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Wang Y, Wang K, Liang T, Wang T, Liu J, Chen X, Xu C, Cao W, Fan H. Milk vetch returning combined with lime materials alleviates soil cadmium contamination and improves rice quality in soil-rice system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175770. [PMID: 39182782 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) returning and lime materials is employed as an effective strategy for remediating cadmium (Cd)-contaminated paddy fields. However, the combined effects of them on alleviating Cd pollution and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly explored. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of these combined treatments on soil properties, iron oxides, iron plaque, mineral elements, and amino acids through a field experiment. The following treatments were employed: lime (LM), limestone (LS), milk vetch (MV), MV + LM (MVLM), and MV + LS (MVLS), and a control (CK) group with no materials. Results demonstrated that treatments significantly decreased soil available Cd by 19.40-32.55 %, 10.20-39.58 %, and 25.36-40.66 % at tillering, filling, and maturing stages compared to CK, respectively. Moreover, exchangeable Cd was transformed into more stable fractions. Compared with individual treatments, MVLM and MVLS treatments further decreased available Cd and exchangeable Cd. Overall, Cd in brown rice was reduced by 18.97-77.39 % compared with CK. And the Cd in iron plaque decreased by 14.12-31.14 %, 24.65-61.60 %, 2.6-38.28 % across three stages. Furthermore, soil pH, dissolved organic carbon, and cation exchange capacity increased, along with 0.22-62.09 % and 0.57-10.66 % increases in free and amorphous iron oxide contents at all stages, respectively. Compared with lime alone, the integration of MV returning facilitated increased formation of Fed, Feo and enhanced the antagonistic effect among grain Ca with Cd; Additionally, it increased AAs in brown rice, improving rice quality and potentially reducing Cd transport. Mantel tests and Partial least squares path modeling revealed a significant positive correlation between Cd in IP and rice Cd uptake and a significant negative correlation between available Cd, Fed and Feo. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms involved in mitigating soil Cd bioavailability using integrated approaches with MV returning and lime materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ting Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tianshu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Soil and Fertilizer & Resources and Environment Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Xiaofen Chen
- Soil and Fertilizer & Resources and Environment Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Changxu Xu
- Soil and Fertilizer & Resources and Environment Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Weidong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Fu L, Deng J, Liu S, Zhang C, Xue W, Mailhot G, Vione D, Deng Y, Wang C, Wang L. Efficient regulation of cadmium accumulation by carboxymethylammonium chloride in rice: Correlation analysis and expression of transporter gene OsGLR3. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172861. [PMID: 38685417 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism of carboxymethylammonium chloride (CC) regulating cadmium (Cd) accumulation in rice was studied in field and hydroponic experiments. Field experiments showed that 0.2-1.2 mmol L-1 CC spraying effectively reduced Cd accumulation by 44 %-77 % in early rice grains and 39 %-78 % in late rice grains, significantly increased calcium (Ca) content and amino acids content in grains, as well as alleviated Cd-induced oxidative damage in leaves. Hydroponic experiments further verified the inhibition effect of CC on Cd accumulation. 1.2 mmol L-1 CC made the highest decrease of Cd content in shoots and roots of hydroponic seedlings by 45 % and 53 %, respectively. Exogenous CC significantly increased glutamate (Glu), glycine (Gly) and glutathione (GSH) content, and improved the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 41-131 % and 11-121 % in shoots of hydroponic seedlings, respectively. Exogenous CC also increased the relative expression of OsGLR3.1-3.5 in the shoots and roots of hydroponic seedlings. The quantum computational chemistry was used to clarify that the Gly radical provided by CC could form various complexes with Cd through carboxyl oxygen atoms. These results showed that exogenous application of CC improved the tolerance to Cd by enhancing the antioxidant capacity; inhibited the absorption, transport and accumulation of Cd in rice by (1) promoting chelation, (2) increasing the GLRs activity through upregulating the content of Glu, Gly, as well as the expression of OsGLR3.1-3.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Jiawei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Shuangyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Changbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China.
| | - Weijie Xue
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China.
