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Geng Z, Zheng D, Qi Z, Xie Q, Li G, Zhang F. Direct current driven persulfate delivery and activation for heterogeneous porous media remediation: Coupling effects of electric-thermal-chemical-flow fields. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 479:135743. [PMID: 39236534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Direct current (DC) has promising potential for persulfate delivery and activation in heterogeneous site remediation, yet requires deeper understanding. Here, we investigated the efficiency of DC for persulfate delivery and activation and compared with alternating current (AC). While AC electric field only influenced persulfate fate by Joule heating effect, DC electric field induced electrokinetic migration of persulfate and contaminants, as well as promoted persulfate activation with Joule heating and electrochemical reactions. DC system achieved 95 % MCB removal which was 3.1 times of that in AC system using the same voltage input (60 V) with a velocity of 0.5 m/d. When the applied DC voltage increased from 20 V to 60 V (0.5-1.5 V/cm), persulfate activation pathway changed from electrode reactions to the coupled activation pathways of electrode, chemical and heat reactions, thus resulting in increasing MCB removal efficiency from 57 % (20 V) to 95 % (40 V and 60 V). The energy consumption with 40 V (11.6 kWh/g) was 2.6 times of that using 20 V (4.4 kWh/g), and dramatically increased to 11.7 times with 60 V (50.2 kWh/g). This study provides a new perspective on improving the efficiency of persulfate delivery and activation in heterogeneous sites remediation using DC-driven system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuning Geng
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Di Zheng
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Zhen Qi
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Qianli Xie
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Guanghe Li
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies (NEL-SRT), Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Fang Zhang
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies (NEL-SRT), Beijing 100015, PR China.
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2
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Qutob M, Rafatullah M, Muhammad SA, Siddiqui MR, Alam M. A sustainable method for oxidizing phenanthrene in tropical soil using natural iron as a catalyst in a slurry phase reactor with persulfate assistance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:1391-1404. [PMID: 38973648 DOI: 10.1039/d4em00328d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The presence of impurities is a significant restriction to the use of natural iron minerals as catalysts in the advanced oxidation process (AOP), especially if applied for soil remediation. This study evaluated the catalytic activity of tropical soil, which has relatively low impurities and naturally contains iron, for the remediation of phenanthrene (PHE) contamination. The system showed good performance, and the best result was 81% PHE removal after 24 h under experimental conditions of pH 7, [PHE]0 = 300 mg/50 g soil, temperature 55 °C, air flow = 260 mL min-1, and [persulfate]0 = 20 mg kg-1, while the mineralization was 61%. Nevertheless, certain limitations were noted in the soil matrix following the remediation procedure, including the appearance of cracks in the soil aggregate, reduction in the crystal size of the soil particles, and decline in the iron and aluminium contents. The results confirmed that the radicals play a major role in the remediation process. SO4˙- was more dominant than O2˙-, while HO˙ played a minor role. Additionally, the by-products were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), and the degradation pathway of PHE is proposed. Toxicity assessment tests were performed by using a computational method. In spite of the challenges, this research achieved notable progress in soil remediation, taking a significant step forward in implementing the AOP without catalysts to activate oxidants and remove PHE within the soil. Also, this approach supports sustainability by reducing the need for extra materials and providing an environmentally friendly way of soil remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Qutob
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Syahidah Akmal Muhammad
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Masoom Raza Siddiqui
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahboob Alam
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, 123, Dongdaero, Gyeongju-si 780714, Republic of Korea
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Liang C, Wang J, Li C, Han W, Niu Y, Li B, Yin S, Sun Z. Chemical inertness conversion of carbon fraction in coal gangue via N-doping for efficient benzo(a)pyrene degradation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 666:547-559. [PMID: 38613977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Efficient degradation of organic pollutants in complex media via advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is still critical and challenging. Herein, nitrogen (N)-doped coal gangue (CG) catalysts (N-CG) with economic competitiveness and environmental friendliness were successfully synthesized to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS), exhibiting ultrafast degradation performance toward benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) with 100.00 % and 93.21 % in contaminated solution and soil under optimized condition, respectively. In addition, 0.4 N-CG possessed excellent reusability toward BaP degradation with over 80.00 % after five cycles. However, BaP removal efficiency was significantly affected by some co-existing anions (HCO3- and SO42-) and humic acid (HA) in solution and soil, as well as inhibited under alkaline conditions, especially pH ≥ 9. According to the characterizations, N-doping could promote the generation of pyridinic N and graphitic N in N-CG via high-temperature calcination, which was conducive to produce hydroxyl radical (•OH), sulfate radical (SO4•-), superoxide radical (•O2-) and single oxygen (1O2). In 0.4 N-CG/PMS system, 1O2 and •O2- were proved to be the predominant reactive oxygen species (ROSs) in BaP degradation, as well as •OH and SO4•- made certain contributions. To sum up, this work provided a promising strategy for synthesis of CG-based catalysts by chemical inertness conversion of carbon fracture via N-doping for PMS activation and opened a novel perspective for environmental remediation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic contaminants pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Chunquan Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, P.R. China.
