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Tong K, He Y, Wei Y, Yun Y, Sang N. Diel variations of airborne microbes and antibiotic resistance genes in Response to urban PM 2.5 chemical properties during the heating season. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 352:124120. [PMID: 38729506 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Among the components of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), the contributions of airborne microorganisms and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to health risks have been overlooked. Airborne microbial dynamics exhibit a unique diurnal cycle due to environmental influences. However, the specific roles of PM2.5 chemical properties resulting from fossil fuel combustion in driving circadian fluctuations in microbial populations and ARGs remain unclear. This study explored the interactions between toxic components and microbial communities during the heating period to understand the variations in ARGs. Bacterial and fungal communities showed a higher susceptibility to diel variations in PM2.5 compared to their chemical properties. Mantel tests revealed that chemical properties and microbial community interactions contribute differently to ARG variations, both directly and indirectly, during circadian fluctuations. Our findings highlight that, during the daytime, the enrichment of pathogenic microorganisms and ARGs increases the risk of PM2.5 toxicity. Conversely, during the nighttime, the utilization of water-soluble ions by the fungal community increased, leading to a significant increase in fungal biomass. Notably, Aspergillus exhibited a significant correlation with mobile genetic elements and ARGs, implying that this genus is a crucial driver of airborne ARGs. This study provides novel insights into the interplay between the chemical composition, microbial communities, and ARGs in PM, underscoring the urgent need for a comprehensive understanding of effective air pollution control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangbo Tong
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Yupeng He
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Yue Wei
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Yang Yun
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China.
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
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2
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Shen D, Yu Q, Xing X, Ding H, Long Y, Hui C. Distribution and survival of pathogens from different waste components and bioaerosol traceability analysis in household garbage room. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:119016. [PMID: 38677405 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Household garbage rooms release abundant bioaerosols and are an important source of pathogens; however, information on the distribution and survival patterns of pathogens in different waste components is limited. In this study, a culture method and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing were used to determine bacterial communities, culturable pathogens, and human bacterial pathogens (HBPs). The results showed that abundant culturable bacteria were detected in all waste types, and a large number of S. aureus was detected on the surface of recyclable wastes, whereas S. aureus, total coliforms, Salmonella, Enterococcus, and hemolytic bacteria were detected in food waste and other waste. The activities of these detected pathogenic bacteria decreased after 24 h of storage but re-activated within one week. Factors affecting the emergence of pathogens varied with different waste components. Sequencing results showed that Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Burkholderia were abundant in the waste samples, whereas Achromobacter, Exiguobacteriums, Bordetella, and Corynebacterium were the primary pathogens in the bioaerosol and wall attachment. The results of traceability analysis showed that bioaerosol microbes were mainly derived from raw kitchen waste (5.98%) and plastic and paper contaminated with food waste (19.93%) in garbage rooms. In addition, bioaerosols were the main source of microflora in the wall attachment, which possessed high HBP diversity and required more attention. These findings will help in understanding the microbial hazards in different waste components and provide guidance for the control and risk reduction of bioaerosols during waste management and recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Non-Ferrous Metal Waste Recycling, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Non-Ferrous Metal Waste Recycling, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Xiaojing Xing
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Non-Ferrous Metal Waste Recycling, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Hening Ding
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Non-Ferrous Metal Waste Recycling, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Yuyang Long
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Non-Ferrous Metal Waste Recycling, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Cai Hui
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Non-Ferrous Metal Waste Recycling, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
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3
