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Dai Q, Liu Z, Li H, Zhang R, Cai T, Yin J, Gao Y, Li S, Lu X, Zhen G. Enhanced dewaterability and triclosan removal of waste activated sludge with iron-rich mineral-activated peroxymonosulfate. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 182:271-283. [PMID: 38688046 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
High water and pharmaceutical and care products (PPCPs) bounded in sludge flocs limit its utilization and disposal. The advanced oxidation process of perxymonosulfate (PMS) catalyzed by iron salts has been widely used in sludge conditioning. In this study, two iron-rich minerals pyrite and siderite were proposed to enhance sludge dewatering performance and remove the target contaminant of triclosan (TCS). The permanent release of Fe2+ in the activation of PMS made siderite more effective in enhancing sludge dewater with capillary suction time (CST) diminishing by 60.5 %, specific resistance to filtration (SRF) decreasing by 79.2 %, and bound water content (BWC) dropping from 37.1 % to 2.6 % at siderite/PMS dosages of 0.36/0.20 mmol/g-TSS after 20 min of pretreatment. Pyrite/PMS performed slightly inferior under the same conditions and the corresponding CST and SRF decreased by 51.5 % and 71.8 % while the BWC only declined to 17.8 %. Rheological characterization was employed to elucidate the changes in sludge dewatering performance, with siderite/PMS treated sludge showing a 48.3 % reduction in thixotropy, higher than 28.4 % of pyrite/PMS. Oscillation and creep tests further demonstrated the significantly weakened viscoelastic behavior of the sludge by siderite/PMS pretreatment. For TCS mineralization removal, siderite/PMS achieved a high removal efficiency of 43.9 %, in comparison with 39.9 % for pyrite/PMS. The reduction in the sludge solids phase contributed the most to the TCS removal. Free radical quenching assays and EPR spectroscopy showed that both siderite/PMS and pyrite/PMS produced SO4-· and ·OH, with the latter acting as the major radicals. Besides, the dosage of free radicals generated from siderite/PMS exhibited a lower time-dependence, which also allowed it to outperform in destroying EPS matrix, neutralizing the negative Zeta potential of sludge flocs, and mineralizing macromolecular organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qicai Dai
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhaobin Liu
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Huan Li
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ruiliang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Teng Cai
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jian Yin
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yijing Gao
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Siqin Li
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xueqin Lu
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guangyin Zhen
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1515 North Zhongshan Rd. (No. 2), Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai 200241, China; Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial Eco-restoration in Metropolitan Area, Ministry of Natural Resources, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.
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2
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Li T, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Yang J, Cheng F, Fang D, Liang J, Li J, Zhou L. Enhanced dewatering extent of sludge by Fe 3O 4-driven heterogeneous Fenton. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 174:666-673. [PMID: 38176124 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Homogeneous Fenton (Fe2+/H2O2) serves as a high-efficiency conditioning method for sludge dewatering due to the generation of strong oxidizing hydroxyl radicals (OH). However, high dose of ferric salts produces iron-rich dewatered sludge and decrease sludge organic matters, which will not be conducive to the subsequent disposal and reutilization. Considering advantages of Fe3O4 as heterogeneous Fenton catalyst, Fe3O4-activated H2O2 (Fe3O4 + H2O2) in this study was adopted to improve sludge deep-dewatering. Reduction efficiency of the bound water (71.3 %) after Fe3O4 + H2O2 treatment (after a reaction time of 30 min) were much higher than those in the Fe2++H2O2 treatment. Especially, the moisture content of treated sludge cake by Fe3O4 + H2O2 remarkably decreased from 86.4 % to 61.3 %. Improvement mechanism of sludge dewatering after Fe3O4 + H2O2 treatment mainly included electrostatic neutralization, reactive radical oxidation, and skeleton building by analysis of contribution factors. The generation of H+ in acidification could neutralize the negatively charged compounds to promote sludge hydrophobicity. Meanwhile reactive radicals generated from Fe3O4 + H2O2 destroyed sludge extracellular polymeric substances and cell structure to release intracellular water. Furthermore, Fe3O4 as a skeleton builder could reconstruct destructive sludge flocs and form new dewatering channels. Finally, low Fe leaching content and recoverability of Fe3O4 effectively will decrease environmental implication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yujun Zhou
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Jiawei Yang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Fange Cheng