| | - Wei Han
- Inner Mongolia Mengtai Buliangou Coal Industry Co., Ltd, Ordos 010399, P.R. China
| | - Yao Niu
- Inner Mongolia Mengtai Buliangou Coal Industry Co., Ltd, Ordos 010399, P.R. China
| | - Bin Li
- Huadian Coal Industry Group Digital Intelligence Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 102400, P.R. China
| | - Shuaijun Yin
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Zhiming Sun
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, P.R. China.
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Zhang M, Feng M, Xu Z, Li J, Peng C. Electrokinetically-delivered persulfate coupled with thermal conductive heating for remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated low permeability soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141914. [PMID: 38588899 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
In this study, electrokinetically-delivered persulfate (PS) coupled with thermal conductive heating (TCH) method was proposed for the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) contaminated low-permeability soil, based on the investigation of PS injection and activation by different electric field form, effective heating radius of TCH to activate PS, and their influencing factors. The uniform delivery and effective activation of PS were unrealizable by one-dimensional electric field (1 V/cm) with the operation of cathode injection, anode injection, bipolar injection, polarity-reversal, or bipolar injection coupled polarity-reversal, which would result in large spatial difference of soil pH and PHs residual. Similar results were obtained under the two-dimensional symmetric electric field (TEF) due to the large spatial difference in electric field intensity. Superimposed electric field (SEF, 1 V/cm) that based on the intermittent worked electrode groups coupled with polarity-reversal (every 3 h) and bipolar injection (10% PS solution) operation could achieve homogenized mass transfer of PS (53.8-65.7 g/kg, average 60.0 g/kg) in 15 days, due to the positive correlation between electric field intensity and transport of ionic substance. Meanwhile, the difference in decontamination efficiency caused by difference in PS activation efficiency could be reduced, since the heating rod was placed at the position where the concentrations of PS was the lowest, whereat the removal of PHs could not rely on alkali activated PS (cathode), anodic oxidation (anode), and electrochemical activated PS (cathode and anode). The residual concentration of PHs in soil remediated by SEF/PS-TCH was in the range of 640.7-763.8 mg/kg (average 701.5 mg/kg), and the corresponding removal efficiency was 73.3%-77.6% (average75.4%). The research can provide an in-situ remediation method for organic contaminants in low permeability soil featured with more uniform PS injection and activation, and small spatial differences in remediation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Meiyun Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jianan Li
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China; State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China; Zhejiang Tiandi Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310000, China.
| | - Chong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
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5
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Yuan X, Yu S, Liu Y, Zhang X, Zhang S, Xue N, Hu X. Optimizing soil tetrabromobisphenol A remediation through iron-based activation of persulfate: A comparative analysis of homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120302. [PMID: 38401492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) that widely exists in soil and poses a potential threat to ecological environment urgently needs economically efficient remediation techniques. This study utilized both homogeneous Fe2⁺ solution and heterogeneous iron-based nanomaterials (chemically synthesized nano zero-valence iron (nZVI) and green-synthesized iron nanoparticles (G-Fe NPs)) to activate persulfate (PS) and assess their efficacy in degrading TBBPA in soil. The results demonstrate the superior performance of heterogeneous catalytic systems (WG-Fe NPs/PS (82.07%) and WnZVI/PS (78.32%)) over homogeneous catalytic system (WFe2+/PS (71.69%)), In addition, G-Fe NPs and nZVI effectively controlled the slow release of Fe2+. The optimization analysis using response surface methodology (RSM) reveal the remarkable significance of the experimental model based on the box-behnken design. RSM show that G-Fe NPs/PS exhibited optimal process parameters and predicted the maximum soil TBBPA degradation efficiency reaching 98.77%. The results of density functional theory calculations suggest that C-Br are the primary targets for electrophilic substitution reactions. Based on the f0 value and △G, the degradation pathway of TBBPA is inferred to involve a sequential debromination process, followed by the cleavage of intermediate carbon-carbon bonds and subsequent oxidation reactions. Hence, G-Fe NPs/PS not only facilitate waste resource utilization but also hold significant application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehong Yuan
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Shuntao Yu
- Technical Center for Soil, Agricultural and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Xinfei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China
| | - Nandong Xue
- Technical Center for Soil, Agricultural and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China.
