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Shukla RS, Zala VB, Gupta SK, Gajjar PN. BP/GaN and BP/GaP core/shell nanowires: theoretical insights into photovoltaic and gas-sensing abilities. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 39400256 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02602k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
DFT-based calculations were undertaken to, first, fully optimize and study the structural and electrical properties of bare BP nanowire (NW) in its hexagonal wurtzite (WZ) phase. The bare BP NW was found to have an indirect bandgap of 1.362 eV. Hence, the optimization of BP/GaN and BP/GaP core/shell nanowires (CSNWs) was performed to check if an indirect-to-direct band transition occurred. Both the CSNWs showed direct bandgaps of 0.225 eV and 1.252 eV, respectively. The Shockley-Queisser limits for the bare BP NW and BP/GaP CSNW were calculated and compared to gauge their respective photovoltaic efficiencies. The bare BP NW and BP/GaP CSNW yielded almost identical SQ efficiencies of 33.80% and 33.55%, respectively. However, as far as the nano- and micro-photovoltaic cell applications are concerned, the BP/GaP CSNW would be preferable, owing to its direct bandgap. Furthermore, the adsorption of some small oxide gases like carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) gases on BP/GaN and BP/GaP CSNWs was studied. On the basis of the charge transfer and work function mechanisms, NO2 and SO2 gases showed selectivity to be detected by both the CSNWs. However, the very highly escalated desorption times for these gases would reduce the repeatability of sensors. Conversely, both BP/GaN and BP/GaP CSNWs could find applications in the fabrication of entrapment devices for NO2 and SO2. The current-voltage (I-V) curves for the CSNWs before and after adsorption were also plotted and analyzed. The occurrence of negative differential conductance (NDC) can be observed in both the CSNWs. The CO2, NO2 and SO2 gases show significantly higher values of current than the pristine BP/GaN CSNW for voltages beyond 0.5 V. Thus, these gases are good proponents to be detected by BP/GaN CSNWs with negligible selectivity amongst them. However, CO@BP/GaN is a stand-out case with a characteristically unique NDC region at 0.9 V. In the case of BP/GaP CSNWs, CO and CO2 gases can be selectively detected, with a unique NDC region for CO at 0.9 V. Thus, the BP/GaP CSNW, in particular, stands out as an extremely versatile material that can be used to fabricate nano-photovoltaic and nano-sensing devices of the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishit S Shukla
- Department of Physics, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380 009, India.
| | - Vidit B Zala
- Department of Physics, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380 009, India.
| | - Sanjeev K Gupta
- Computational Materials and Nanoscience Group, Department of Physics, St. Xavier's College, Ahmedabad 380 009, India.
| | - P N Gajjar
- Department of Physics, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380 009, India.
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2
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Singh S, Shin KY, Moon S, Kim SS, Kim HW. Phase-Engineered MoSe 2/CeO 2 Composites for Room-Temperature Gas Sensing with a Drastic Discrimination of NH 3 and TEA Gases. ACS Sens 2024; 9:3994-4006. [PMID: 39042863 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Detecting and distinguishing between hazardous gases with similar odors by using conventional sensor technology for safeguarding human health and ensuring food safety are significant challenges. Bulky, costly, and power-hungry devices, such as that used for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), are widely employed for gas sensing. Using a single chemiresistive semiconductor or electric nose (e-nose) gas sensor to achieve this objective is difficult, mainly because of its selectivity issue. Thus, there is a need to develop new materials with tunable and versatile sensing characteristics. Phase engineering of two-dimensional materials to better utilize their physiochemical properties has attracted considerable attention. Here, we show that MoSe2 phase-transition/CeO2 composites can be effectively used to distinguish ammonia (NH3) and triethylamine (TEA) at room temperature. The phase transition of nanocomposite samples from semimetallic (1T) to semiconducting (2H) prepared at different synthesis temperatures is confirmed via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A composite sensor in which the 2H phase of MoSe2 is predominant lacks discrimination capability and is less responsive to NH3 and TEA. An MoSe2/CeO2 composite sensor with a higher 1T phase content exhibits high selectivity for NH3, whereas one with a higher 2H phase content (2H > 1T) shows more selective behavior toward TEA. For example, for 50% relative humidity, the MoSe2/CeO2 sensor's signal changes from the baseline by 45% and 58% for 1 ppm of NH3 and TEA, respectively, indicating a low limit of detection (LOD) of 70 and 160 ppb, respectively. The composites' superior sensing characteristics are mainly attributed to their large specific surface area, their numerous active sites, presence of defects, and the n-n type heterojunction between MoSe2 and CeO2. The sensing mechanism is elucidated using Raman spectroscopy, XPS, and GC-MS results. Their phase-transition characteristics render MoSe2/CeO2 sensors promising for use in distributed, low-cost, and room-temperature sensor networks, and they offer new opportunities for the development of integrated advanced smart sensing technologies for environmental and healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhwinder Singh