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Di Fang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jianru Liang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Lixiang Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Liang J, Zhang L, Li C, Mo Z, Ye M, Zhu Z, Sun S, Wong JWC. Triclocarban transformation and removal in sludge conditioning using chalcopyrite-triggered percarbonate treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132944. [PMID: 37951173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a facile combination approach of chalcopyrite and sodium percarbonate (CuFeS2+ SPC) was established to augment both TCC removal efficiency and sludge dewatering. Results showed that utilizing the CuFeS2 dosage of 600 mg/g total solids (TS) under the optimal condition, along with the SPC dosage of 12.5 mg/g TS, an initial pH of 4.0, and a reaction duration of 40 min, led to a substantial reduction of 53.9% in the TCC content within the sludge, accompanied by a notable decrease of 36.9% in the water content. Compared to well-studied iron-based advanced oxidation processes, CuFeS2 + SPC treatment proved to be more cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Mechanistic findings demonstrated that •OH oxidation played a significant role in TCC removal, with O2•- and 1O2 acting as secondary factors. During the CuFeS2 + SPC process, the received •OH, O2•-, and 1O2 destroyed the main binding sites of extracellular polymeric substances to TCC, including tryptophan-like protein, amide, CO stretch, and -COO- functional groups. As a result, approximately 50% of TCC was partially degraded within the solid sludge phase after the attack of radicals. Meanwhile, the decreased macromolecular organic compounds in solid sludge attenuated the binding efficacy of TCC, giving rise to the transfer of partial TCC to the liquid phase. Ultimately, the TCC in sludge was successfully removed, and five transformation products were identified. This study significantly contributes to our understanding regarding TCC transformation and removal in the sludge conditioning process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Liang
- Engineering and Technology Research Center for Agricultural Land Pollution Integrated Prevention and Control of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Engineering and Technology Research Center for Agricultural Land Pollution Integrated Prevention and Control of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Chengjian Li
- Engineering and Technology Research Center for Agricultural Land Pollution Integrated Prevention and Control of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Zhihua Mo
- Engineering and Technology Research Center for Agricultural Land Pollution Integrated Prevention and Control of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Maoyou Ye
- Engineering and Technology Research Center for Agricultural Land Pollution Integrated Prevention and Control of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Zhi Zhu
- Institute of the Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Shuiyu Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jonathan W C Wong
- Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture, Sino-Forest Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Li T, Yang J, Zhou Y, Liu X, Luo Y, Fang D, Liang J, Li J, Zhou L. Promoting dewatering efficiency of sludge by bioleaching coupling chemical flocculation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:117014. [PMID: 37652216 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, bioleaching has emerged as a cost-effective technology for enhancing the dewaterability of sludge. However, the lengthy treatment time involved in sludge bioleaching processes limits daily treatment capacity for sludge. Here, a novel approach was developed through a short time of sludge bioleaching with A. ferrooxidans LX5 (A. f) and A. thiooxidans TS6 (A. t) followed by polyferric sulfate (PFS) flocculation (A. f + A. t + PFS). After 12.5 h of the A. f + A. t + PFS treatment (30% A. f, 10% A. t, 40 mg/g DS S0, 60 mg/g DS FeSO4•7H2O, and 120 mg/g DS PFS), the reduction efficiency of specific resistance to filtration (SRF) and sludge cake moisture content reached 94.0% and 11.6%, respectively, which were comparable to the results achieved through 24 h of completed bioleaching treatment. In pilot-scale applications, the mechanical dewatering performance was notably improved following A. f + A. t + PFS treatment, with the low moisture content of the treated sludge cake (∼59.2%). This study provides new insights into the A. f + A. t + PFS process and holds potential for developing efficient and promising sludge dewatering strategies in engineering application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiawei Yang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yujun Zhou
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yixin Luo
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Di Fang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianru Liang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Lixiang Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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5
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Li T, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Du X, Fang D, Liang J, Li J, Zhou L. Schwertmannite-based heterogeneous Fenton for enhancing sludge dewaterability over a wide pH range. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132240. [PMID: 37562350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Fe-based Fenton technology is commonly used to enhance sludge dewaterability, but it requires subsequent neutralization, resulting in excessive chemical consumption. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using schwertmannite-composited Fe3O4 (Sch/Fe3O4) as a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst to enhance sludge dewaterability without the need for pH adjustment. A high reduction efficiency of sludge specific resistance to filtration (94.4%), moisture content (11.4%) and bound water (45.5%) after Sch/Fe3O4 +H2O2 treatment at initial pH 7.5 were obtained, suggesting that Sch/Fe3O4 +H2O2 posed good dehydration performance without any acidification. SO42- and H+ generation in Sch/Fe3O4 system played an important role in sludge pH decrease, which facilitated sludge cell lysis, intracellular water release, and provided a suitable pH for Fenton reaction. Reactive species (•OH, •O2-, and 1O2) from Sch/Fe3O4 +H2O2 could effectively destroy sludge EPS, releasing more bound water. Additionally, the negatively charged compounds were neutralized by dissolved Fe2+/Fe3+. Sch/Fe3O4, as a skeleton builder, rearranged the dissociative sludge flocs to improve the incompressibility and permeability of sludge cake. Finally, sludge treated with Sch/Fe3O4 +H2O2 achieved organic matters reserve, heavy metals reduction, further benefiting the final disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yujun Zhou