| | - Gilles Mailhot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Davide Vione
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Yun Deng
- School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Changrong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Fu L, Deng J, Lao DR, Zhang C, Xue W, Deng Y, Luo X. Effects of Foliar Spraying of Dicarboxylicdimethylammonium Chloride on Cadmium and Arsenic Accumulation in Rice Grains. TOXICS 2024; 12:418. [PMID: 38922098 PMCID: PMC11209034 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12060418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
A field experiment with double cropping rice was carried out to study the foliar application effects of dicarboxylicdimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) on cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) accumulation in rice grains. The results showed that the spraying of DDAC could significantly reduce the accumulation of Cd and As in rice grains. The highest reductions in Cd and As content were observed when 1.5 mmol L-1 DDAC was sprayed, with 49.1% and 27.4% reductions in Cd and As content in early rice grains and 56.5% and 28.1% reductions in Cd and As content in late rice grains, respectively. In addition, the content of calcium (Ca) in rice grains increased significantly after DDAC foliar application, which was also conducive to the synthesis of amino acids such as glutamate (Glu), glycine (Gly) and cysteine (Cys) in rice grains. The results indicated that the foliar spraying of DDAC can inhibit the absorption, transport, accumulation and toxicity of Cd and As in rice grains by increasing amino acid synthesis and regulating the absorption and transport of essential elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China; (L.F.); (J.D.); (D.R.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Jiawei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China; (L.F.); (J.D.); (D.R.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Dayliana Ruiz Lao
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China; (L.F.); (J.D.); (D.R.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Changbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China; (L.F.); (J.D.); (D.R.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Weijie Xue
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China; (L.F.); (J.D.); (D.R.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Yun Deng
- School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Xin Luo
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China; (L.F.); (J.D.); (D.R.L.); (X.L.)
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Biswash MR, Li KW, Lu HL, Shi YXX, Uwiringiyimana E, Guo L, Xu RK. Effect of Cd(II) adsorption onto rice roots on its uptake by different indica and japonica rice varieties and toxicity effect of Cd(II) under acidic conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33228-7. [PMID: 38607481 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The rapid increase in soil acidity coupled with the deleterious effects of cadmium (Cd) toxicity had led to a decline in worldwide agricultural production. Rice absorbs and accumulates Cd(II) from polluted paddy soils, increasing human health risks throughout the food chain. A 35-day hydroponic experiment with four japonica and four indica (two each of them tolerant and sensitive cultivars) was conducted in this study to investigate the adsorption and absorption of Cd(II) by rice roots as related with surface chemical properties of the roots. The results showed that the three chemical forms of exchangeable, complexed, and precipitated Cd(II) increased with the increase in Cd(II) concentration for all rice cultivars. The roots of indica rice cultivars carried more negative charges and had greater functional groups and thus adsorbed more exchangeable and complexed Cd(II) than those of japonica rice cultivars. This led to more absorption of Cd(II) by the roots and greater toxicity of Cd(II) to the roots of indica rice cultivars and more inhibition of Cd(II) stress on the growth of the roots and whole plants of indica rice cultivars compared with japonica rice cultivars, which was one of the main reasons for more declines in the biomass and length of indica rice roots and shoots than japonica rice cultivars. Cd(II) stress showed more toxicity to the sensitive rice cultivars and thus greater inhibition on the growth of the cultivars due to more exchangeable and complexed Cd(II) adsorbed by their roots induced by more negative charges and functional groups on the roots compared with tolerant rice cultivar for both indica and japonica, which resulted in greater decreases in the biomass and length of roots and shoots as well as chlorophyll contents of the sensitive cultivars than the tolerant cultivars. The roots of sensitive rice cultivars also absorbed more Cd(II) than tolerant rice cultivars due to the same reasons as above. These findings will provide useful references for the safe utilization and health risk prevention of Cd-contaminated paddy fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Romel Biswash
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Adaptive Research Division (ARD), Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur, 1701, Bangladesh
| | - Ke-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hai-Long Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang-Xiao-Xiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ernest Uwiringiyimana
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Linyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ren-Kou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Chen L, Ma J, Xiang S, Jiang L, Wang Y, Li Z, Liu X, Duan S, Luo Y, Xiao Y. Promotion of rice seedlings growth and enhancement of cadmium immobilization under cadmium stress with two types of organic fertilizer. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123619. [PMID: 38401632 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soil poses a severe threat to crop production and human health, while also resulting in a waste of land resources. In this study, two types of organic fertilizer (ZCK: Low-content available iron; Z2: High-content available iron) were applied to Cd-contaminated soil for rice cultivation, and the effects of the fertilizer on rice growth and Cd passivation were investigated in conjunction with soil microbial analysis. Results showed that Z2 could alter the composition, structure, and diversity of microbial communities, as well as enhance the complexity and stability of the microbial network. Both 2% and 5% Z2 significantly increased the fresh weight and dry weight of rice plants while suppressing Cd absorption. The 2% Z2 exhibited the best Cd passivation effect. Gene predictions suggested that Z2 may promote plant growth by regulating microbial production of organic acids that dissolve phosphorus and potassium. Furthermore, it is suggested that Z2 may facilitate the absorption and immobilization of soil cadmium through the regulation of microbial cadmium efflux and uptake systems, as well as via the secretion of extracellular polysaccharides. In summary, Z2 can promote rice growth, suppress Cd absorption by rice, and passivate soil Cd by regulating soil microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, China
| | - Sha Xiang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, China
| | - Lihong Jiang
- College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, China
| | - Zhihuan Li
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, China
| | - Xianjing Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, China
| | - Shuyang Duan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, China
| | - Yunhua Xiao
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, China.