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ka Yoon Shin
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjoon Moon
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Sub Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoun Woo Kim
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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Lv W, Yang J, Xu Q, Mehrez JAA, Shi J, Quan W, Luo H, Zeng M, Hu N, Wang T, Wei H, Yang Z. Wide-range and high-accuracy wireless sensor with self-humidity compensation for real-time ammonia monitoring. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6936. [PMID: 39138176 PMCID: PMC11322651 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Real-time and accurate biomarker detection is highly desired in point-of-care diagnosis, food freshness monitoring, and hazardous leakage warning. However, achieving such an objective with existing technologies is still challenging. Herein, we demonstrate a wireless inductor-capacitor (LC) chemical sensor based on platinum-doped partially deprotonated-polypyrrole (Pt-PPy+ and PPy0) for real-time and accurate ammonia (NH3) detection. With the chemically wide-range tunability of PPy in conductivity to modulate the impedance, the LC sensor exhibits an up-to-180% improvement in return loss (S11). The Pt-PPy+ and PPy0 shows the p-type semiconductor nature with greatly-manifested adsorption-charge transfer dynamics toward NH3, leading to an unprecedented NH3 sensing range. The S11 and frequency of the Pt-PPy+ and PPy0-based sensor exhibit discriminative response behaviors to humidity and NH3, enabling the without-external-calibration compensation and accurate NH3 detection. A portable system combining the proposed wireless chemical sensor and a handheld instrument is validated, which aids in rationalizing strategies for individuals toward various scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lv
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qingda Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jaafar Abdul-Aziz Mehrez
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Quan
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanyu Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zeng
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nantao Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Mirzaei A, Alizadeh M, Ansari HR, Moayedi M, Kordrostami Z, Safaeian H, Lee MH, Kim TU, Kim JY, Kim HW, Kim SS. Resistive gas sensors for the detection of NH 3gas based on 2D WS 2, WSe 2, MoS 2, and MoSe 2: a review. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:332002. [PMID: 38744265 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad4b22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) with a two-dimensional (2D) structure and semiconducting features are highly favorable for the production of NH3gas sensors. Among the TMD family, WS2, WSe2, MoS2, and MoSe2exhibit high conductivity and a high surface area, along with high availability, reasons for which they are favored in gas-sensing studies. In this review, we have discussed the structure, synthesis, and NH3sensing characteristics of pristine, decorated, doped, and composite-based WS2, WSe2, MoS2, and MoSe2gas sensors. Both experimental and theoretical studies are considered. Furthermore, both room temperature and higher temperature gas sensors are discussed. We also emphasized the gas-sensing mechanism. Thus, this review provides a reference for researchers working in the field of 2D TMD gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mirzaei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz 71557-13876, Iran
| | - Morteza Alizadeh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz 71557-13876, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Ansari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz 71557-13876, Iran
| | - Mehdi Moayedi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz 71557-13876, Iran
| | - Zoheir Kordrostami
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz 71557-13876, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Safaeian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz 71557-13876, Iran
| | - Myoung Hoon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Un Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- The Research Institute of Industrial Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoun Woo Kim
- The Research Institute of Industrial Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Sub Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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5