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Xin Du
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Di Fang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jianru Liang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Lixiang Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Xie J, Yang C, Li X, Wu S, Lin Y. Generation and engineering applications of sulfate radicals in environmental remediation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139659. [PMID: 37506891 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate radical (SO4•-)-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have become promising alternatives in environmental remediation due to the higher redox potential (2.6-3.1 V) and longer half-life period (30-40 μs) of sulfate radicals compared with many other radicals such as hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The generation and mechanisms of SO4•- and the applications of SO4•--AOPs have been examined extensively, while those using sulfite as activation precursor and their comparisons among various activation precursors have rarely reviewed comprehensively. In this article, the latest progresses in SO4•--AOPs were comprehensively reviewed and commented on. First of all, the generation of SO4•- was summarized via the two activation methods using various oxidant precursors, and the generation mechanisms were also presented, which provides a reference for guiding researchers to better select two precursors. Secondly, the reaction mechanisms of SO4•- were reviewed for organic pollutant degradation, and the reactivity was systematically compared between SO4•- and •OH. Thirdly, methods for SO4•- detection were reviewed which include quantitative and qualitative ones, over which current controversies were discussed. Fourthly, the applications of SO4•--AOPs in various environmental remediation were summarized, and the advantages, challenges, and prospects were also commented. At last, future research needs for SO4•--AOPs were also proposed consequently. This review could lead to better understanding and applications of SO4•--AOPs in environmental remediations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Chunping Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China; Academy of Environmental and Resource Sciences, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330063, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- Academy of Environmental and Resource Sciences, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, China
| | - Shaohua Wu
- Academy of Environmental and Resource Sciences, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, China.
| | - Yan Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
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Fan X, Wang Y, Zhang D, Zhang S, Liu C, Liu M. A comprehensive assessment on sludge conditioning by pyrite acid eluent-activated peroxymonosulfate based on dewaterability, heavy metals risk and ore recovery. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 170:82-92. [PMID: 37556939 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater activated sludge (WAS) has poor dewaterability and contains heavy metals (HMs), limiting its land application. Therefore, in this study, a novel pyrite acid eluent-activated peroxymonosulfate (Fe2+pyrite/PMS) conditioning approach that can completely recover the residual pyrite and greatly reduce acid use was developed to improve WAS dewaterability, and the HMs chemical speciation and risks of conditioned WAS were assessed. Our results showed that under the optimized operational parameters, the capillary suction time (CST) and water content (Wc) of WAS decreased by 46.03% and 7.75%, respectively. Furthermore, during Fe2+pyrite/PMS conditioning processing, sulfate radical (SO4-) destroyed the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) matrix, causing bound water release and the decrease of proteins/polysaccharides in outer layered EPS, even the decomposition of some protein-N in tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) into inorganic-N. In addition, although the total concentration of HMs in the conditioned WAS matrix increased, the Ni concentration decreased in the solid fraction. Further, the risk assessment code (RAC) levels did not increase, and the eco-toxicity of Cr became weakened after Fe2+pyrite/PMS conditioning. However, after acid extraction, the pyrite residue had worsened recycle performance because the passivation layer contained S0/Sn2- on its surface, and no additional elements were detected in the pyrite residue, which had almost no effect on its further usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Fan
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yili Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Daxin Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Shuting Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Chenyang Liu
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Meilin Liu
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Wang Y, Dong X. PMS activation by natural pyrite for APAP degradation: Underlying mechanism and long-term removal of APAP. CATAL COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2023.106661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
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9