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Li Y, Zhang S, Chen Z, Huang W, Liu Q, Fang H, Chi B, Yang N, Zhang Q. Deciphering the impact of organic loading rate and digestate recirculation on the occurrence patterns of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in dry anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 261:122005. [PMID: 38968733 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Organic loading rate (OLR) is crucial for determining the stability of dry anaerobic digestion (AD). Digestate recirculation contributes to reactor stability and enhances methane production. Nevertheless, the understanding of how OLR and digestate recirculation affect the abundance and diversity of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), as well as the mechanisms involved in the dissemination of ARGs, remains limited. This study thoroughly investigated this critical issue through a long-term pilot-scale experiment. The metabolome analyses revealed the enrichment of various antibiotics, such as aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and macrolide, under low OLR conditions (OLR ≤ 4.0 g·VS/L·d) and the reactor instability. Antibiotics abundance decreased by approximately 19.66-31.69 % during high OLR operation (OLR ≥ 6.0 g·VS/L·d) with digestate recirculation. The metagenome analyses demonstrated that although low OLR promoted reactor stability, it facilitated the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as Pseudomonas, and triggered functional profiles related to ATP generation, oxidative stress response, EPS secretion, and cell membrane permeability, thereby facilitating horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARGs. However, under stable operation at an OLR of 6.0 g·VS/L·d, there was a decrease in ARGs abundance but a notable increase in human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Subsequently, during reactor instability, the abundance of ARGs and HPB increased. Notably, during digestate recirculation at OLR levels of 6.0 and 7.0 g·VS/L·d, the process attenuated the risk of ARGs spread by reducing the diversity of ARGs hosts, minimizing interactions among ARGs hosts, ARGs, and MGEs, and weakening functional profiles associated with HGT of ARGs. Overall, digestate recirculation aids in reducing the abundance of antibiotics and ARGs under high OLR conditions. These findings provide advanced insights into how OLR and digestate recirculation affect the occurrence patterns of antibiotics and ARGs in dry AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzeng Li
- College of Harbour and Coastal Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shenghua Zhang
- College of Harbour and Coastal Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Zhou Chen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weizhao Huang
- Xiamen Xinyuan Environmental Service Co., LTD., Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Qin Liu
- College of Harbour and Coastal Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hongda Fang
- College of Harbour and Coastal Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Bin Chi
- College of Harbour and Coastal Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Ningbo Yang
- College of Harbour and Coastal Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Harbour and Coastal Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
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Zhang Q, Lin G, Wang H, Jin MC, Dang H, Zhang J, Guo R, Yan H, Niu B, Wang H. Development of smart packaging film incorporated with sodium alginate-chitosan quaternary ammonium salt nanocomplexes encapsulating anthocyanins for monitoring milk freshness. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130336. [PMID: 38387631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
This study focused on the preparation, functionality, and application of smart food packaging films based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and anthocyanins (ACNs) -loaded sodium alginate-chitosan quaternary ammonium salt (HACC-SA) nanocomplexes. The average encapsulation rate of anthocyanins-loaded nanocomplexes reached 62.51 %, which improved the hydrophobicity and water vapor barrier of the PVA film. FTIR confirmed that the nanocomplexes were immobilized in the PVA film matrix by hydrogen bonding, which improved the mechanical properties of the film. The SEM and XRD results demonstrated that the HACC-SA-ACNs nanocomplexes were uniformly distributed in the film matrix and the crystallinity of PVA was decreased. The P/HACC-SA-ACNs film showed a significant response to buffers of pH 2-13 and high color stability after 21 days of storage compared to the P/ACNs film. Furthermore, the color of the composite film changed from purple to red as the milk freshness decreased during 72 h of milk freshness monitoring, indicating that the P/HACC-SA-ACNs films were suitable and promising for application as smart packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Gang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Huainian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Ming Chao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Haoming Dang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Ruijie Guo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Hong Yan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Baolong Niu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China.
