pakistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:153910. [PMID: 35183642 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) contamination in paddy soil-rice systems threatens human health through the food chain. This study used a new dataset of 500 paddy soil and plant tissue samples collected in the rice-growing regions of Sindh and Punjab Provinces of Pakistan. Overall, 97.4% of grain samples exceeded the Cr threshold values of 1.0 mg kg-1, determined by the China National Food Standard (CNFS). The Cr in paddy soil, 62.6% samples exceeding the China natural background threshold value (90 mg kg-1) for Cr concentration in paddy soil, and lower than the (pH-dependant > 7.5 threshold value for Cr 350 mg kg-1) as determined by China Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) for paddy soil (GB15618-2018). Geographically weighted regression (GWR) modelling showed spatially nonstationary correlations, confirming the heterogeneous relationship between dependent (rice grain Cr) and independent paddy soil (pH, SOM, and paddy soil Cr) and plant tissue variables (shoot Cr and root Cr) throughout the study area. The GWR model was then used to determine the critical threshold (CT) for the measured Cr concentrations in the paddy soil system. Overall, 38.4% of paddy soil samples exceeding CT values confirm that the paddy soil Cr risk prevails in the study area. Furthermore, the GWR model was applied to assess the loading capacity (LC), the difference between the CT, and the actual concentration of Cr in paddy soil. Loading capacity identified potential paddy soil Cr pollution risk to rice grain and assessed the risk areas. Overall LC% of samples paddy soil Cr risk areas grade: low-risk grade I (34.6%); moderate-risk grade II (15.8%); high-risk grade III (11.2%); and very high-risk grade IV (38.4%) have been assessed in the study area. The human health index, total hazard quotient (THQ ≪ 1), indicates no potential health risk originating from Cr exposure to the population. However, the excess Cr level in paddy soil and rice grain is still a concern. The current study's results are also valuable for the national decision-making process regarding Cr contamination in the paddy soil-rice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China..
| | - Kang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Muhammad Shafeeque
- Institute of Geography, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany; International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Lahore, Pakistan; Key Lab of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Wajahat Aslam
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Xuefeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Li Zhong
- Guizhou Institute of Prataculture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou 550006, China
| | - Xinbin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Joel Podgorski
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Water Resources and Drinking Water, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Neutralization of Industrial Alkali-Contaminated Soil by Different Agents: Effects and Environmental Impact. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14105850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Industrial soil is susceptible to acid or alkali pollution, but studies focused on the remediation of such soil are still limited. This manuscript investigated the neutralization effect of five agents (hydrochloric acid, citric acid, ferrous sulfate, calcium superphosphate and raw gypsum) to alkali polluted soil. The results showed that regarding the initial pH after the neutralizing agent addition, it was better to set it lower than the target, as the pH would rebound. None of the five agents caused an obvious increase in the heavy metal contents of the leachates, but they all caused an increase in electrical conductivity, which indicated an increase in soil salinity. The leachates showed a luminous gain to Vibrio fischeri. However, remediation with hydrochloric acid would cause significant inhibition of germination and root elongation of pakchoi. In addition, the addition of neutralizing agents reshaped the soil microbial community structure in different patterns. Soils treated with hydrochloric acid and ferrous sulfate seemed to improve the microbial richness. The neutralization might be favorable for the biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which usually coexist in industrial contaminated soil. In general, the neutralization of alkaline industrial soils using ferrous sulfate, superphosphate and gypsum brought minimal environmental risk, among which ferrous sulfate was the first recommendation in industrial soil after a comprehensive comparison.