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Qiu CW, Richmond M, Ma Y, Zhang S, Liu W, Feng X, Ahmed IM, Wu F. Melatonin enhances cadmium tolerance in rice via long non-coding RNA-mediated modulation of cell wall and photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133251. [PMID: 38141306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
In plants, melatonin (MLT) is a versatile signaling molecule involved in promoting plant development and mitigating the damage caused by heavy metal exposure. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are essential components in the plant's response to various abiotic stress, functioning within the gene regulatory network. Here, a hydroponic experiment was performed to explore the involvement of lncRNAs in MLT-mediated amelioration of cadmium (Cd) toxicity in rice plants. The results demonstrated that applying 250 mg L-1 MLT in a solution containing 10 μM Cd leads to an effective reduction of 30.0% in shoot Cd concentration. Remarkably, the treatment resulted in a 21.2% improvement in potassium and calcium uptake, a 164.5% enhancement in net photosynthetic rate, and a 33.2% decrease in malondialdehyde accumulation, resulting increases in plant height, root length, and biomass accumulation. Moreover, a transcriptome analysis revealed 2510 differentially expressed transcripts, including the Cd transporters (-3.82-fold downregulated) and the Cd tolerance-associated genes (1.24-fold upregulated). Notably, regulatory network prediction uncovered 6 differentially expressed lncRNAs that act as competitive endogenous RNA or in RNA complex interactions. These key lncRNAs regulate the expression of target genes that are involved in pectin and cellulose metabolism, scavenging of reactive oxygen species, salicylic acid-mediated defense response, and biosynthesis of brassinosteroids, which ultimately modify the cell wall for Cd adsorption, safeguard photosynthesis, and control hormone signaling to reduce Cd toxicity. Our results unveiled a crucial lncRNA-mediated mechanism underlying MLT's role in Cd detoxification in rice plants, providing potential applications in agricultural practices and environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Marvin Richmond
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wenxing Liu
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Imrul Mosaddek Ahmed
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Center for Viticulture & Small Fruit Research, Florida A&M University, FL 32317, USA
| | - Feibo Wu
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Xue W, Wang C, Pan S, Zhang C, Huang Y, Liu Z. Effects of elevation and geomorphology on cadmium, lead and chromium enrichment in paddy soil and rice: A case study in the Xiangtan basin of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168613. [PMID: 37984659 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The distributions of heavy metals in paddy fields and rice along river valleys were studied to explore the key factors affecting the accumulation of heavy metals in the upstream terraces and downstream plains. Results from 975 sampling sites showed that elevation, growing season and soil organic matter (OM) had significant effects on the content of Cd and Pb in topsoil and rice. The content of Cd (0.47-0.66 mg kg-1) and Pb (49.9-68.6 mg kg-1) in paddy fields with low elevation (30-60 m) in the downstream plains was significantly higher than the content of Cd (0.29-0.38 mg kg-1) and Pb (43.9-56.3 mg kg-1) in the upstream terraces with high altitude (60-90 m). In the double-rice production area, late rice generally produced grains with higher Cd and Pb content than early rice. Soil Cd was positively increased with the content of OM, especially in the downstream plains. When elevation was used for principal component analysis, plains with low elevation were grouped together with high content of total and soluble Cd, OM and Pb in soil, as well as high content of Cd and Pb in late rice. Altitude is one of the key factors affecting Cd content in rice. Although content of Cr (93.7-138.0 mg kg-1) was significantly higher than that of Cd and Pb in soil, content of Cr was lower than that of Cd in rice. These results indicate that paddy fields with elevation of 30-60 m in the downstream plains had high risk to produce late rice with Cd and Pb content exceeding the food safety standard 0.2 mg kg-1, which may be resulted from the driving force of runoff on soil soluble Cd and Pb from terraces to alluvial plains in river valleys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Xue
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Changrong Wang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Shufang Pan
- Hunan Institute of Agricultural Environment and Ecology, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Changbo Zhang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Yongchun Huang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Zhongqi Liu
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China.