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5
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Leng W, Li W, Li Y, Lu H, Li X, Gao R. Insight investigation into the response pattern of microbial assembly succession and volatile profiles during the brewing of sauce-flavor baijiu based on bioaugmentation. J Biosci Bioeng 2024; 137:211-220. [PMID: 38272723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
To improve the flavor profile and sensory quality of baijiu, the utilization of bioaugmented fermentation inoculated with functional microbiota normally serves as an effective method for directional regulation during the baijiu fermentation process. In this study, a systematic analysis of the succession patterns and volatile flavor compound profiles of microbial communities was carried out by high-throughput sequencing and solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. The results demonstrated that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae YS222-related bioaugmentation clearly altered the microbial composition, particularly the assembly of bacteria, and promoted the quantity of the most volatile flavoring compounds, including alcohols, esters, and pyrazines. In addition, the correlation analysis showed that Saccharomyces and Lactobacillus in the augmented group were the main biomarkers associated with the dynamics of microbial community and greatly contributed to the brewing of sauce-flavor baijiu, which congruent with the outcomes of the enrichment analysis of integrated metabolic pathway. Thus, this work is beneficial for promoting the quality of baijiu and will serve as a useful reference for clarifying the possible mechanism of augmented fermentation on flavor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Leng
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Brewing Microbiome and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering, China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hongyun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Brewing Microbiome and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering, China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiuting Li
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Brewing Microbiome and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering, China General Chamber of Commerce, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing Association for Science and Technology-Food Nutrition and Safety Professional Think Tank Base, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Ruichang Gao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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6
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Liu Y, Deng G, Liu H, Chen P, Pan Y, Chen L, Chen H, Zhang G. Seasonal variations of airborne microbial diversity in waste transfer stations and preventive effect on Streptococcus pneumoniae induced pulmonary inflammation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168888. [PMID: 38030004 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Environment, location, and season are important factors that influence the microbiological community, yet, little research on airborne microorganisms in waste transfer stations (WTSs). Here, the airborne bacterial and fungal communities at four WTSs during different seasons were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. The bacteria were isolated by cultural method and screened bacterium alleviate inflammation induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) by regulating gut microbiome. The results revealed that collected bioaerosols from the WTSs varied significantly by location and season. Proteobacteria and Pseudomonadota are prevalent in summer and winter, respectively. Ascomycota was predominant in two seasons. Hazard quotients for adults from four WTSs were below one. Three selected potential probiotics were formulated into a microbial preparation with a carrier that effectively prevented inflammation in bacterial and animal experiments. The expression levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in Pre group (0.11, 0.17, and 0.48-fold) were significantly lower than Spn group (2.75, 1.71, and 5.01-fold). These mechanisms are associated with changes in gut microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels, such as affecting Lachnospiraceae lachnospira abundance and acetic acid content. This study provides insights into the potential application of probiotics derived from WTSs as an alternative approach to preventing respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Guanhua Deng
- Key Laboratory of Occupational Environment and Health, Guangzhou Twelfth People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510620, China
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Pei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Nansha District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511455, China
| | - Yimin Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Liwan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510176, China
| | - Lingyun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Huashan Chen
- Guoke (Foshan) Testing and Certification Co., Ltd, Foshan 528299, China
| | - Guoxia Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Huang X, Zhao W, Li Z, Zhang N, Wang S, Shi J, Zhai X, Zhang J, Shen T. Preparation of a Dual-Functional Active Film Based on Bilayer Hydrogel and Red Cabbage Anthocyanin for Maintaining and Monitoring Pork Freshness. Foods 2023; 12:4520. [PMID: 38137324 PMCID: PMC10742916 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a composite film was created with the dual goal of prolonging pork shelf life and showing freshness. Hydrogel materials as solid base films were selected from gelatin (G), sodium alginate (SA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) based on their antioxidant activity, water vapor permeability, mechanical properties, as well as their stability, antimicrobial activity, and freshness, which indicates effectiveness when combined with anthocyanins. Furthermore, the effects of several concentrations of red cabbage anthocyanin (R) (3%, 6%, 12%, and 24%) on freshness indicators and bacteriostasis were investigated. The antimicrobial activity of the composite films was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Likewise, the freshness indicates effectiveness was evaluated for NH3. Considering the mechanical properties, antibacterial ability, freshness indicator effect, and stability of the composite film, CS film combined with 12% R was selected to prepare a dual-functional intelligent film for pork freshness indicator and preservation. By thoroughly investigating the effect of composite film on pork conservation and combining with it KNN, the discriminative model of pork freshness grade was established and the recognition rate of the prediction set was up to 93.3%. These results indicated that CSR film can be used for the creation of active food packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, China; (X.H.); (W.Z.); (N.Z.); (S.W.); (J.S.); (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.S.)
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, 128 North Railway Street, Gulou District, Nanjing 210023, China
- Focusight (Jiangsu) Technology Co., Ltd., No. 258-6 Jinhua Road, Wujin Economic Development Zone, Changzhou 213146, China
| | - Wanying Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, China; (X.H.); (W.Z.); (N.Z.); (S.W.); (J.S.); (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.S.)
| | - Zhihua Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, China; (X.H.); (W.Z.); (N.Z.); (S.W.); (J.S.); (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.S.)