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Biochar-Assisted Phytostabilization for Potentially Toxic Element Immobilization. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su14010445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In response to the growing threat to the quality of the soil environment, new technologies are being developed to protect and remediate contaminated sites. A new approach, namely, assisted phytostabilization, has been used in areas contaminated with high levels of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), using various soil additives. This paper determined the effectiveness of biochar-assisted phytostabilization using Dactylis glomerata L. of soil contaminated with high concentrations of the selected PTEs (in mg/kg soil): Cu (780 ± 144), Cd (25.9 ± 2.5), Pb (13,540 ± 669) and Zn (8433 ± 1376). The content of the selected PTEs in the roots and above-ground parts of the tested grass, and in the soil, was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The addition of biochar to the contaminated soil led to an increase in plant biomass and caused an increase in soil pH values. Concentrations of Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn were higher in the roots than in the above-ground parts of Dactylis glomerata L. The application of biochar significantly reduced the total content of PTEs in the soil after finishing the phytostabilization experiment, as well as reducing the content of bioavailable forms extracted from the soil using CaCl2 solution, which was clearly visible with respect to Cd and Pb. It is concluded that the use of biochar in supporting the processes of assisted phytostabilization of soils contaminated with PTEs is justified.
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O'Connor J, Nguyen TBT, Honeyands T, Monaghan B, O'Dea D, Rinklebe J, Vinu A, Hoang SA, Singh G, Kirkham MB, Bolan N. Production, characterisation, utilisation, and beneficial soil application of steel slag: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126478. [PMID: 34323725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Slags are a co-product produced by the steel manufacturing industry and have mainly been utilised for aggregates in concreting and road construction. The increased utilisation of slag can increase economic growth and sustainability for future generations by creating a closed-loop system, circular economy within the metallurgical industries. Slags can be used as a soil amendment, and slag characteristics may reduce leachate potential of heavy metals, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, as well as contain essential nutrients required for agricultural use and environmental remediation. This review aims to examine various slag generation processes in steel plants, their physicochemical characteristics in relation to beneficial utilisation as a soil amendment, and environmental implications and risk assessment of their utilisation in agricultural soils. In relation to enhancing recycling of these resources, current and emerging techniques to separate iron and phosphorus slag compositions are also outlined in this review. Although there are no known immediate direct threats posed by slag on human health, the associated risks include potential heavy metal contamination, leachate contamination, and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in plants, thereby reaching the food chain. Further research in this area is required to assess the long-term effects of slag in agricultural soils on animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- James O'Connor
- College of Engineering, Science and Enviornment, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Newcastle Institute for Energy and Resources (NIER), University of Newcastle, 70 Vale St, Shortland, NSW 2307, Australia
| | - Thi Bang Tuyen Nguyen
- Newcastle Institute for Energy and Resources (NIER), University of Newcastle, 70 Vale St, Shortland, NSW 2307, Australia
| | - Tom Honeyands
- Newcastle Institute for Energy and Resources (NIER), University of Newcastle, 70 Vale St, Shortland, NSW 2307, Australia.
| | - Brian Monaghan
- University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Damien O'Dea
- BHP, 480 Queen St, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water and Waste Management, Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Guangjin-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajayan Vinu
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, NSW, Australia
| | - Son A Hoang
- College of Engineering, Science and Enviornment, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Gurwinder Singh
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, NSW, Australia
| | - M B Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- College of Engineering, Science and Enviornment, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia
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10
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Analysis of Basic Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Manganese Slag before and after Solidification and Its Feasibility as Highway Slope. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14195530. [PMID: 34639927 PMCID: PMC8509152 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Manganese slag is a kind of industrial waste produced by electrolytic production of manganese metal. The traditional method of stacking manganese slag not only causes waste of resources, but also produces environmental pollution. Finding harmless, effective, and economical disposal technology of manganese slag has gradually become a research hotspot and difficulty in the field of electrolytic manganese industry and environmental protection. To verify the feasibility of using manganese slag as roadbed material, the basic physical and chemical properties of manganese slag were analyzed based on X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectrum, SEM scanning electron microscope, and particle analysis, the basic engineering characteristics of raw materials of manganese slag and solidified manganese slag mixed with quicklime were analyzed through a compaction test and a CBR test. Finally, based on the Monte Carlo method, the stability of a highway slope in the Guizhou Province of China is simulated by the finite element method, considering the spatial variability of manganese slag material strength parameters. The results show that the solidified manganese slag material can be used as highway subgrade material. This study has important reference significance for manganese slag highway construction projects.