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Wang X, Hu X, Qu Z, Sun T, Huang L, Xu S. MoS 2@MWCNTs with Rich Vacancy Defects for Effective Piezocatalytic Degradation of Norfloxacin via Innergenerated-H 2O 2: Enhanced Nonradical Pathway and Synergistic Mechanism with Radical Pathway. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:26257-26271. [PMID: 38728622 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)-based materials for piezocatalysis are unsatisfactory due to their low actual piezoelectric coefficient and poor electrical conductivity. Herein, 1T/3R phase MoS2 grown in situ on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was proposed. MoS2@MWCNTs exhibited the interwoven morphology of thin nanoflowers and tubes, and the piezoelectric response of MoS2@MWCNTs was 4.07 times higher than that of MoS2 via piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) characterization. MoS2@MWCNTs exhibited superior activity with a 91% degradation rate of norfloxacin (NOR) after actually working 24 min (as for rhodamine B, reached 100% within 18 min) by pulse-mode ultrasonic vibration-triggered piezocatalysis. It was found that piezocatalysis for removing pollutants was attributed to the synergistic effect of free radicals (•OH and O2•-) and nonfree radical (1O2, key role) pathways, together with the innergenerated-H2O2 promoting the degradation rate. 1O2 can be generated by electron transfer and energy transfer pathways. The presence of oxygen vacancies (OVs) induced the transformation of O2 to 1O2 by triplet energy transfer. The fast charge transfer in MoS2@MWCNTs heterostructure and the coexistence of sulfur vacancies and OVs enhanced charge carrier separation resulting in a prominent piezoelectric effect. This work opens up new avenues for the development of efficient piezocatalysts that can be utilized for environmental purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Jimo District, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Xuyang Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Jimo District, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Zhengjun Qu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Jimo District, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Ting Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Jimo District, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
- Institute of Eco-Environmental Forensics, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Jimo District, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Lihui Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Jimo District, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Shimin Xu
- 801 Hydrogeological Engineering Geological Brigade, Shandong Geological and Mineral Exploration and Development Bureau, Jinnan, Shandong 250013, PR China
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6
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Kumar S, Kumar A, Kumar A, Chakkar AG, Betal A, Kumar P, Sahu S, Kumar M. Catalytic synergy of WS 2-anchored PdSe 2 for highly sensitive hydrogen gas sensor. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38682669 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00342j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) is widely used in industrial processes and is one of the well-known choices for storage of renewable energy. H2 detection has become crucial for safety in manufacturing, storage, and transportation due to its strong explosivity. To overcome the issue of explosion, there is a need for highly selective and sensitive H2 sensors that can function at low temperatures. In this research, we have adequately fabricated an unreported van der Waals (vdWs) PdSe2/WS2 heterostructure, which exhibits exceptional properties as a H2 sensor. The formation of these heterostructure devices involves the direct selenization process using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of Pd films that have been deposited on the substrate of SiO2/Si by DC sputtering, followed by drop casting of WS2 nanoparticles prepared by a hydrothermal method onto device substrates including pre-patterned electrodes. The confirmation of the heterostructure has been done through the utilization of powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), depth-dependent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) techniques. Also, the average roughness of thin films is decided by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The comprehensive research shows that the PdSe2/WS2 heterostructure-based sensor produces a response that is equivalent to 67.4% towards 50 ppm H2 at 100 °C. The response could be a result of the heterostructure effect and the superior selectivity for H2 gas in contrast to other gases, including NO2, CH4, CO and CO2, suggesting tremendous potential for H2 detection. Significantly, the sensor exhibits fast response and a recovery time of 31.5 s and 136.6 s, respectively. Moreover, the explanation of the improvement in gas sensitivity was suggested by exploiting the energy band positioning of the PdSe2/WS2 heterostructure, along with a detailed study of variations in the surface potential. This study has the potential to provide a road map for the advancement of gas sensors utilizing two-dimensional (2D) vdWs heterostructures, which exhibit superior performance at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342030, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342030, India.
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342030, India.
| | - Atul G Chakkar
- School of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi 175005, India
| | - Atanu Betal
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342030, India.
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- School of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi 175005, India
| | - Satyajit Sahu
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342030, India.
| | - Mahesh Kumar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342030, India.