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, China; (X.H.); (W.Z.); (N.Z.); (S.W.); (J.S.); (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.S.)
| | - Sheng Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, China; (X.H.); (W.Z.); (N.Z.); (S.W.); (J.S.); (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.S.)
| | - Jiyong Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, China; (X.H.); (W.Z.); (N.Z.); (S.W.); (J.S.); (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.S.)
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, 128 North Railway Street, Gulou District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, China; (X.H.); (W.Z.); (N.Z.); (S.W.); (J.S.); (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.S.)
| | - Junjun Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, China; (X.H.); (W.Z.); (N.Z.); (S.W.); (J.S.); (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.S.)
| | - Tingting Shen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, China; (X.H.); (W.Z.); (N.Z.); (S.W.); (J.S.); (X.Z.); (J.Z.); (T.S.)
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8
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Liu Y, Li S, Zheng Z, Zheng X, Ajmal M, Zhao M, Lu W. Microbial diversity and potential health risks of household municipal solid waste in China: A case study in winter during outbreak of COVID-19. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166672. [PMID: 37657538 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Microbial (bacteria and fungi) community structures and their distributions in urban household municipal solid waste (HMSW) were characterized in a sampling campaign in 38 cities of China covering 5 climatic zones. All samples were collected from garbage containers in residential communities during the Winter of 2022, from January 11 to 26. A total of 247 bacterial genera belonging to 22 phyla were identified among the samples. Firmicutes (44.3 %), Bacteroidetes (33.77 %) and Proteobacteria (21.54 %) were the top 3 dominant phyla, and Arcicella (33.11 %) and Leuconostoc (21.87 %) were the dominant genera. Meanwhile, 124 fungal genera from 7 fungal phyla were detected. Ascomycota was the most dominant phylum, with an average relative abundance of 77.31 %. Hanseniaspora (24.03 %), Debaryomyces (13.47 %), Candida (12.18) were the top 3 dominant fungal genera. Alpha-diversity analysis showed that the species richness and diversity of bacterial and fungal communities of HMSW samples belonging to different climatic zones did not differ significantly. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis confirmed that climatic had an effect on microbial communities but did not show a significant correlation. In addition, the distribution of microbial community in different samples from the same climate zone varied considerably, suggesting the HMSW source play important role in shaping microbial community composition. Considering that residential HMSW is relatively fresh, we speculates that the original microorganisms residing in different components of HMSW are key influencing factor for the community, while the reshaping force driven by environmental conditions are relatively weak. In addition, the study identified 13 bacterial and 16 fungal pathogens with Pseudomonas putida (0.25 %) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (2.12 %) as the most abundant potential pathogenic bacteria and fungi, respectively. These findings provide valuable information for characterizing microbial features and potential risks of HMSW in its management system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zelin Zheng
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiangyu Zheng
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Muhammad Ajmal
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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9
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Zhang L, Wang B, Su Y, Wu D, Wang Z, Li K, Xie B. Pathogenic Bacteria Are the Primary Determinants Shaping PM 2.5-Borne Resistomes in the Municipal Food Waste Treatment System. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:19965-19978. [PMID: 37972223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Bioaerosol pollution poses a substantial threat to human health during municipal food waste (FW) recycling. However, bioaerosol-borne antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) have received little attention. Herein, 48 metagenomic data were applied to study the prevalence of PM2.5-borne ARGs in and around full-scale food waste treatment plants (FWTPs). Overall, FWTP PM2.5 (2.82 ± 1.47 copies/16S rRNA gene) harbored comparable total abundance of ARGs to that of municipal wastewater treatment plant PM2.5 (WWTP), but was significantly enriched with the multidrug type (e.g., AdeC/I/J; p < 0.05), especially the abundant multidrug ARGs could serve as effective indicators to define resistome profiles of FWTPs (Random Forest accuracy >92%). FWTP PM2.5 exhibited a decreasing enrichment of total ARGs along the FWTP-downwind-boundary gradient, eventually reaching levels comparable to urban PM2.5 (1.46 ± 0.21 copies/16S rRNA gene, N = 12). The combined analysis of source-tracking, metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), and culture-based testing provides strong evidence that Acinetobacter johnsonii-dominated pathogens contributed significantly to shaping and disseminating multidrug ARGs, while abiotic factors (i.e., SO42-) indirectly participated in these processes, which deserves more attention in developing strategies to mitigate airborne ARGs. In addition, the exposure level of FWTP PM2.5-borne resistant pathogens was about 5-11 times higher than those in urban PM2.5, and could be more severe than hospital PM2.5 in certain scenarios (<41.53%). This work highlights the importance of FWTP in disseminating airborne multidrug ARGs and the need for re-evaluating the air pollution induced by municipal FWTP in public health terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangmao Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Binghan Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yinglong Su
