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Ekpe OD, Choo G, Kang JK, Yun ST, Oh JE. Identification of organic chemical indicators for tracking pollution sources in groundwater by machine learning from GC-HRMS-based suspect and non-target screening data. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 252:121130. [PMID: 38295453 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the strong analytical power of gas chromatography coupled to a high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) in suspect and non-target screening (SNTS) of organic micropollutants was combined with machine learning tools for proposing a novel and robust systematic environmental forensics workflow, focusing on groundwater contamination. Groundwater samples were collected from four different regions with diverse contamination histories (namely oil [OC], agricultural [AGR], industrial [IND], and landfill [LF]), and a total of 252 organic micropollutants were identified, including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, plasticizers, phenols, organophosphate flame retardants, transformation products, and others, with detection frequencies ranging from 3 % to 100 %. Amongst the SNTS identified compounds, a total of 51 chemical indicators (i.e., OC: 13, LF: 12, AGR: 19, IND: 7) which included level 1 and 2 SNTS identified chemicals were pinpointed across all sampling regions by integrating a bootstrapped feature selection method involving the bootfs algorithm and a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model to determine potential prevalent contamination sources. The proposed workflow showed good predictive ability (Q2) of 0.897, and the suggested contamination sources were gasoline, diesel, and/or other light petroleum products for the OC region, anthropogenic activities for the LF region, agricultural and human activities for the AGR region, and industrial/human activities for the IND region. These results suggest that the proposed workflow can select a subset of the most diagnostic features in the chemical space that can best distinguish a specific contamination source class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okon Dominic Ekpe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Gyojin Choo
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Jin-Kyu Kang
- Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea; Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea.
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Wu Z, Wu S, Hou Y, Cao H, Cai C. Facilitated transport of toluene and naphthalene with humic acid in high- and low-permeability systems: Role of ionic strength and cationic type. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133487. [PMID: 38219592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The occurrence of colloids on pollutants transport in groundwater has attracted more attention. However, the research on the regulation mechanism of colloids on combined pollutants transport in heterogeneous aquifers is limited. In this study, a series of tank experiments were conducted to systematically investigate the effects of ionic strength, and cation type on humic acid (HA) facilitated transport of toluene (TOL), and naphthalene (NAP) in high- and low-permeability systems. The results showed that HA facilitated pollutants transport in low Na+ solution. In Ca2+ solution, the presence of HA hindered pollutants transport, and the inhibition increased with the increase of ionic strength. Both in Na+ solution and low Ca2+ solution, the influence of heterogeneous structure on pollutant transport played a dominant role, and TOL and NAP had a greater transport potential in the high permeability zone (HPZ) due to the preferential flow. Whereas, deposition of HA aggregates, and electrostatic attractive interaction had negative effects on transport than groundwater flow in high Ca2+ solution. Pollutants were prone to accumulate at the bottom of the HPZ, and the top of the low permeability zone (LPZ). These new findings provide insights into the mechanism of colloids influence on the pollutants transport in heterogenous aquifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongran Wu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shengyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yao Hou
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China; College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Hongjian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China.
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Jia W, Liu H, Ma Y, Huang G, Liu Y, Zhao B, Xie D, Huang K, Wang R. Reproducibility in nontarget screening (NTS) of environmental emerging contaminants: Assessing different HLB SPE cartridges and instruments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168971. [PMID: 38042181 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-targeted screening (NTS) methods are integral in environmental research for detecting emerging contaminants. However, their efficacy can be influenced by variations in hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) instruments across different laboratories. In this study, we scrutinized the influence of five HLB SPE cartridges (Nano, Weiqi, CNW, Waters, and J&K) and four LC-HRMS platforms (Agilent, Waters, Thermo, and AB SCIEX) on the identification of emerging environmental contaminants. Our results demonstrate that 87.6 % of the target compounds and over 59.6 % of the non-target features were consistently detected across all tested HLB cartridges, with an overall 71.2 % universally identified across the four LC-HRMS systems. Discrepancies in detection rates were primarily attributable to variations in retention time stability, mass stability of precursors and fragments, system cleanliness affecting fold change and p-values, and fragment response. These findings confirm the necessity of refining parameter criteria for NTS. Moreover, our study confirms the efficacy of the PyHRMS tool in analyzing and processing data from multiple instrumental platforms, reinforcing its utility for multi-platform NTS. Overall, our findings underscore the reliability and robustness of NTS methods in identifying potential water contaminants, while also highlighting factors that may influence these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province (Hainan University), Haikou 570228, China
| | - He Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yini Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province (Hainan University), Haikou 570228, China
| | - Guolong Huang
- Zhejiang GenPure Eco-Tech Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310020, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaxiong Liu
- Guangdong Institute for Drug Control, Guangzhou 510663, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Monitoring, Early Warning and Environmental Health Risk Assessment, Nanning 530028, China
| | - Danping Xie
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Monitoring, Early Warning and Environmental Health Risk Assessment, Nanning 530028, China
| | - Kaibo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province (Hainan University), Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Rui Wang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Monitoring, Early Warning and Environmental Health Risk Assessment, Nanning 530028, China.