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Wang J, Wang T, Li Z, Fu B, Zhai Y, Wang W, Zhai M, Chovelon JM, Gong Y, Wang H. Enhancement of sludge dewaterability by electrolysis coupled with peroxymonosulfate oxidation process: Performance, mechanisms and implications. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135865. [PMID: 35944688 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid increase in waste activated sludge (WAS), it is urgent to develop appropriate dewatering processes to diminish sludge volume and improve disposal efficiency. In this study, an advanced oxidation process using electrolysis coupled with peroxymonosulfate (E/PMS) was applied to improve the dewaterability of WAS. The results indicated that the sludge water content (WC) and capillary suction time (CST) dropped from 98.4 ± 0.2% and 220.1 ± 2.3 s to 70.7 ± 0.8% and 63.0 ± 1.2 s, respectively, under the following conditions: an electrolysis voltage of 20 V, an electrolysis time of 20 min, and 200 mg/g TS PMS. The increase in sludge zeta potential, surface hydrophobicity, and flowability indicated a significant improvement in sludge dewaterability. SO4•-, O•H, and O21 generated in the E/PMS process were responsible for the improvement of WAS dewaterability. These reactive oxygen species damaged extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), decreased fluorescent EPS components, and transformed the extracellular protein secondary structures by influencing the H-bond actions that maintain the α-helix. The bound water content, and apparent viscosity of WAS were found to be reduced, which was also attributed to an increase in dewatering capacity. Additionally, E/PMS treatment enhanced the degradation of organic matter in sludge and reduced the toxicity of the filtrate as well as the bioavailability of heavy metals. The cost analysis found that the E/PMS process was relatively economical and has great potential for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsen Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Siping Rd 1239, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Tianrun Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Siping Rd 1239, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zonglin Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Siping Rd 1239, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Bomin Fu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Siping Rd 1239, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, UNEP-TONGJI Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yuhui Zhai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Siping Rd 1239, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Weijie Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Siping Rd 1239, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Mudi Zhai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Siping Rd 1239, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jean-Marc Chovelon
- IRCELYON, CNRS UMR 5256, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 2 Avenue Albert-Einstein, Villeurbanne, F-69626, France
| | - Yuxiu Gong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Siping Rd 1239, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Siping Rd 1239, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, UNEP-TONGJI Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Hung CM, Chen CW, Huang CP, Sheu DS, Dong CD. Metal-free catalysis for organic micropollutant degradation in waste activated sludge via poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) biopolymers using Cupriavidus sp. L7L coupled with peroxymonosulfate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 361:127680. [PMID: 35878764 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study employed a novel and environment-friendly biopolymer/oxidant catalytic system, viz., poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/peroxymonosulfate (PHB/PMS), for pretreating wastewater sludge for the first time. Under optimal conditions, i.e., 3.1 × 10-4 M of PMS and 3.3 g/L of PHB at pH = 6.0, the PAHs in the sludge matrix was decreased by 79 % in 12 h. Increase in salinity (75 % synthetic seawater) achieved 83 % of PAHs degradation. Functional groups (CO) of the biopolymer matrix were active centers for biopolymer-mediated electron transfer that produced reactive oxygen species (SO4-, HO, and 1O2) for adsorption and catalytic oxidation of PAHs in the sludge. Functional metagenomic analysis revealed the main genus, Conexibacter (phylum, Actinobacteria) exhibited PAH-degrading function with high efficiency in the biodegradation of PAHs from sludge pretreated with PHB/PMS. Coupling chemical oxidation and biostimulation using bacterial polymer-based biomaterials is effective and beneficial for pretreating wastewater sludge toward circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Mao Hung
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Pao Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, USA
| | - Der-Shyan Sheu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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11