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Kong F, Lu S. Soil inorganic amendments produce safe rice by reducing the transfer of Cd and increasing key amino acids in brown rice. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 136:121-132. [PMID: 37923424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The digestibility of cadmium (Cd) in brown rice is directly related to amino acid metabolism in rice and human health. In our field study, three kinds of alkaline calcium-rich soil inorganic amendments (SIAs) at three dosages were applied to produce safe rice and improve the quality of rice in Cd-contaminated paddy. With the increased application of SIA, Cd content in iron plaque on rice root significantly increased, the transfer of Cd from rice root to grain significantly decreased, and then Cd content in brown rice decreased synchronously. The vitro digestibility of Cd in brown rice was estimated by a physiologically based extraction test. Results showed that more than 70% of Cd in brown rice could be digested by simulated gastrointestinal juice. Based on the total and digestible Cd contents in brown rice to evaluate the health risk, the application of 2.25 ton SIA/ha could produce safe rice in acidic slightly Cd-contaminated paddy soils. The amino acids (AAs) in brown rice were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The contents of 5 key AAs (KAAs) that actively respond to environmental changes increased significantly with the increased application of SIA. The structural equation model indicated that KAAs could be affected by the Cd translocation capacity from rice root to grain, and consequently altered the ratio of indigestible Cd in brown rice. The formation of indigestible KAAs-Cd complexes by combining KAAs (phenylalanine, leucine, histidine, glutamine, and asparagine) with Cd in brown rice could be considered a potential mechanism for reducing the digestibility of Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyi Kong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shenggao Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Wang H, Liu M, Zhang Y, Jiang Q, Wang Q, Gu Y, Song X, Li Y, Ye Y, Wang F, Chen X, Wang Z. Foliar spraying of Zn/Si affects Cd accumulation in paddy grains by regulating the remobilization and transport of Cd in vegetative organs. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108351. [PMID: 38217926 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The reduction of cadmium (Cd) accumulation in rice grains through biofortification of essential nutrients like zinc (Zn) and silicon (Si) is an area of study that has gained significant attention. However, there is limited understanding of the mechanism of Zn/Si interaction on Cd accumulation and remobilization in rice plants. This work used a pot experiment to examine the effects of Zn and Si applied singly or in combination on the physiological metabolism of Cd in different rice organs under Cd stress. The results revealed that: Zn/Si application led to a significant decrease in root Cd concentration and reduce the value of Tf Soil-Root in filling stage. The content of phytochelatin (PCs, particularly PC2) and glutathione (GSH) in roots, top and basal nodes were increased with Zn/Si treatment application. Furthermore, Zn/Si treatment promoted the distribution of Cd in cell wall during Cd stress. These findings suggest that Zn/Si application facilitates the compartmentalization of Cd within subcellular structures and enhances PCs production in vegetative organs, thereby reducing Cd remobilization. Zn/Si treatment upregulated the metabolism of amino acid components involved in osmotic regulation, secondary metabolite synthesis, and plant chelating peptide synthesis in vegetative organs. Additionally, it significantly decreased the accumulation of Cd in globulin, albumin, and glutelin, resulting in an average reduction of 50.87% in Cd concentration in milled rice. These results indicate that Zn/Si nutrition plays a crucial role in mitigating heavy metal stress and improving the nutritional quality of rice by regulating protein composition and coordinating amino acid metabolism balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huicong Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, PR China
| | - Mingsong Liu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, PR China
| | - Qin Jiang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, PR China
| | - Qingping Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, PR China
| | - Yuqin Gu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, PR China
| | - Xinping Song
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Yuxiu Ye
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Agricultural Green and Low Carbon Production Technology Engineering Research Center, PR China
| | - Feibing Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Agricultural Green and Low Carbon Production Technology Engineering Research Center, PR China
| | - Xinhong Chen
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Agricultural Green and Low Carbon Production Technology Engineering Research Center, PR China
| | - Zunxin Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Agricultural Green and Low Carbon Production Technology Engineering Research Center, PR China.