- Department of Cybernetics, Nanotechnology and Data Processing, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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7
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Singh S, Oum W, Kim SS, Kim HW. Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Highly Stable Room Temperature and Humidity-Tolerant Triethylamine Sensing. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4664-4675. [PMID: 38064547 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Triethylamine (TEA) poses a significant threat to our health and is extremely difficult to detect at the parts-per-billion (ppb) level at room temperature. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are versatile materials used in chemiresistive vapor sensing. However, achieving high sensitivity and selectivity with a low detection limit remains a challenge for pristine CNTs, hindering their widespread commercial application. To address these issues, we propose functionalized multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs) with carboxylic acid (COOH)-based sensing channels for ultrasensitive TEA detection under ambient conditions. Advanced structural analyses confirmed the necessary modification of MWCNTs after functionalization. The sensor exhibited excellent sensitivity to TEA in air, with a superior noise-free signal (10 ppb), an extremely low limit of detection (LOD ≈ 0.8 ppb), excellent repeatability, and long-term stability under ambient conditions. Moreover, the response values became more stable, demonstrating excellent humidity resistance (40-80% RH). Notably, the functionalized MWCNT sensor exhibited improved response and recovery kinetics (200 and 400 s) to 10 ppm of TEA compared to the pristine MWCNT sensor (400 and 1300 s), and the selectivity coefficient for TEA gas was improved by approximately three times against various interferants, including ammonia, formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide. The remarkable improvements in TEA detection were mainly associated with the large specific surface area, abundant active sites, adsorbed oxygen, and other defects. The sensing mechanism was thoroughly explained by using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This study provides a new platform for CNT-based chemiresistive sensors with high selectivity, low detection limits, and enhanced precision with universal potential for applications in food safety and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhwinder Singh
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Wansik Oum
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Sub Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoun Woo Kim
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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8
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Guan Y, Ding Y, Fang Y, Wang G, Zhao S, Wang L, Huang J, Chen M, Hao J, Xu C, Zhen L, Huang F, Li Y, Yang L. Femtosecond Laser-Driven Phase Engineering of WS 2 for Nano-Periodic Phase Patterning and Sub-ppm Ammonia Gas Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303654. [PMID: 37415518 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Laser-driven phase transition of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides has attracted much attention due to its high flexibility and rapidity. However, there are some limitations during the laser irradiation process, especially the unsatisfied surface ablation, the inability of nanoscale phase patterning, and the unexploited physical properties of new phase. In this work, the well-controlled femtosecond (fs) laser-driven transformation from the metallic 2M-WS2 to the semiconducting 2H-WS2 is reported, which is confirmed to be a single-crystal to single-crystal transition without layer thinning or obvious ablation. Moreover, a highly ordered 2H/2M nano-periodic phase transition with a resolution of ≈435 nm is achieved, breaking through the existing size bottleneck of laser-driven phase transition, which is attributed to the selective deposition of plasmon energy induced by fs laser. It is also demonstrated that the achieved 2H-WS2 after laser irradiation contains rich sulfur vacancies, which exhibits highly competitive ammonia gas sensing performance, with a detection limit below 0.1 ppm and a fast response/recovery time of 43/67 s at room temperature. This study provides a new strategy for the preparation of the phase-selective transition homojunction and high-performance applications in electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Guan
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Ye Ding
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Yuqiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Genwang Wang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Shouxin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Lianfu Wang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Jingtao Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Mengxin Chen
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Juanyuan Hao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Chengyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liang Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Fuqiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
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9
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Roy DD, Roy P, De D. Machine learning and DFT-based combined framework for predicting transmission spectra of quantum-confined bio-molecular nanotube. J Mol Model 2023; 29:338. [PMID: 37831201 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05741-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The Adenine-based nanotube is theoretically designed, and its transmission spectra are investigated. The quantum-confined Adenine nanotube shows electronic transmission of the carrier at minimum stress. In this paper, the prediction of transmission spectra of the quantum-confined bio-molecular nanotube is investigated and deeply studied. Molecular level structure prediction and their electronic characterization can be possible with ab initio accuracy using a machine learning algorithmic approach. At the molecular level, it is difficult to predict quantum transmission spectra as these results are always hampered by the carrier backscattering effect. However, mostly these predictive models are available for intrinsic semi-conducting materials and other inorganic structures. METHODS Machine learning algorithms are designed to predict the electronic properties of the nano-scale structure. This task is even more difficult when quantum-confined molecular arrangements are considered, whose transmission spectra are sensitive to the confinements applied. This paper presents an effective machine learning algorithms framework for predicting transmission spectra of quantum-confined nanotubes from their geometries. In this paper, we consider regression machine learning algorithms to find maximum accuracy with varying configurations and geometries to excerpt their atoms' local environment information. The Hamiltonian components are then used to enable the utilization of the information to predict the electronic structure at any arbitrary sampling point or k-point. The theoretical basics introduced in this process help to capture and incorporate minor changes in quantum confinements into transmission spectra and provide the framework algorithm with more accuracy. This paper shows the ability to predict the accurate algorithmic models of the Adenine nanotube. In this framework, we have considered a tiny data set to achieve a rapid and reliable method for electronic structure determination and also propose the best algorithm for predictive model analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Dey Roy
- Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, B. P. Poddar Institute of Management & Technology, 137, V. I. P. Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700052, India.