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Yue X, Zhang Y, Shan Y, Shen K, Jiao W. Lab-scale transport and activation of peroxydisulfate for phenanthrene degradation in soil: A comprehensive assessment of the remediation process, soil environment and microbial diversity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165771. [PMID: 37532036 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrokinetic transport followed by electrical resistance heating activation of peroxydisulfate is a novel in situ soil remediation method. However, the strategy of electrokinetic transport coupled with electrical resistance heating and the comprehensive evaluation of restored soil need to be further explored. In this study, a lab-scale simulation device for in situ electrokinetic transport coupled with electrical resistance heating activation of peroxydisulfate was constructed to monitor the transport and transfer of peroxydisulfate, target pollutants, and process parameters, and the physicochemical properties and bacterial community of treated soil were evaluated. The results showed that adding 10 wt% peroxydisulfate to both the anode and cathode resulted in the optimized transfer rate and cumulative concentration of peroxydisulfate under electrokinetics. After 8 h, the cumulative concentration of peroxydisulfate reached 66.15- 166.29 mmol L-1, which was attributed to the migration of a large amount of S2O82- from the cathode to the soil under electromigration. Additionally, the anodic interfacial electric potential was improved, which was more conducive to electroosmotic transport of peroxydisulfate from the anode chamber. By alternating electrokinetic transport and electrical resistance heating activation of peroxydisulfate for two cycles, the phenanthrene degradation efficiency in four evenly distributed wells between electrodes reached 75.4 %, 87.6 %, 92.3 %, and 94.4 %. With slight variations in soil morphology and structure, the electrokinetic transport coupled with electrical resistance heating activation of peroxydisulfate elevated the soil fertility index. The abundance and diversity of bacterial communities in treated soil recovered to above the original soil level after 15 days. Our findings may support the application of electrokinetic transport coupled with electrical resistance heating activation of peroxydisulfate as a promising green ecological technology for the in situ remediation of organic-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiupeng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Yongping Shan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Kai Shen
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wentao Jiao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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7
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Zhan M, Wu L, Xu X, Wang J, Shan Y, Yin Y, Jiao W, Giesy JP. Synergetic degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in soil using electrical resistance heating induced persulfate activation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165497. [PMID: 37451438 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to wastes from production of fluorinated materials and use of aqueous fire-fighting foams (AFFF), soils contaminated with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is of concern. However, current PFOA-contaminated soil disposal techniques have relatively low degradation efficiencies and are not suitable for on-site remediation. In this study, an electrical resistance heating (ERH) device and a box experimental device were used to study whether ERH induced persulfate activation (ERH/PS) could degrade PFOA in the soil. The results indicated that single ERH and single PS addition could not effectively degrade PFOA (with approximately 0.3 % and 3.9 % degradation after 9 h, respectively), while the degradation efficiency of PFOA with coupled ERH/PS could reach 87.3 % after 9 h of reaction. Moreover, effects of PS content, heating temperature, and soil organic matter on the degradation of PFOA were explored. During the ERH/PS process, PFOA was gradually transformed into short chain perfluorinated compounds and finally mineralized to fluoride ions. Finally, using a box experimental device, PS was effectively transported to the target contaminated area through electrokinetic (EK)-assisted delivery. After activating PS through ERH, the degradation rate of PFOA could reach 95.5 %. This is a novel study demonstrating the feasibility of ERH induced PS activation to degrade PFOA in soil, which provides a potential on-site strategy for remediation of PFOA-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiu Zhan
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Liutao Wu
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xu Xu
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinqing Wang
