3-MCPD and glycidol coexposure induces systemic toxicity and synergistic nephrotoxicity via NLRP3 inflammasome activation, necroptosis, and autophagic cell death

3-MCPD Induces Renal Cell Pyroptosis and Inflammation by Inhibiting ESCRT-III-Mediated Cell Repair and Mitophagy

3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) is a chloropropyl alcohol contaminant mainly from the thermal processing of food and could affect kidneys. Pyroptosis is programmed cell death mediated by inflammasomes and gasdermins, and excessive cellular pyroptosis and inflammation can lead to tissue injury. In the present study, we found that 3-MCPD increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in vitro and in vivo, increased the protein expression of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), N-terminal domain of GSDMD (GSDMD-N), and cleaved caspase-1 and promoted the release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18), which induced renal cell pyroptosis and inflammation. Mechanistic studies indicated that the addition of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger, inhibited NLRP3 activation and attenuated pyroptosis. Furthermore, we revealed that 3-MCPD induced ROS accumulation by inhibiting ESCRT-III-mediated mitophagy. These results were further validated by the overexpression of charged multivesicular body protein 4B (CHMP4B), a key subunit of ESCRT-III, and the addition of the mitophagy activator carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and rapamycin (Rapa). Thus, our results showed that 3-MCPD could induce mitochondrial damage and produce ROS. 3-MCPD suppressed mitophagy, leading to the accumulation of damaged mitochondria and ROS, thereby activating NLRP3 and pyroptosis. Meanwhile, 3-MCPD-mediated suppression of ESCRT-III hindered the repair of GSDMD-induced cell membrane rupture, which further caused the occurrence of pyroptosis. Our findings provide new perspectives for studying the mechanisms underlying 3-MCPD-induced renal injury.

Perovskite Nanocrystals: Superior Luminogens for Food Quality Detection Analysis

With the global limited food resources receiving grievous damage from frequent climate changes and ascending global food demand resulting from increasing population growth, perovskite nanocrystals with distinctive photoelectric properties have emerged as attractive and prospective luminogens for the exploitation of rapid, easy operation, low cost, highly accurate, excellently sensitive, and good selective biosensors to detect foodborne hazards in food practices. Perovskite nanocrystals have demonstrated supreme advantages in luminescent biosensing for food products due to their high photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield, narrow full width at half-maximum PL, tunable PL in the entire visible spectrum, easy preparation, and various modification strategies compared with conventional semiconductors. Herein, we have carried out a comprehensive discussion concerning perovskite nanocrystals as luminogens in the application of high-performance biosensing of foodborne hazards for food products, including a brief introduction of perovskite nanocrystals, perovskite nanocrystal-based biosensors, and their application in different categories of food products. Finally, the challenges and opportunities faced by perovskite nanocrystals as superior luminogens were proposed to promote their practicality in the future food supply.

Ginsenoside Rb1 alleviates 3-MCPD-induced renal cell pyroptosis by activating mitophagy

Ginsenoside Rb1 (Gs-Rb1) is among the most significant effective pharmacological components in ginseng. 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), a chloropropanol-like contaminant, is produced in the production of refined oils and thermal processing of food. Pyroptosis is a type of programmed cell death triggered by inflammasomes. Excessive pyroptosis causes kidney injury and inflammation. Previous studies have revealed that 3-MCPD induced pyroptosis in mice and NRK-52E cells. In the present study, we find that Gs-Rb1 attenuates 3-MCPD-induced renal cell pyroptosis by assaying GSDMD-N, caspase-1, IL-18, and IL-1β in mice and NRK-52E cells. In further mechanistic studies, we show that Gs-Rb1 removes damaged mitochondria via mitophagy and reduces intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, therefore alleviating 3-MCPD-induced NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) activation and pyroptosis. The above results are further validated by the addition of autophagy inhibitor Chloroquine (CQ) and mitophagy inhibitor Cyclosporin A (CsA). Afterward, we explore how Gs-Rb1 activated mitophagy in vitro. We determine that Gs-Rb1 enhances the protein expression and nuclear translocation of Transcription factor EB (TFEB). However, silencing of the TFEB gene by small interfering RNA technology reverses the role of Gs-Rb1 in activating mitophagy. Therefore, we conclude that 3-MCPD damages mitochondria and leads to ROS accumulation, which causes NLRP3 activation and pyroptosis in ICR mice and NRK-52E cells, while Gs-Rb1 mitigates this phenomenon via the TFEB-mitophagy pathway. Our findings may provide new insights for understanding the molecular mechanisms by which Gs-Rb1 mitigates renal injury.