- Department of Computer Science & Engg., Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, NH-12(Old NH-34), Haringhata, Post Office-Simhat, P.S.-Haringhata, Nadia, West Bengal, 741249, India.
| | - Pradipta Roy
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Swami Vivekananda Institute of Science & Technology, Dakshin Gobindapur, P. S.: Sonarpur, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 145, India
| | - Debashis De
- Department of Computer Science & Engg., Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, NH-12(Old NH-34), Haringhata, Post Office-Simhat, P.S.-Haringhata, Nadia, West Bengal, 741249, India
- Department of Physics, University of Western Australia, M013, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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10
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Novel ammonia-responsive carboxymethyl cellulose/Co-MOF multifunctional films for real-time visual monitoring of seafood freshness. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123129. [PMID: 36610564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.123129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, ammonia-responsive biopolymer-based intelligent active films are of great interest for their huge potential in maintaining and monitoring the freshness of seafood. However, it is still a challenge to create biopolymer-based intelligent active films with favorable color stability, antibacterial and visual freshness indication functions. Herein, cobalt-based metal-organic framework (Co-MOF) nanosheets with ammonia-sensitive and antibacterial functions were successfully synthesized and then embedded into carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) matrix to develop high performance and multifunctional CMC-based intelligent active films. The influence of Co-MOF addition on the structure, physical and functional characters of CMC film was comprehensively studied. The results showed that the Co-MOF nanofillers were homogeneously embedded within the CMC matrix, bringing about remarkable promotion on tensile strength (from 45.3 to 62.2 MPa), toughness (from 0.7 to 2.3 MJ/m3), water barrier and UV-blocking performance of CMC film. Notably, the obtained CMC/Co-MOF nanocomposite films also presented excellent long-term color stability, antibacterial activity (with the bacteriostatic efficiency of 99.6 % and 99.3 % against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus), and ammonia-sensitive discoloration performance. Finally, the CMC/Co-MOF nanocomposite films were successfully applied for real-time visual monitoring of shrimp freshness. The above results demonstrate that the CMC/Co-MOF nanocomposite films possess huge potential applications in intelligent active packaging.