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Gao W, Song L, Wang Z, Xuan L. Pyrite activated peroxymonosulfate combined with as a physical-chemical conditioner modified biochar to improve sludge dewaterability: analysis of sludge floc structure and dewatering mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:74725-74741. [PMID: 35639326 PMCID: PMC9153877 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we proposed an advanced oxidation process of pyrite (FeS2) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and prepared a modified polyaluminum chloride biochar (P-BC). The motivation is to use the combination of FeS2 + PMS + P-BC to improve waste activated sludge (WAS) dewaterability. The method to improve the sludge dewatering effect with the combination of FeS2 + PMS + P-BC is as follows: in the first step, pour 0.75 g/g TSS FeS2 and 0.6 g/g TSS PMS into the sludge, and stir for 15 min. Then, add P-BC and stir for 5 min; complete the entire WAS processing process. The vacuum filtration test was used to evaluate the dehydration effect. The water content (Wc) and specific resistance to filtration (SRF) of the raw sludge can be reduced from the original values of 92% and 2.36 × 1013 m/kg to 67% and 9.89 × 1011 m/kg, respectively. The results showed that the combination of FeS2 + PMS + P-BC can effectively improve the sludge dewatering effect through oxidation. A laser particle size analyzer is used to observe changes in sludge particle size. The median diameter of sludge particles increased from 55.37 to 64.56 μm. A zeta analyzer to is used observe changes in sludge zeta potential. The zeta potential of sludge particles increased from - 15.8 to 0.4 mV. In the analysis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of sludge, it was found that protein (PN) and polysaccharide (PS) in EPS decreased significantly. To further analyze the phenomenon of PN and PS drop, excitation-emission-matrix spectra (3D-EEM) was used. To observe the changes of sludge functional group, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used. It was found that FeS2 + PMS + P-BC can destroy the functional groups of sludge, such as O-H, C-C, and O═C-NH- related to proteins and polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Gao
- School of Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051 China
| | - Lei Song
- School of Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051 China
| | - Zehao Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051 China
| | - Lili Xuan
- School of Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051 China
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12
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Activation of peroxymonosulfate by natural pyrite for efficient degradation of V(IV)-citrate complex in groundwater. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 617:683-693. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Liang J, Zhou Y. Iron-based advanced oxidation processes for enhancing sludge dewaterability: State of the art, challenges, and sludge reuse. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 218:118499. [PMID: 35537253 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The increasing amount of sewage sludge produced in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) poses a great challenge to both environment and economy globally. As a requisite process during sludge treatment, sludge dewatering can significantly minimize the sludge volume and lower the operational cost for downstream transportation and disposal. Iron-based advanced oxidation process (AOP), a robust and cost-effective technique with relatively low technical barriers for high-level sludge dewatering, has been widely explored in the past 20 years. The development was mainly driven by the demands of efficient and sustainable sludge conditioning technology and the flexible sludge management approaches. The application of iron-based AOPs in sludge dewatering process attracts more and more attention. In this work, we discussed the current application of iron-based AOPs technology in the sludge dewatering processes in a holistic manner, summarized the factors affecting the sludge dewaterability in the treatment processes, and analyzed the mechanisms of iron-based AOPs to improve dewatering processes. Furthermore, we elaborated potential advantages, limitations, and challenges associated with implementing iron-based AOPs in the full-scale plants and shared the opportunities for sludge reutilization. This review aims to contribute to the development of highly efficient iron-based AOPs for sludge dewatering and offer perspectives and directions towards the new-generation of WWTPs with the sustainable and eco-friendly benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Liang
- Engineering and Technology Research Center for Agricultural Land Pollution Integrated Prevention and Control of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore.
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14
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Lin W, Ding A, Ngo HH, Ren Z, Nan J, Li G, Ma J. Effects of the metabolic uncoupler TCS on residual sludge treatment: Analyses of the microbial community and sludge dewaterability potential. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132473. [PMID: 34624348 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Residual sludge is a by-product with a large volume and complex composition from wastewater treatment plants. It is significant to reduce sludge volume to decrease the negative effects of sludge on environmental pollution and needless land use. We investigated the effects of uncoupler 3, 3', 4', 5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS) on the properties of sludge. After adding 0.12 g TCS/g VSS with 24 h mixing, the sludge concentration and total ATP content decreased by 51.1% and 60.8%, respectively. At the same time, the microbial community also changed significantly, leading to the decrease of richness and diversity. Additionally, the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) reduced approximately 43% under the addition of 0.12 g/g VSS compared with the control. The decrement of EPS may be explained by the decreased relative abundance of functional bacteria (i.e. Chloroflexi reduced about 60% and Nitrospirota reduced about 31%). Notably, the addition of TCS before coagulation conditioning (FeCl3) promoted the adhesion of sludge flocs according to the theory of Extended Derjaguin Landau Verwey Overbee (XDLVO), leading to the increased hydrophobicity of the residual sludge. Therefore, energy uncoupling has the potential of improving sludge dewaterability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - An Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, PR China.