Boric Acid and Borax Protect Human Lymphocytes from Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity Induced by 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol

3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) is a member of the group of pollutants known as chloropropanols and is considered a genotoxic carcinogen. Due to the occurrence of 3-MCPD, which cannot be avoided in multiplexed food processes, it is necessary to explore novel agents to reduce or prevent the toxicity of 3-MCPD. Many recent studies on boron compounds reveal their superior biological roles such as antioxidant, anticancer, and antigenotoxic properties. In the current investigation, we have evaluated in vitro cytotoxic, oxidative, and genotoxic damage potential of 3-MCPD on human whole blood cultures and the alleviating effect of boric acid (BA) and borax (BX) for 72 h. In our in vitro experiments, we have treated blood cells with BA and BX (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/L) and 3-MCPD (at IC50 of 11.12 mg/l) for 72 h to determine the cytotoxic damage potential by using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays. Oxidative damage was assessed using total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Genotoxicity evaluations were performed using chromosome aberrations (CAs) and 8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) assays. The result of our experiments showed that the 3-MCPD compound induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity in a clear concentration-dependent manner. BA and BX reduced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity induced by 3-MCPD. In conclusion, BA and BX are safe and non-genotoxic under the in vitro conditions and can alleviate cytotoxic, oxidative, and genetic damage induced by 3-MCPD in the human blood cells. Our findings suggest that dietary boron supplements may offer a novel strategy for mitigating hematotoxicity induced by xenobiotics, including 3-MCPD.

3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol reduced bioaccessibility of sn-2 palmitate via binding with pancreatic lipase in infant formula during gastrointestinal digestion

Infant formula contains 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE), which are formed during the deodorization step of vegetable oil refining. The European Food Safety Authority stated that 3-MCPDE can be hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract to free-form 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), which has potential toxicity and can be rapidly absorbed. Evaluating the effect of 3-MCPD on nutrition absorption is a prerequisite for establishing effective management strategies. A total of 66 crucial lipid molecules associated with 3-MCPD were identified based on debiased sparse partial correlation analysis. 3-MCPD affected triglyceride hydrolyzation and increased the concentration of undigested sn-2 palmitate (9.57 to 17.06 mg kg-1). 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol reduced the bioaccessibility of fatty acids, and more short- (31.42 to 58.02 mg kg-1) and medium-chain fatty acids (17.03 to 26.43 mg kg-1) remained unabsorbed. Lipidomic profiles of infant formula models spiked with different 3-MCPDE levels were investigated, and the results were consistent with the experiments with the commercial formula indicating lipid alteration was mainly affected by the digestive 3-MCPD. The formation of 3-MCPD ester-pancreatic lipase with the binding energy of -4.9 kcal mol-1 was more stable than triglyceride-pancreatic lipase (-4.0 kcal mol-1), affecting triglyceride hydrolyzation. 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol was bound to Glu13 and Asp331 residues of the pancreatic lipase via hydrogen bonds, which resulted in a conformational change of pancreatic lipase and spatial shielding effect. The existence of the spatial-shielding effect reduced the accessibility of pancreatic lipase and further affected triglyceride hydrolyzation. These findings indicated that 3-MCPD obstructed nutrient acquisition and laid the foundation for the subsequent nutrition enhancement design.

3-MCPD Induced Mitochondrial Damage of Renal Cells Via the Rhythmic Protein BMAL1 Targeting SIRT3/SOD2

Biorhythm regulates a variety of physiological functions and enables organisms to adapt to changing environments. 3-Monochloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) is a common food thermal processing contaminant, and the kidney is its toxic target organ. However, the nephrotoxicity mechanism of 3-MCPD has not been fully elucidated. In the study, we found that 3-MCPD caused mitochondrial damage in renal cells by inhibiting the SIRT3/SOD2 pathway. Further, we found that 3-MCPD could interfere with rhythm protein BMAL1 expression at protein and mRNA levels in mice kidney and NRK-52E cells. Simultaneously, the balance of the daily oscillation of SIRT3/SOD2 pathway proteins was impeded under 3-MCPD treatment. To determine the role of BAML1 in mitochondrial damage, we overexpressed the BMAL1 protein. The data showed that BMAL1 overexpression upregulated SIRT3 and SOD2 expression and attenuated mitochondrial damage caused by 3-MCPD. These results indicated that 3-MCPD inhibited the SIRT3/SOD2 pathway by affecting the expression of the rhythm protein BMAL1, thereby inducing mitochondrial damage in renal cells. Taken together, our work reveals that 3-MCPD may possess a toxic effect via circadian clock mechanisms.