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11
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Saggu IS, Singh S, Chen K, Xuan Z, Swihart MT, Sharma S. Ultrasensitive Room-Temperature NO 2 Detection Using SnS 2/MWCNT Composites and Accelerated Recovery Kinetics by UV Activation. ACS Sens 2023; 8:243-253. [PMID: 36647806 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
High performance with lower power consumption is one among the essential features of a sensing device. Minute traces of hazardous gases such as NO2 are difficult to detect. Tin disulfide (SnS2) nanosheets have emerged as a promising NO2 sensor. However, their poor room-temperature conductivity gives rise to inferior sensitivity and sluggish recovery rates, thereby hindering their applications. To mitigate this problem, we present a low-cost ultrasensitive NO2 gas sensor with tin disulfide/multiwalled carbon nanotube (SnS2/MWCNT) nanocomposites, prepared using a single-step hydrothermal method, as sensing elements. Relative to pure SnS2, the conductivity of nanocomposites improved significantly. The sensor displayed a decrease in resistance when exposed to NO2, an oxidizing gas, and exhibited p-type conduction, also confirmed in separate Mott-Schottky measurements. At a temperature of 20 °C, the sensor device has a relative response of about ≈5% (3%) for 25 ppb (1 ppb) of NO2 with complete recovery in air (10 min) and excellent recovery rates with UV activation (0.3 min). A theoretical lower limit of detection (LOD) of 7 ppt implies greater sensitivity than all previously reported SnS2-based gas sensors, to the best of our knowledge. The improved sensing characteristics were attributed to the formation of nano p-n heterojunctions, which enhances the charge transport and gives rise to faster response. The composite sensor also demonstrated good NO2 selectivity against a variety of oxidizing and reducing gases, as well as excellent stability and long-term durability. This work will provide a fresh perspective on SnS2-based composite materials for practical gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtej Singh Saggu
- Department of Physics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab143005, India
| | - Sukhwinder Singh
- Department of Physics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab143005, India
| | - Kaiwen Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, New York14260, United States
| | - Zhengxi Xuan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, New York14260, United States
| | - Mark T Swihart
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, New York14260, United States
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- Department of Physics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab143005, India
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12
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Shao W, Lu J, Zheng Z, Liu R, Wang X, Zhao Z, Lu Y, Zhu L, Ye Z. Heterojunctions on Ta 2O 5@MWCNT for Ultrasensitive Ethanol Sensing at Room Temperature. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:4315-4328. [PMID: 36629246 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heterojunctions of Ta2O5 and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been successfully synthesized by a facile and cost-effective hydrothermal method, with a super thin and uniform Ta2O5 shell wrapped around the MWCNT. The combination of Ta2O5 and MWCNTs at the interface not only modifies the morphology but also forms the p-n heterojunction, which contributes to the reconstruction of band structure, as well as the low resistance of matrix and highly chemisorbed oxygen content. The Ta2O5@MWCNT p-n heterojunction exhibits ultrasensitive performance to ethanol at room temperature, with a response of 3.15 toward 0.8 ppm ethanol and a detection limit of 0.173 ppm. The sensor has a high reproducibility at various concentrations of ethanol, superior selectivity to other gases, and long-term stability. The strategy of hybriding metal oxide semiconductors with MWCNT promises to provide a feasible and further developable pathway for high-performance room-temperature gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Jianguo Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Optoelectronic and Nano Materials, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou325006, China
| | - Zicheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Rumin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Xinchang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450052, China
| | - Zhenyun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Yangdan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Optoelectronic and Nano Materials, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou325006, China
| | - Zhizhen Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Optoelectronic and Nano Materials, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou325006, China
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13
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Lei Y, Xiao X, Ma T, Li W, Zhang H, Ma C. Facile hydrothermal synthesis of layered 1T′ MoTe2 nanotubes as robust hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts. Front Chem 2022; 10:1005782. [PMID: 36238098 PMCID: PMC9551219 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1005782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), such as molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2), have attracted much attention because of their novel structure-related physicochemical properties. In particular, semi-metallic-phase MoTe2 (1T′) is considered as a competitive candidate for low-cost electrocatalysts for water splitting. However, there are few reports on the simple hydrothermal synthesis of MoTe2 nanostructures compared with other layered TMDs. In this study, a facile one-step hydrothermal process was developed for the fabrication of layered MoTe2, in which uniform nanotubes with a few layers of 1T′ MoTe2 were fabricated at a lower temperature for the first time. The as-obtained MoTe2 nanotubes were fully characterized using different techniques, which revealed their structure and indicated the presence of layered 1T′ nanocrystals. The efficient activity of MoTe2 nanotubes for the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in 0.5 M H2SO4 was demonstrated by the small Tafel slope of 54 mV/dec−1 and endurable ability, which is attributed to the abundant active sites and remarkable conductivity of 1T′ MoTe2 with a few-layer feature. This provides a facile method for the design and construction of efficient layered MoTe2 based electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Lei