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yongping Shan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yongguang Yin
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wentao Jiao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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8
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Yu Q, Zheng Y, Li D. Permeable reactive composite approaching cathode enhanced Cr removal in soil using the byproduct of electrokinetic technology: emphasized energy utilization efficiency. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:98139-98155. [PMID: 37608168 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28993-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Cost-effective techniques with significant removal rates and low energy consumption are urgently required for in-situ Cr-contaminated soil remediation to reduce potential environmental toxicity to the ecosystem and human bodies. Electrokinetic technology is a valuable and promising soil remediation technology; however, the acidic and alkaline fronts evolution induced by the electrokinetic byproducts (H+, OH-) has significant hindering characteristics for ion removal. To effectively utilize the byproducts for enhancing Cr elimination, this paper proposed the permeable reactive composite approaching cathode with rhamnolipid-modified biochar as reactive material. Power utilization efficiency (η) was presented to comprehensively evaluate the target species elimination effect, considering removal rate and energy consumption. Results suggested that biosurfactant rhamnolipid stimulated Cr removal in acid and base fronts. Acid front induced rhamnolipid protonation reducing anolyte Cr(VI) to Cr(III), and base front induced rhamnolipid deprotonation complexing with Cr(III) and expediting Cr(VI) dissolution by electrostatic repulsion. Permeable reactive composite approaching cathode induced the maximum removal rate of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in each section by impelling the alkaline front. Approaching cathode caused increased resistance and energy consumption in the near-anode regions, ultimately decreasing energy utilization efficiency. Optimized moving frequency and applied potential magnitude could adjust power consumption distribution in a single soil layer to obtain better electrokinetic removal performance of contaminates. This work provided essential scientific and practical importance for in-situ electrokinetic remediation of Cr(VI) and Cr(III), considering elimination efficiency and energy consumption in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
- College of Resources and Safety Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
- College of Resources and Safety Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Dongwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
- College of Resources and Safety Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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Chu L, Cang L, Sun Z, Wang X, Chen H, Fang G, Gao J. Mechanism of nitro-byproducts formation during persulfate-based electrokinetic in situ oxidation for remediation of anthracene contaminated soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 453:131396. [PMID: 37058937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Persulfate-based electrokinetic (EK) chemical oxidation appears to be a novel and viable strategy for the in situ remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) polluted soil; however, the possible toxic byproducts of PAHs have been overlooked. In this study, we systematically investigated the formation mechanism of the nitro-byproducts of anthracene (ANT) during the EK process. Electrochemical experiments revealed that NH4+ and NO2- originating from nitrate electrolyte or soil substrates were oxidized to NO2• and NO• in the presence of SO4•-. Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS/MS) analysis with 15N labeling revealed the formation of nitro-byproducts (14 kinds), including 1-hydroxy-4-nitro-anthraquinone and its similar derivatives, 4-nitrophenol, and 2,4-dinitrophenol. The nitration pathways of ANT have been proposed and described, mainly including the formation of hydroxyl-anthraquinone-oxygen and phenoxy radicals and the subsequent addition of NO2• and NO•. ANT-based formation of nitro-byproducts during EK, which is usually underestimated, should be further investigated due to their enhanced acute toxicity, mutagenic effects, and potential threat to the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longgang Chu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Long Cang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhaoyue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xinghao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Guodong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Juan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing College, Nanjing 210008, China.