Lipidomics Analysis Explores the Mechanism of Renal Injury in Rat Induced by 3-MCPD

3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) is a food-process toxic substance, and its main target organ is the kidney. The present study examined and characterized the nephrotoxicity and the lipidomic mechanisms in a model of kidney injury in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats treated with high (45 mg/kg) and low (30 mg/kg) doses of 3-MCPD. The results showed that the ingestion of 3-MCPD led to a dose-dependent increase in serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels and histological renal impairment. The oxidative stress indicators (MDA, GSH, T-AOC) in the rat kidney altered in a dose-dependent manner in 3-MCPD groups. The lipidomics analysis revealed that 3-MCPD caused kidney injury by interfering with glycerophospholipid metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism. In addition, 38 lipids were screened as potential biomarkers. This study not only revealed the mechanism of 3-MCPD renal toxicity from the perspective of lipidomics but also provided a new approach to the study of 3-MCPD nephrotoxicity.

Newly discovered developmental and ovarian toxicity of 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol in Drosophila melanogaster and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside's protective effect

3-Monochloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) is a pervasive environmental pollutant that is unintentionally produced during industrial production and food processing. Although some studies reported the carcinogenicity and male reproduction toxicity of 3-MCPD thus far, it remains unexplored whether 3-MCPD hazards to female fertility and long-term development. In this study, the model Drosophila melanogaster was employed to evaluate risk assessment of emerging environmental contaminants 3-MCPD at various levels. We found that flies on dietary exposure to 3-MCPD incurred lethality in a concentration- and time-dependent way and interfered with metamorphosis and ovarian development, resulting in developmental retardance, ovarian deformity and female fecundity disorders. Mechanistically, 3-MCPD caused redox imbalance observed as a drastically increased oxidative status in ovaries, confirmed by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased antioxidant activities, which is probably responsible for female reproductive impairments and developmental retardance. Intriguingly, these defects can be substantially prevented by a natural antioxidant, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), further confirming a critical role of ovarian oxidative damage in the developmental and reproductive toxicity of 3-MCPD. The present study expanded the findings that 3-MCPD acts as a developmental and female reproductive toxicant, and our work provides a theoretical basis for the exploitation of a natural antioxidant resource as a dietary antidote for the reproductive and developmental hazards of environmental toxicants that act via increasing ROS in the target organ.

Alleviation of Hyperuricemia by Strictinin in AML12 Mouse Hepatocytes Treated with Xanthine and in Mice Treated with Potassium Oxonate

Hyperuricemia, an abnormally high level of blood uric acid, is a major risk factor for gout. Although xanthine oxidase inhibitors were clinically used to lower blood uric acid level, the concerned side effects restricted their utilization. In this study, strictinin, an abundant polyphenol in Pu'er tea, was evaluated for its preventive effects on hyperuricemia. The results showed that the xanthine oxidase activity, uric acid production, and inflammation in AML12 mouse hepatocytes treated with xanthine were significantly reduced by the supplementation of strictinin. Detailed analyses revealed that strictinin inhibited xanthine-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Consistently, the elevated blood uric acid level and the enhanced xanthine oxidase activity in mice treated with potassium oxonate were effectively diminished by strictinin supplementation. Moreover, for the first time, strictinin was found to promote healthy gut microbiota. Overall, strictinin possesses a great potential to be utilized as a functional ingredient for the prevention of hyperuricemia.

Apigenin and its octoic acid diester attenuated glycidol-induced autophagic-dependent apoptosis via inhibiting the ERK/JNK/p38 signaling pathways in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)

Glycidol is a well-known food contaminant mainly formed in refined edible oils and various thermally processed foods. Here, we studied the toxicity effects and related mechanism of glycidol on Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Glycidol was found to induce Gap period 2 (G2)/Mitosis (M) phase cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy in HUVECs. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) attenuated glycidol-induced cell death, suggesting that glycidol-induced apoptosis was autophagy-dependent. Moreover, glycidol treatment induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), and p38. Inhibition of ERK, JNK, and p38 phosphorylation by the inhibitors U0126, SP600125, and SB203580 attenuated glycidol-induced autophagy and prevented glycidol-mediated reduction in cell viability, demonstrating that glycidol inhibited HUVECs growth by inducing autophagic-dependent apoptosis through activation of the ERK, JNK and p38 signaling pathways. In addition, apigenin (API) and its octoic acid diester apigenin-7 (API-C8), 4'-O-dioctanoate were found to significantly attenuate glycidol-induced cell growth inhibition by inhibiting the above signaling pathways. Collectively, glycidol induces autophagic-dependent apoptosis via activating the ERK/JNK/p38 signaling pathways in HUVECs and API-C8 could attenuate the toxicity effects.

Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends on 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-Diol Esters in Foods

3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) are common food contaminants mainly formed in the edible oil refining process. Due to their potential hazards, 3-MCPDE has become a widespread food safety concern. In this study, CiteSpace and VOSviewer were used to conduct a bibliometric analysis on the 3-MCPDE research papers collected in the Web of Science Core Collection from 1998 to 2022. The results showed that the number of research publications on 3-MCPDE has increased rapidly since 2010. Analysis of the hotspots in 3-MCPDE studies showed that more attention has been paid to the exposure assessment, formation mechanism, detection methods, mitigation methods and toxicity, and toxicology of 3-MCPDE. Finally, the future trends of research on 3-MCPDE were analyzed and proposed. The mitigation methods and toxicology studies of 3-MCPDE are still the research hotspots in the future. In addition, nutritional intervention for 3-MCPDE toxicity will be an emerging trend.

1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol-Induced Renal Tubular Cell Necroptosis through the ROS/RIPK3/MLKL Pathway

1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP), as a food pollutant, exists in a variety of foods. Studies have shown that it has nephrotoxicity. In the study, we found that 1,3-DCP caused renal injury with necroptosis in C57BL/6J mice. The mechanism of 1,3-DCP-caused nephrotoxicity was further explored in NRK-52E cells in vitro. We found that 1,3-DCP caused cell necroptosis with the increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and the expressions of RIPK3 and MLKL. But pretreatment with a ROS inhibitor N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), a RIPK3 inhibitor GSK'872, or RIPK3 gene silencing alleviated 1,3-DCP-induced cell necroptosis. The data indicated that 1,3-DCP induced necroptosis through the ROS/RIPK3/MLKL pathway in NRK-52E cells. In further mechanistic studies, we explored how 1,3-DCP induced ROS production. We found that 1,3-DCP inhibited the expressions of nuclear and cytoplasmic Nrf2. But pretreatment with an Nrf2 activator dimethyl fumarate (DMF) up-regulated the expressions of nuclear and cytoplasmic Nrf2 and down-regulated ROS levels and RIPK3 and MLKL expressions. We also examined the effects of mitophagy on 1,3-DCP-induced ROS. The data manifested that 1,3-DCP suppressed mitophagy in NRK-52E cells by decreasing LC3-II, Pink1, and Parkin levels, increasing p62 levels, and decreasing colocalization of LC3 and Mito-Tracker Red. Pretreatment with an autophagy activator rapamycin (Rapa) decreased 1,3-DCP-induced ROS. Taken together, our data identified that 1,3-DCP caused renal necroptosis through the ROS/RIPK3/MLKL pathway.

Associations of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol and glycidol with prevalence of metabolic syndrome: Findings from Lanxi Nutrition and Safety Study

In this study, we investigated the association of 2,3-dihydroxypropyl mercapturic acid (DHPMA), a urinary biomarker of environmental and dietary exposure to 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol and glycidol, with prevalent MetS in a Chinese middle-aged and elderly population. The urinary DHPMA concentrations were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis and further calibrated by the urinary creatinine content. MetS cases were defined by the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for Asian-Americans of National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP/ATPIII). Multivariate-adjusted modified Poisson regression models were used to analyze the associations between the urinary DHPMA concentrations and MetS prevalence. Of the 1613 participants aged 45-75 years, we documented 552 (34.2%) MetS cases. After adjustment for potential risk factors, the relative risks (95% confidence intervals) of MetS prevalence across the increasing quartiles of DHPMA concentrations were 1.14 (0.93-1.39), 1.29 (1.06-1.56), and 1.50 (1.25-1.80), respectively, compared with the lowest quartile. We also observed strong positive association between urinary DHPMA concentrations and hypertriglyceridemia prevalence (P < 0.001 for trend). These positive associations remained unchanged in the subgroups stratified by general demographic, dietary and behavioral risk factors. These results suggested that urinary DHPMA was associated with higher prevalence of MetS among Chinese elderly people.