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Physics and Photoelectric Information Functional Materials, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
- *Correspondence: Yuxi Lei,
| | - Xuefeng Xiao
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Physics and Photoelectric Information Functional Materials, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Tianpeng Ma
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Physics and Photoelectric Information Functional Materials, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Weiyin Li
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Physics and Photoelectric Information Functional Materials, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Physics and Photoelectric Information Functional Materials, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chao Ma
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Physics and Photoelectric Information Functional Materials, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
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14
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Singh S, Saggu IS, Chen K, Xuan Z, Swihart MT, Sharma S. Humidity-Tolerant Room-Temperature Selective Dual Sensing and Discrimination of NH 3 and NO Using a WS 2/MWCNT Composite. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:40382-40395. [PMID: 36001381 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Continuous detection of toxic and hazardous gases like nitric oxide (NO) and ammonia (NH3) is needed for environmental management and noninvasive diagnosis of various diseases. However, to the best of our knowledge, dual detection of these two gases has not been previously reported. To address the challenge, we demonstrate the design and fabrication of low-cost NH3 and NO dual gas sensors using tungsten disulfide/multiwall carbon nanotube (WS2/MWCNT) nanocomposites as sensing channels which maintained their performance in a humid environment. The composite-based device has shown successful dual detection at temperatures down to 18 °C and relative humidity of 90%. For 0.1 ppm ammonia, it exhibited a p-type conduction with response and recovery times of 102 and 261 s, respectively; on the other hand, with NO (10 ppb, n-type), these times were 285 and 198 s, respectively. The device with 5 mg MWCNTs possesses a superior selectivity along with a relative response of ≈7% (5 ppb) and ≈5% (0.1 ppm) for NO and NH3, respectively, at 18 °C. The response is less affected by relative humidity, and this is attributed to the presence of MWCNTs that are hydrophobic in nature. Upon simultaneous exposure to NO (5-10 ppb) and NH3 (0.1-5 ppm), the response was dominated by NO, implying clear discrimination to the simultaneous presence of these two gases. We propose a sensing mechanism based on adsorption/desportion and accompanied charge transfer between the adsorbed gas molecules and sensing surface. The results suggest that an optimized weight ratio of WS2 and MWCNTs could govern favorable sensing conditions for a particular gas molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhwinder Singh
- Department of Physics, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab-143005, India
| | - Imtej Singh Saggu
- Department of Physics, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab-143005, India
| | - Kaiwen Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Zhengxi Xuan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Mark T Swihart
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- Department of Physics, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab-143005, India
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15
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Singh S, Deb J, Singh JV, Sarkar U, Sharma S. Highly Selective Ethyl Mercaptan Sensing Using a MoSe 2/SnO 2 Composite at Room Temperature. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:23916-23927. [PMID: 35548976 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c25112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs) serve not only as biomarkers for dental diseases such as halitosis but also as a tracer for monitoring air quality. Room-temperature selective detection and superior sensitivity against VOSCs at a sub-ppm level has remained a challenging task. Here, we propose a heterostructure-based design using a MoSe2/SnO2 composite for achieving sensitive and selective detection of ethyl mercaptan at room temperature. The composite was synthesized via a facile two-step method. A composite-based device has shown detection down to 1 ppm of ethyl mercaptan over a wider range of relative humidity (40-90%). Notably, the composite has shown adsorption selectivity toward ethyl mercaptan compared to hydrogen sulfide and other reducing or oxidizing analytes. Moreover, a density functional theory (DFT) study has been performed to understand the adsorption selectivity, charge transfer, and modification in the electronic properties after molecule adsorption on the host surface. Simulations predicted the lowest negative adsorption energy for ethyl mercaptan, implying the chemisorption (-142.029 kJ mol-1) process of adsorption. The device thus-obtained has also shown a stable response even at an extreme relative humidity level of 90%. The obtained results and superior signal-to-noise ratio indicate that a MoSe2/SnO2-based sensor may be a promising candidate for highly selective and sensitive detection of ethyl mercaptan even below 1 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhwinder Singh
- Department of Physics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Jyotirmoy Deb
- Department of Physics, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India
| | - Jatinder Vir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Utpal Sarkar
- Department of Physics, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- Department of Physics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
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