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Recycling of Blast Furnace and Coal Slags in Aided Phytostabilisation of Soils Highly Polluted with Heavy Metals. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14144300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: The growing demand for developing new methods of degraded land remediation is linked to the need to improve the soil environment, including post-industrial soils. Biological methods such as the aided phytostabilisation technique are the most common methods applied to achieve effective remediation. This study aimed to determine the technical potential of methods using novel or yet not used soil amendments, such as blast furnace slag (BFS) and coal slag (CS), with Dactylis glomerata L. as a test plant. (2) Methods: The experiment was conducted on post-industrial area soil with high concentrations of Cu (761 mg/kg), Cd (23.9 mg/kg), Pb (13,539 mg/kg) and Zn (8683 mg/kg). The heavy metal content in roots and the above-ground parts of plants and soil was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. (3) Results: The addition of BFS to the soil was the most effective in increasing Dactylis glomerata L. biomass yield. The Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations were higher in the roots than in the above-ground parts of the plants. BFS and CS induced a considerable increase in soil pH, compared to the control treatment. The addition of BFS also produced the greatest significant decrease in the Pb content in soil following the phytostabilisation process. (4) Conclusions: In view of the above, the use of BFS in the aided phytostabilisation in soils contaminated with high levels of Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn can be recommended for larger-scale in situ projects.
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Radziemska M, Gusiatin ZM, Holatko J, Hammerschmiedt T, Głuchowski A, Mizerski A, Jaskulska I, Baltazar T, Kintl A, Jaskulski D, Brtnicky M. Nano Zero Valent Iron (nZVI) as an Amendment for Phytostabilization of Highly Multi-PTE Contaminated Soil. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:2559. [PMID: 34069264 PMCID: PMC8156641 DOI: 10.3390/ma14102559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a lot of attention has been given to searching for new additives which will effectively facilitate the process of immobilizing contaminants in the soil. This work considers the role of the enhanced nano zero valent iron (nZVI) strategy in the phytostabilization of soil contaminated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs). The experiment was carried out on soil that was highly contaminated with PTEs derived from areas in which metal waste had been stored for many years. The plants used comprised a mixture of grasses-Lolium perenne L. and Festuca rubra L. To determine the effect of the nZVI on the content of PTEs in soil and plants, the samples were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The addition of nZVI significantly increased average plant biomass (38%), the contents of Cu (above 2-fold), Ni (44%), Cd (29%), Pb (68%), Zn (44%), and Cr (above 2-fold) in the roots as well as the soil pH. The addition of nZVI, on the other hand, was most effective in reducing the Zn content of soil when compared to the control series. Based on the investigations conducted, the application of nZVI to soil highly contaminated with PTEs is potentially beneficial for the restoration of polluted lands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Radziemska
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02 776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zygmunt M. Gusiatin
- Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna St. 45G, 10 719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Jiri Holatko
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61 300 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (T.H.); (T.B.); (A.K.); (M.B.)
| | - Tereza Hammerschmiedt
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61 300 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (T.H.); (T.B.); (A.K.); (M.B.)
| | - Andrzej Głuchowski
- SGGW Water Centre, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02 787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Mizerski
- The Main School of Fire Service, Slowackiego 52/54, 01 629 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Iwona Jaskulska
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, 7 Prof. S. Kaliskiego St., 85 796 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (I.J.); (D.J.)
| | - Tivadar Baltazar
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61 300 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (T.H.); (T.B.); (A.K.); (M.B.)
| | - Antonin Kintl
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61 300 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (T.H.); (T.B.); (A.K.); (M.B.)
- Agricultural Research, Ltd., Zahradní 1, 664 41 Troubsko, Czech Republic
| | - Dariusz Jaskulski
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, 7 Prof. S. Kaliskiego St., 85 796 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (I.J.); (D.J.)
| | - Martin Brtnicky
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61 300 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (T.H.); (T.B.); (A.K.); (M.B.)
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
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