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zijiang Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kaiyi Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Bing Xie
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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10
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Cui L, Chen J, Fei Q, Ma Y. The migration regularity and removal mechanism of antibiotic resistance genes during in situ enzymatic hydrolysis and anaerobic digestion of food waste. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 385:129388. [PMID: 37369318 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
This study developed a high efficiency compound enzyme (fungal mash) produced in situ from food waste (FW) used for improving hydrolysis and anaerobic digestion (AD) efficiency of FW. Results showed that the soluble COD and methane yield were respectively increased by 67.80% and 16.58% after 24 h in situ enzymatic hydrolysis of food waste by fungal mash. Furthermore, most of target ARGs in FW were also reduced by 45-94% after 24 h in situ enzymatic hydrolysis, while the total tested ARGs and intI1 were respectively further removed by 44-55% and 21-73% in subsequent AD process. In-depth analysis showed that fungal mash could effectively reduce potential hosts and control the horizontal transfer of ARGs during the in situ enzymatic hydrolysis and AD process. Ultimately, correlation analysis and redundancy analysis indicated that the evolution of bacterial communities and changes in intI1 where the common driving forces for the fate of ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Cui
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qiang Fei
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yingqun Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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11
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Wuri G, Liu F, Sun Z, Fang B, Zhao W, Hung WL, Liu WH, Zhang X, Wang R, Wu F, Zhao L, Zhang M. Lactobacillus paracasei ET-22 and derived postbiotics reduce halitosis and modulate oral microbiome dysregulation - a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Food Funct 2023; 14:7335-7346. [PMID: 37493204 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02271d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Oral microbial dysbiosis is the primary etiologic factor for halitosis and may be the critical preventive target for halitosis. This study included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of Lactobacillus paracasei ET-22 live and heat-killed bacteria on halitosis and the related oral microbiome. 68 halitosis subjects were divided into placebo, ET-22 live (ET-22.L) and ET-22 heat-killed (ET-22.HK) groups. Subjects took different lozenges three times a day for 4 weeks and underwent saliva collection and assessment of breath volatile sulfur compound (VSC) levels at the beginning and end of the intervention. Salivary volatile organic compounds were measured using HS-SPME-GC/MS, and the microbiome profile was determined by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. A positive decrease in breath volatile sulfur compound (VSC) levels was observed in the means of both ET-22.L and ET-22.HK groups after 4 weeks of intervention, being more marked in the ET-22.L group (p = 0.0148). Moreover, ET-22.L and ET-22.HK intervention remarkably changed the composition of total salivary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and aroma-active VOCs. Key undesirable VOCs, such as indole, pyridine, nonanoic acid, benzothiazole, and valeric acid, were significantly reduced. Meanwhile, ET-22.L or ET-22.HK also altered the taxonomic composition of the salivary microbiome. The halitosis pathogens Rothia and Streptococcus were significantly reduced in the ET-22.HK group and the pathogenic Solobacterium and Peptostreptococcus were significantly inhibited in the ET-22.L group. Collectively, our study suggests that both ET-22.L and ET-22.HK can significantly inhibit the production of undesirable odor compounds in subjects with halitosis, which may be related to the changes of the oral microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guna Wuri
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100024, China.
| | - Fudong Liu
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010100, China
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010100, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100024, China.
| | - Bing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010100, China
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010100, China
| | - Wei-Lian Hung
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010100, China
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010100, China
| | - Wei-Hsien Liu
- Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010100, China
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010100, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100024, China.