Modulatory Properties of Food and Nutraceutical Components Targeting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation

Inflammasomes are key intracellular multimeric proteins able to initiate the cellular inflammatory signaling pathway. NLRP3 inflammasome represents one of the main protein complexes involved in the development of inflammatory events, and its activity has been largely demonstrated to be connected with inflammatory or autoinflammatory disorders, including diabetes, gouty arthritis, liver fibrosis, Alzheimer’s disease, respiratory syndromes, atherosclerosis, and cancer initiation. In recent years, it has been demonstrated how dietary intake and nutritional status represent important environmental elements that can modulate metabolic inflammation, since food matrices are an important source of several bioactive compounds. In this review, an updated status of knowledge regarding food bioactive compounds as NLRP3 inflammasome modulators is discussed. Several chemical classes, namely polyphenols, organosulfurs, terpenes, fatty acids, proteins, amino acids, saponins, sterols, polysaccharides, carotenoids, vitamins, and probiotics, have been shown to possess NLRP3 inflammasome-modulating activity through in vitro and in vivo assays, mainly demonstrating an anti-NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Plant foods are particularly rich in important bioactive compounds, each of them can have different effects on the pathway of inflammatory response, confirming the importance of the nutritional pattern (food model) as a whole rather than any single nutrient or functional compound.

The Role of Autophagy in Anti-Cancer and Health Promoting Effects of Cordycepin

Cordycepin is an adenosine derivative isolated from Cordyceps sinensis, which has been used as an herbal complementary and alternative medicine with various biological activities. The general anti-cancer mechanisms of cordycepin are regulated by the adenosine A3 receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, leading to cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Notably, cordycepin also induces autophagy to trigger cell death, inhibits tumor metastasis, and modulates the immune system. Since the dysregulation of autophagy is associated with cancers and neuron, immune, and kidney diseases, cordycepin is considered an alternative treatment because of the involvement of cordycepin in autophagic signaling. However, the profound mechanism of autophagy induction by cordycepin has never been reviewed in detail. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed the anti-cancer and health-promoting effects of cordycepin in the neurons, kidneys, and the immune system through diverse mechanisms, including autophagy induction. We also suggest that formulation changes for cordycepin could enhance its bioactivity and bioavailability and lower its toxicity for future applications. A comprehensive understanding of the autophagy mechanism would provide novel mechanistic insight into the anti-cancer and health-promoting effects of cordycepin.

Perovskite Nanomaterial-Engineered Multiplex-Mode Fluorescence Sensing of Edible Oil Quality

Water-soluble fluorescence nanomaterials are widely applied for water-phase food safety monitoring. However, there is still a challenge for the development of oil-soluble fluorescence nanomaterials for oil-phase food safety detection. Particularly, the edible oil quality has a huge impact on human health, in which excessive acid number (AN), 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD), and moisture content (MC) are critical monitoring factors. Herein, orange-emitting oil-soluble CsPbBr_1.5I_1.5 quantum dots (QDs) were prepared and applied for AN and 3-MCPD detection depending on fluorescence quenching and wavelength shifts. A "turn-off" fluorescence sensor and "wavelength-shift" fluorescence colorimetric sensor were fabricated for AN and 3-MCPD detection. Water-sensitive mesoporous silica-coated CsPbBr_1.5I_1.5 QDs were employed for the establishment of ratiometric fluorescence sensors for MC monitoring by introducing water-stable green-emitting CsPbBr₃ nanosheets (NSs) as reference probes. Perovskite nanomaterial-engineered multiplex-mode fluorescence sensors were proposed for the detection of AN, 3-MCPD, and MC in edible oil, with the limits of detection (LODs) of 0.71 mg KOH/g, 39.8 μg/mL 3-MCPD, and 0.45% MC, respectively. This work not only expands the application of perovskite nanomaterials in the bioanalysis field but also provides new materials and novel approaches for the multiplex-mode oil-phase food safety monitoring.

Automated sample preparation and analysis by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) for the determination of 3- and 2-monochloropropanediol (MCPD) esters and glycidol esters in edible oils

The potentially carcinogenic process contaminant 3- and 2-monochloropropanediol esters (2-MCPD and 3-MCPD esters) and glycidyl esters (GEs) are under study in refined oils and foodstuffs. Legislation set recommended total daily intake (TDI) for 3-MCPD of 0.8 µg/kg and as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) for glycidol. Usually, the so far adopted method for the determination of these contaminants relay on numerous and time-consuming steps for sample preparation (AOCS methods) and on GC-MS detection. The obtained sensitivities and the number of processable samples are thus limited. In this optic, new reliable methods that allow for the fast and sensitive determination of these contaminants in edible oils may be considered an improvement of the overall strategy of tackling the problem. In this paper a new automated method for sample preparation and detection by GC-MS/MS is presented and validated. Data on sensitivity (LOD at 1.5, 2.2 and 3 ng/g for 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD, 3-MBPD (deriving from glycidol), respectively), linearity across low and high calibration ranges and precision showed to be fit-for-purposes. Finally, the methodology was applied to ten extra virgin oil samples and one sample of sunflower seeds oil.