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10
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Wen D, Liu H, Zhang Y, Fu R. Electrokinetically-delivered persulfate and pulsed direct current electric field induced transport, mixing and thermally activated in situ for remediation of PAHs contaminated soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 444:130414. [PMID: 36413897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we proposed and proved a novel strategy that enhanced the delivery of persulfate (PS) to soil by electrokinetics (EK), and then applying a pulsed direct current (DC) electric field thermally activated the PS in situ, and synchronously promoted PS plume mixing, contaminants-free radicals reaction and continued to replenish PS to the soil, to achieve efficient degradation of contaminants in low permeability zones. Results showed that transport rate of PS in tested soil by EK was approximately 12.3 times than diffusion. Applying an irregular pulsed DC field maintained the targeted temperature (30-50 ℃) during activation phase, and generated two oxidative radicals (SO4∙-/∙OH). Concurrently, in the case, electromigration and electroosmosis have promoted the PS transport and the reactive mixing of PS/free radicals with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminated soil and enhance the PAHs degradation. PS concentrations in pore fluid was characterized by an increase accompanied by continuous fluctuations. Eventually, in case of the long-term low-temperature activation (i.e., 30-40 ℃), a significant decreases (nearly 60%) in average concentration of PAHs in the whole soil cell was observed over 10 days. These results demonstrates that the novel strategy has great potentiality in the remediation of low permeability contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Centre for Environmental Risk Management & Remediation of Soil & Groundwater, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Huaqiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Centre for Environmental Risk Management & Remediation of Soil & Groundwater, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Centre for Environmental Risk Management & Remediation of Soil & Groundwater, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rongbing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Centre for Environmental Risk Management & Remediation of Soil & Groundwater, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Zheng Y, Yu Q, Yu L, Zhang P, Zeng L, Lin X, Han R, Li D. Enhanced remediation of surface-bound hexavalent chromium in soils using the acidic and alkaline fronts of electrokinetic technology. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135905. [PMID: 35931266 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the subsurface environment, highly toxic hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) control and remediation are essential to avoid further ecological impacts and reduce environmental risks. This paper investigated the enhanced Cr(VI) electrokinetic removal in the soil through the approaching cathode method. Besides, a novel four-step sequential fractionation method was used to reflect the strength of Cr(VI) binding to the soil. The approaching cathode enhanced the electrokinetic delivery of surface-bound Cr(VI) by advancing the alkaline front for Cr(VI) desorption and improving the electric potential flattening of the soil layers. Desorption of Cr(VI) by the alkaline front involved converting the inner-sphere complexes form of Cr(VI) to a weakly adsorbed form susceptible to ionic strength. In addition, the acidic front provided a favorable environment for the photochemical reduction of Cr(VI) by soil species or the added citrate as the electron donors. Improving the potential distribution could regulate the energy consumption of individual soil layers and efficiently operate the electrokinetic transfer of pollutants. The work results have significant scientific and practical significance for applying the in-situ electrokinetic technique in subsurface pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; College of Resource and Safety Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Qiu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; College of Resource and Safety Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Lin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; College of Resource and Safety Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Pengpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; College of Resource and Safety Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Linghao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; College of Resource and Safety Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Xiaosha Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; College of Resource and Safety Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Renhui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; College of Resource and Safety Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Dongwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; College of Resource and Safety Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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12
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Zheng D, Geng Z, Huang W, Cao L, Wan Z, Li G, Zhang F. Enhanced semi-volatile DNAPL accessibility at sub-boiling temperature during electrical resistance heating in heterogeneous porous media. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129633. [PMID: 35882169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Successful remediation of semi-volatile contaminants using electrical resistance heating (ERH) coupled technologies requires a deep understanding of contaminant migration and accessibility, especially with stratigraphic heterogeneity and dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) occurrence. Here, we chose nitrobenzene (NB) as a model contaminant of semi-volatile DNAPL and uniquely demonstrated that temperature variation during ERH could induce NB DNAPL migration out of the low permeability zone (LPZ) even below water boiling temperature. When heating the system using alternating current (AC) of 140 V to a temperature range of 50-79 °C, obvious DNAPL migration was visually observed. The upward migration of DNAPL would considerably increase the mass of accessible contaminant by other remediation measures. The downstream cumulative NB mass of 1092 mg in 140 V system raised 56-folds compared to that of 19 mg in the control experiment with only groundwater flow. This migration was mainly attributed to a complex natural convection caused by temperature gradient. Comparing with traditional AC heating, ERH powered by pulsed direct current (PDC-ERH) showed a higher and more uneven heating pattern, resulting in a stronger convection at the same voltage that enhanced the DNAPL migration out of LPZ. These results revealed the importance of natural convection in the ERH process, which could be further optimized to improve the energy efficiency of remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zheng
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Zhuning Geng
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Wan Huang
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Lifeng Cao
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Ziren Wan
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Guanghe Li
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies (NEL-SRT), Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Fang Zhang
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies (NEL-SRT), Beijing 100015, PR China.