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Shi J, Jiang J, Chen Q, Wang L, Nian K, Long T. Production of higher toxic intermediates of organic pollutants during chemical oxidation processes: A review. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
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Li P, Su W, Liang W, Zhu B, Li T, Ruan T, Jiang G. Occurrence and Temporal Trends of Benzotriazole UV Stabilizers in Mollusks (2010-2018) from the Chinese Bohai Sea Revealed by Target, Suspect, and Nontarget Screening Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:16759-16767. [PMID: 36334087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BZT-UVs), including 2-(3,5-di-tert-amyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole (UV-328) that is currently under consideration for listing under the Stockholm Convention, are applied in many commodities and industrial products. However, limited information is available on the interannual variation of their environmental occurrence. In this study, an all-in-one strategy combining target, suspect, and nontarget screening analysis was established to comprehensively explore the temporal trends of BZT-UVs in mollusks collected from the Chinese Bohai Sea between 2010 and 2018. Significant residue levels of the target analytes were determined with a maximum total concentration of 6.4 × 103 ng/g dry weight. 2-(2-Hydroxy-3-tert-butyl-5-methyl-phenyl)-5-chloro-benzotriazole (UV-326), 5-chloro-2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole (UV-327), and 2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl) benzotriazole (UV-P) were the predominant analogues, and UV-328 was the most frequently detected BZT-UV with a detection frequency (DF) of 87%. Whereas five biotransformation products and six impurity-like BZT-UVs were tentatively identified, their low DFs and semi-quantified concentrations suggest that the targeted analytes were the predominant BZT-UVs in the investigated area. A gradual decrease in the total concentrations of BZT-UVs was observed, accompanied by downward trends of the abundant compounds (e.g., UV-326 and UV-P). Consequently, the relative abundance of UV-327 increased because of its consistent environmental presence. These results suggest that continuous monitoring and risk assessment of BZT-UVs other than UV-328 are of importance in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenyuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenqing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Zuo R, Shi J, Han K, Xu D, Li Q, Zhao X, Xue Z, Xu Y, Wu Z, Wang J. Response relationship of environmental factors caused by toluene concentration during leaching of capillary zone. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 317:115366. [PMID: 35636110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the leaching of capillary water, the petroleum pollutants initially trapped in vadose zone may migrate to lower aquifer, thus increasing the risk of groundwater pollution. In order to explore the effect of capillary leaching on toluene-contaminated soil and the relationship between toluene concentration (TC) and environmental factors (EFs) during the leaching process, the sterilized and non-sterilized soil column experiments were designed. The EFs were used to estimate TC. The results showed that the difference between leaching and volatilization rates directly determined the changing trend of toluene concentration in capillary water. The toluene concentration in the medium always showed decreasing trend due to leaching. The indigenous microbial community structure of the non-sterilized soil column was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. It was found that indigenous microorganisms could degrade toluene after 33.0 days of acclimatation. The microbial population was dominated by bacteria, among them the Ellin6055 strain and Pseudomonas, Pseudoxanthomonas, Cupriavidus, Bdellovibrio, Sphingobium, Phenylobacterium, Ramlibacter, Bradyrhizobium, Shinella genera. The Pseudomonas was the most crucial bacterial genus that degraded toluene. Indigenous microbial degradation was the fundamental reason for strong response relationship. Furthermore, we suggested a relationship of function between environmental factors (pH, DO, ORP) and time (t) for toluene attenuation: C0+ln(eAtαBγCβ)=CToluene, (α, β, γ represent the pH, DO, and ORP in leaching capillary water, respectively; A, B, and C represent undetermined coefficients), and the fitting coefficient R2 > 0.950. This relationship can only characterize the attenuation process of capillary zone leaching on toluene. However, it may still be utilized to give a theoretical foundation for understanding the dynamic of pollutant concentration change processes under specific environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zuo
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jian Shi
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Kexue Han
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Donghui Xu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Qiao Li
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zhenkun Xue
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yunxiang Xu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ziyi Wu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jinsheng Wang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100875, China
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Zhang X, Deng J, Jia Q, Ji B, Dai Y, Huang LZ. Mineralization of tribromophenol under anoxic/oxic conditions in the presence of copper(II) doped green rust: Importance of sequential reduction-oxidation process. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 222:118959. [PMID: 35964514 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The groundwater environment often undergoes the transition from anoxic to oxic due to natural processes or human activities, but the influence of this transition on the fate of groundwater contaminates are not entirely understood. In this work, the degradation of tribromophenol (TBP) in the presence of environmentally relevant iron (oxyhydr)oxides (green rust, GR) and trace metal ions Cu(II) under anoxic/oxic-alternating conditions was investigated. Under anoxic conditions, GR-Cu(II) reduced TBP to 4-BP completely within 7 h while GR only had an adsorption effect on TBP. Under oxic conditions, GR-Cu(II) could generate •OH via dioxygen activation, which resulted in the oxidative transformation of TBP. Sixty-five percentage of TBP mineralization was achieved via a sequential reduction-oxidation process, which was not achieved through single reduction or oxidation process. The produced Cu(I) in GR-Cu(II) enhanced not only the reductive dehalogenation under anoxic conditions, but also the O2 activation under oxic conditions. Thus, the fate of TBP in anoxic/oxic-alternating groundwater environment is greatly influenced by the presence of GR-Cu(II). The sequential reduction-oxidation degradation of TBP by GR-Cu(II) is promising for future remediation of TBP-contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, No. 8, East Lake South Road, Wuhan 430072, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, 430072, PR China
| | - Jia Deng
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, No. 8, East Lake South Road, Wuhan 430072, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, 430072, PR China
| | - Qianqian Jia
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, No. 8, East Lake South Road, Wuhan 430072, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, 430072, PR China
| | - Bingbing Ji
- School of Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yitao Dai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Li-Zhi Huang
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, No. 8, East Lake South Road, Wuhan 430072, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, 430072, PR China.
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