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10
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Zhang X, Xue W, Qi L, Zhang C, Wang C, Huang Y, Wang Y, Peng L, Liu Z. Malic acid inhibits accumulation of cadmium, lead, nickel and chromium by down-regulation of OsCESA and up-regulation of OsGLR3 in rice plant. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122934. [PMID: 37967709 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Malic acid (MA) plays an important role in plant tolerance to toxic metals, but its effect in restricting the transport of harmful metals remains unclear. In this study, japonica rice NPB and its fragile-culm mutant fc8 with low cellulose and thin cell wall were used to investigate the influence of MA on the accumulation of 4 toxic elements (Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cr) and 8 essential elements (K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Mo) in rice. The results showed that fc8 accumulated less toxic elements but more Ca and glutamate in grains and vegetative organs than NPB. After foliar application with MA at rice anthesis stage, the content of Cd, Pb, Ni significantly decreased by 27.9-41.0%, while those of Ca and glutamate significantly increased in both NPB and fc8. Therefore, the ratios between Cd and Ca in grains of NPB (3.4‰) and fc8 (1.5‰) were greatly higher than that in grains of NPB + MA (1.1‰) and fc8+MA (0.8‰) treatments. Meanwhile, the expression of OsCEAS4,7,8,9 for the cellulose synthesis in secondary cell walls were down-regulated and cellulose content in vegetative organs of NPB and fc8 decreased by 16.7-21.1%. However, MA application significantly up-regulated the expression of GLR genes (OsGLR3.1-3.5) and raised the activity of glutamic-oxalacetic transaminease for glutamate synthesis in NPB and fc8. These results indicate that hazard risks of toxic elements in foods can be efficiently reduced through regulating cellulose biosynthesis and GLR channels in plant by combining genetic modification in vivo and malic acid application in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Tianjin, 300191, China; Hainan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Haikou, 571126, China
| | - Weijie Xue
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Lin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Changbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Changrong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Yongchun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Yanting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Liangcai Peng
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Zhongqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Tianjin, 300191, China.
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11
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Zhou Y, Yao L, Huang X, Li Y, Wang C, Huang Q, Yu L, Pan C. Transcriptomics and metabolomics association analysis revealed the responses of Gynostemma pentaphyllum to cadmium. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1265971. [PMID: 37877087 PMCID: PMC10591085 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1265971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum an important medicinal herb, can absorb high amounts of cadmium (Cd) which can lead to excessive Cd contamination during the production of medicines and tea. Hence, it is crucial to investigate the response mechanism of G. pentaphyllum under Cd stress to develop varieties with low Cd accumulation and high tolerance. Physiological response analysis, transcriptomics and metabolomics were performed on G. pentaphyllum seedlings exposed to Cd stress. Herein, G. pentaphyllum seedlings could significantly enhance antioxidant enzyme activities (POD, CAT and APX), proline and polysaccharide content subject to Cd stress. Transcriptomics analysis identified the secondary metabolites, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and signal transduction pathways associated with Cd stress, which mainly involved the XTH, EXP and GST genes. Metabolomics analysis identified 126 differentially expressed metabolites, including citric acid, flavonoid and amino acids metabolites, which were accumulated under Cd stress. Multi-omics integrative analysis unraveled that the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch, and sucrose metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, and ABC transporter were significantly enriched at the gene and metabolic levels in response to Cd stress in G. pentaphyllum. In conclusion, the genetic regulatory network sheds light on Cd response mechanisms in G. pentaphyllum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Zhou
- Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Resources General Survey and Data Collection Key Laboratory, the Center for Phylogeny and Evolution of Medicinal Plants, National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Southwest Endangered Medicinal Materials Resources Development, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Lixiang Yao
- Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Resources General Survey and Data Collection Key Laboratory, the Center for Phylogeny and Evolution of Medicinal Plants, National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Southwest Endangered Medicinal Materials Resources Development, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Xueyan Huang
- Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Resources General Survey and Data Collection Key Laboratory, the Center for Phylogeny and Evolution of Medicinal Plants, National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Southwest Endangered Medicinal Materials Resources Development, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Li
- Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Resources General Survey and Data Collection Key Laboratory, the Center for Phylogeny and Evolution of Medicinal Plants, National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Southwest Endangered Medicinal Materials Resources Development, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Chunli Wang
- Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Resources General Survey and Data Collection Key Laboratory, the Center for Phylogeny and Evolution of Medicinal Plants, National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Southwest Endangered Medicinal Materials Resources Development, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Qinfen Huang
- Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Resources General Survey and Data Collection Key Laboratory, the Center for Phylogeny and Evolution of Medicinal Plants, National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Southwest Endangered Medicinal Materials Resources Development, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Liying Yu
- Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Resources General Survey and Data Collection Key Laboratory, the Center for Phylogeny and Evolution of Medicinal Plants, National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Southwest Endangered Medicinal Materials Resources Development, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Chunliu Pan
- Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Resources General Survey and Data Collection Key Laboratory, the Center for Phylogeny and Evolution of Medicinal Plants, National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Southwest Endangered Medicinal Materials Resources Development, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
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12
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Zhang X, Xue W, Zhang C, Wang C, Huang Y, Wang Y, Peng L, Liu Z. Cadmium pollution leads to selectivity loss of glutamate receptor channels for permeation of Ca 2+/Mn 2+/Fe 2+/Zn 2+ over Cd 2+ in rice plant. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131342. [PMID: 37023578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The selective permeation of glutamate receptor channels (GLRs) for essential and toxic elements in plant cells is poorly understood. The present study found that the ratios between cadmium (Cd) and 7 essential elements (i.e., K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu) in grains and vegetative organs increased significantly with the increase of soil Cd levels. Accumulation of Cd resulted in the significant increase of Ca, Mn, Fe and Zn content and the expression levels of Ca channel genes (OsCNGC1,2 and OsOSCA1.1,2.4), while remarkable reduction of glutamate content and expression levels of GLR3.1-3.4 in rice. When planted in the same Cd-polluted soil, mutant fc8 displayed significantly higher content of Ca, Fe, Zn and expression levels of GLR3.1-3.4 than its wild type NPB. On the contrary, the ratios between Cd and essential elements in fc8 were significantly lower than that in NPB. These results indicate that Cd pollution may damage the structural integrity of GLRs by inhibiting glutamate synthesis and expression levels of GLR3.1-3.4, which leads to the increase of ion influx but the decrease of preferential selectivity for Ca2+/ Mn2+/ Fe2+/ Zn2+ over Cd2+ through GLRs in rice cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Weijie Xue
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Changbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Changrong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Yongchun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Yanting Wang
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liangcai Peng
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Tianjin 300191, China.
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13
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Zhu Y, Ge X, Wang L, You Y, Cheng Y, Ma J, Chen F. Biochar rebuilds the network complexity of rare and abundant microbial taxa in reclaimed soil of mining areas to cooperatively avert cadmium stress. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:972300. [PMID: 35983321 PMCID: PMC9378816 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.972300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the interactions between the soil microbial communities and species is critical in the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil. Biochar has been widely applied as a stabilizer in the in situ remediation of cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soils in mining areas. However, the rebuilding of the microbial taxa of rare and abundant species by biochar and their cooperative resistance to Cd stress remains elusive. In this pursuit, the present study envisaged the effects of two types of biochars viz., poplar bark biochar (PB) and thiourea-modified poplar bark biochar (TP) on the rare and abundant bacterial and fungal taxa by using pot experiments. The results demonstrated that the PB and TP treatments significantly reduced the leached Cd content, by 35.13 and 68.05%, respectively, compared with the control group (CK), in the reclaimed soil of the mining area. The application of biochar significantly improved the physicochemical properties like pH and Soil Organic Matter (SOM) of the soil. It was observed that TP treatment was superior to the PB and CK groups in increasing the diversity of the soil abundant and rare species of microbial taxa. Compared with the CK group, the application of PB and TP enhanced and elevated the complexity of the microbial networks of rare and abundant taxa, increased the number and types of network core microorganisms, reshaped the network core microorganisms and hubs, and boosted the microbial resistance to Cd stress. Our results indicate the response of rare and abundant microbial taxa to biochar application and the mechanism of their synergistic remediation of Cd-contaminated soil, thereby providing technical feasibility for in situ remediation of Cd-contaminated soil in mining areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Mine Ecological Restoration, Xuzhou, China
- School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Ge
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
- Liping Wang,
| | - Yunnan You
- School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Cheng
- School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Mine Ecological Restoration, Xuzhou, China
- School of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fu Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Mine Ecological Restoration, Xuzhou, China
- School of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Fu Chen,
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