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Zixiao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Jun Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Guibai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, PR China
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15
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Li Y, Wang D, Yang G, Yuan X, Yuan L, Li Z, Xu Q, Liu X, Yang Q, Tang W, Jiang L, Li H, Wang Q, Ni B. In-depth research on percarbonate expediting zero-valent iron corrosion for conditioning anaerobically digested sludge. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126389. [PMID: 34323710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobically digested sludge (ADS) is commonly hard to dewater for the presence of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and the liberation of glutinous soluble microbic products during anaerobic digestion. Sodium percarbonate (SPC) expediting zero-valent iron (ZVI) corrosion (SPC/ZVI) process firstly conditioned ADS to amend its dewaterability. Results showed that SPC/ZVI conditioning decreased moisture content of dewatered cake from 90.5% (control) to 69.9% with addition of 0.10 g/g TS SPC and 0.20 g/g TS ZVI. Mechanistic research indicated that the enhanced ADS dewaterability mainly resulted from •OH and Fe(III)/iron polymers yielded in SPC/ZVI. •OH disrupted EPS, damaged cytoderm & cytomembrane, and lysed intracellular substances, unbinding the bound water. Meanwhile, the breakage and inactivation of microbe by •OH prompted the production of macro-pores in ADS. •OH adjusted the conformation of extracellular/intracellular proteins by intervening in the H-bonds and S-S bonds, availing the hydrophobicity and slight flocculation of ADS. •OH further facilitated the despiralization of α-helical to β-sheet structure in ADS pellets, benefiting cell-to-cell aggregation. Additionally, Fe(III)/iron polymers from ZVI corrosion accelerated to gather ADS and maintained its floc structure. Consequently, SPC/ZVI conditioning not only adjusted the natures of ADS and its EPS but also the features of residual pellets, which further induced the advancement of ADS dewaterability. In addition, SPC/ZVI conditioning possibly surmounts some limitations existing in ZVI/Peroxide or ZVI/Persulfate technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Dongbo Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Guojing Yang
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, PR China.
| | - Xingzhong Yuan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Longhu Yuan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Zijing Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Qiuxiang Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xuran Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Wangwang Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Longbo Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Hailong Li
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Qilin Wang
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Bingjie Ni
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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16
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Liang J, Luo L, Li D, Varjani S, Xu Y, Wong JWC. Promoting anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge and food waste with different types of conductive materials: Performance, stability, and underlying mechanism. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 337:125384. [PMID: 34186331 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this research, we investigated and compared the effects of three widely used conductive materials, e.g., zero-valent iron (Fe0), magnetite (Fe3O4), and biochar on the performance, stability, and in-depth mechanism during the anaerobic co-digestion process of sewage sludge and food waste. Among the three conductive materials, Fe0 could achieve the highest cumulative methane production of 394.0 mL/g volatile solids (VS) added, which was 1.24-fold and 1.17-fold higher than that receiving Fe3O4 and biochar. The mechanistic studies indicated that compared to the Fe3O4 and biochar groups, Fe0 could significantly enhance the release of soluble protein, polysaccharide, and dissolved organic matters, the degradation of volatile fatty acids and VS, and the activities of key enzymes and direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET). Consequently, the methane yield and digestate dewaterability were notably improved. Collectively, these findings will offer suggestions of the preferable conductive materials in the anaerobic co-digestion process for decision makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Liang
- Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture, Sino-Forest Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liwen Luo
- Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture, Sino-Forest Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dongyi Li
- Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture, Sino-Forest Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 010, India
| | - Yunjie Xu
- School of Technology, Huzhou University, Huzhou 311800, China
| | - Jonathan W C Wong
- Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture, Sino-Forest Applied Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environment, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Technology, Huzhou University, Huzhou 311800, China.
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