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13
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14
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Qiu R, Zhang P, Feng G, Ni X, Miao Z, Wei L, Sun H. Enhanced thermal activation of persulfate by coupling hydrogen peroxide for efficient degradation of pyrene. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135057. [PMID: 35671814 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, H2O2 was introduced into thermally activated persulfate oxidation system (T-HPS), and the oxidation of pyrene (PYR) was investigated by the combined T-HPS technology. The results showed that H2O2 could significantly improve the reactivity of the thermally activated persulfate system (T-PS), with 240-min PYR degradation ratio increasing from 79.3% to 97.2% at 70 °C. In the T-HPS system, as persulfate initial concentration increased from 5 to 100 μM, the kinetic rate constant (kobs) of PYR degradation increased from 4.70 × 10-3 to 3.01 × 10-2 min-1, but the kobs did not show a positive association with H2O2 concentration with the same range, and the highest kobs was obtained at the H2O2 initial concentration of 20 μM. The optimal ratio of PS and H2O2 was set at 1:1 with the initial concentrations of the two oxidants both being 20 μM. Furthermore, PYR could be removed efficiently in a wide range of pH, and the best PYR degradation performance was obtained under neutral pH. Scavenging experiments demonstrated that OH played a more important role in PYR degradation in the T-HPS system than in the T-PS system. As suggested by the Arrhenius equation, the activation energy decreased from 124.5 to 107.4 kJ mol-1 after adding H2O2 to the T-PS system. This study provides a new oxidation approach that could prompt the T-PS activity by adding a suitable dosage of H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Guojie Feng
- Beijing GeoEnviron Engineering & Technology Inc., Beijing, 100095, China
| | - Xinxin Ni
- Beijing GeoEnviron Engineering & Technology Inc., Beijing, 100095, China
| | - Zhu Miao
- Beijing GeoEnviron Engineering & Technology Inc., Beijing, 100095, China
| | - Li Wei
- Beijing GeoEnviron Engineering & Technology Inc., Beijing, 100095, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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Chu L, Cang L, Sun Z, Wang X, Fang G, Gao J. Reagent-free electrokinetic remediation coupled with anode oxidation for the treatment of phenanthrene polluted soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 433:128724. [PMID: 35398794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrokinetic in-situ chemical oxidation (EK-ISCO) has attracted much attention during remediation of organic contaminated soil. Oxidants in EK-ISCO brings high cost and negative effects on soil physicochemical properties. In this study, a novel approach of combined electrokinetic treatment and anode oxidation was investigated to remediate phenanthrene polluted soils without adding oxidants. The fabricated Ti4O7 acted as anode, and could generate •OH at the rate of 9.31 × 10-7 mol h-1 at current 5.10 mA cm-2 through direct H2O electrolysis. Electro-osmotic flow (EOF) was used to transport phenanthrene to anode for the subsequent degradation. Sandy soil, fluvo-aquic soil and red soil were selected as typical soil samples, because pH and buffer capacity were two important factors affecting the direction of EOF. Strategies were developed to regulate the direction of EOF, including adding CEM membrane, maintaining soil pH at 3.5-4.0 and mixing solution from anode and cathode chambers. After treatment, more than 81.9% of phenanthrene was removed without adding any oxidants, and the remediated soil had low toxicity for Lolium perenne growth based on 3-d cultivation results. The results indicated that EK-AO had the advantage of less energy consumption and superior environmental friendliness than traditional EK-ISCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longgang Chu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Long Cang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, China
| | - Zhaoyue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, China
| | - Xinghao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, China
| | - Guodong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, China
| | - Juan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, China.
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Chu L, Cang L, Fang G, Sun Z, Wang X, Zhou D, Gao J. A novel electrokinetic remediation with in-situ generation of H 2O 2 for soil PAHs removal. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 428:128273. [PMID: 35051774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrokinetic-Fenton (EK-Fenton) technology requires a high dose of H2O2 to produce •OH radicals, which adds a high cost to the remediation process and raises safety concerns during transportation and storage of H2O2. Moreover, the remediation efficiency of the conventional EK-Fenton process is low due to the meaningless consumption of H2O2 on the electrodes and the alkaline environment near the cathode. In this work, a modified CMK3-gas diffusion electrode (CMK3-GDE) is fabricated. This cathode can continuously generate H2O2, and the cumulative H2O2 concentration can reach 0.23 M during 10 days of the test. The utilization of cation exchange membranes (CEMs) efficiently restricts the decomposition of H2O2 on the electrodes and prevents the alkalization of the soil near the cathode, resulting in a 13.7-43.2% increase of the removal efficiency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this new treatment process, PAHs are mainly oxidized into quinones, ketones, alcohols, and small molecule acids, and all these products have lower toxicities than PAHs. The EK-Fenton/CMK3-GDE-CEM system exhibits excellent remediation efficiency for treating PAHs polluted soil, which could be a sustainable, eco-friendly, and low-cost strategy for soil remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longgang Chu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Long Cang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Guodong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhaoyue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinghao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Juan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
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