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12
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Wang H, Lin S, Zhang H, Guo D, Dan L, Zheng X. Batch-fed composting of food waste: Microbial diversity characterization and removal of antibiotic resistance genes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023:129433. [PMID: 37399965 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the impact of batch-fed strategies on bacterial communities and ARGs in compost. The findings demonstrate that batch-feeding helped maintain high temperatures in the compost pile for an extended period (above 50 °C for 18 days), which in turn facilitated water dissipation. High-throughput sequencing showed that Firmicutes played a significant role in batch-fed composting (BFC). They had a high relative abundance at the beginning (98.64%) and end (45.71%) of compost. Additionally, BFC showed promising results in removing ARGs, with reductions of 3.04-1.09 log copies/g for Aminoglycoside and 2.26-2.44 log copies/g for β_Lactamase. This study provides a comprehensive survey of BFC and demonstrates its potential for eliminating resistance contamination in compost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Wang
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Shuye Lin
- Cancer Research Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Cancer Research Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Liu Dan
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Xiaowei Zheng
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China.
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13
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An XL, Xu MR, Pan XF, Cai GJ, Zhao CX, Li H, Ye ZL, Zhu YG, Su JQ. Local environment, surface characteristics and stochastic processes shape the dynamics of urban dustbin surface microbiome. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 177:108004. [PMID: 37295164 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dustbins function as critical infrastructures for urban sanitation, creating a distinct breeding ground for microbial assemblages. However, there is no information regarding the dynamics of microbial communities and the underlying mechanism for community assembly on dustbin surfaces. Here, surface samples were collected from three sampling zones (business building, commercial street and residential community) with different types (kitchen waste, harmful waste, recyclables, and others) and materials (metallic and plastic); and distribution pattern and assembly of microbial communities were investigated by high-throughput sequencing. Bacterial and fungal communities showed the distinct community variations across sampling zones and waste sorting. Core community and biomarker species were significantly correlated with the spatial distribution of overall community. The detection of pathogens highlighted the potential risk of surface microbiome. Human skin, human feces and soil biomes were the potential source environments of the surface microbiomes. Neutral model prediction suggested that microbial community assembly was significantly driven by stochastic processes. Co-association patterns varied with sampling zones and waste types, and neutral amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) that fall within the 95 % confidence intervals of neutral model were largely involved in the stability of microbial networks. These findings improve our understanding of the distribution pattern and the underlying assembly of microbial community on the dustbin surface, thus enabling prospective prediction and assessment of urban microbiomes and their impacts on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Li An
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Mei-Rong Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; College of Resource and Environmental Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Pan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Guan-Jing Cai
- College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Cai-Xia Zhao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hu Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Zhi-Long Ye
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Su
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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14
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Sodium alginate/chitosan-based intelligent bilayer film with antimicrobial activity for pork preservation and freshness monitoring. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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15
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Lin W, Xu F, Guo H, Cui L. Domestic refrigerators: An overlooked breeding ground of antibiotic resistance genes and pathogens. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107647. [PMID: 36413928 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Domestic refrigerator is a widely used appliance to keep food fresh and retard food spoilage in household. However, our understanding of microbial health risk associated with food under such circumstance still remains very poor. Here, typical types of food (vegetable, fish, and pork) were kept in a domestic refrigerator at 4 °C for 3-30 days. Temporal dynamics of antibiotic resistome, pathogens, bacterial and fungal communities during this period were investigated via high-throughput quantification and Illumina sequencing technologies. Results showed that a large number (21-134) of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were detected across the three food types, including 10.06 % of high-risk ARGs classified by their risk ranks. Moreover, four bacterial pathogens (i.e., Bacillus cereus, Cronobacter spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus) targeted by marker genes including the pathogen-specific genes or virulence factor genes, and some potential fungal pathogens (e.g., Fusarium, Candida, and Aspergillus) were detected, indicating the occurrence of microbial risk even at the normally regarded safe storage temperature. Among all food types, the total bacterial density and ARG abundances in fish rapidly increased after only 3 days, much faster than vegetable and pork after 10 days. In addition, fish samples contained the highest ARG and pathogen abundances, indicating its potentially higher health risk than other food types. Finally, the shifts of ARG pattern were mainly contributed by bacterial communities and MGEs. This study highlights that food preserved in refrigerator at 4 °C could still be an unneglected microbial risk, and raises awareness of improving food safety in domestic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Lin
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hongqin Guo
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Cui
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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