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Zhu X, Li H, Luo Y, Li Y, Zhang J, Wang Z, Yang W, Li R. Evaluation and prediction of anthropogenic impacts on long-term multimedia fate and health risks of PFOS and PFOA in the Elbe River Basin. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 257:121675. [PMID: 38692258 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) have aroused great concern owing to their widespread occurrence and toxic effects. However, their long-term trends and multimedia fate remain largely unknown. Here, we investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics and periodic oscillations of PFOS and PFOA in the Elbe River between 2010 and 2021. Anthropogenic emission inventories and multimedia fugacity model were developed to analyse their historical and future transport fates and quantify related human risks in each medium for the three age groups. The results show that average PFOS and PFOA concentrations in the Elbe River were 4.08 and 3.41 ng/L, declining at the annual rate of 7.36% and 4.98% during the study period, respectively. Periodic oscillations of their concentrations and mass fluxes were most pronounced at 40-60 and 20-40 months. The multimedia fugacity model revealed that higher concentrations occurred in fish (PFOS: 14.29, PFOA: 0.40 ng/g), while the soil was their dominant sink (PFOS: 179, PFOA: 95 tons). The exchange flux between water and sediment was the dominant pathway in multimedia transportation (397 kg/year). Although PFOS and PFOA concentrations are projected to decrease by 22.41% and 50.08%, respectively, from 2021 to 2050, the hazard quotient of PFOS in fish is a low hazard. This study provides information for the assessment of PFOS and PFOA pollution in global watersheds and the development of related mitigation policies, such as banning fish predation in polluted rivers, to mitigate their risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yu Luo
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, 210098 Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Hydrogeology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wenyu Yang
- Department of Hydrogeology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ruifei Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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Lu Z, Tian W, Chen Z, Chu M, Zhang S, Liu B, Zhao J, Zou M, Huo B, Xu G. Release of PAHs from sediments to seawater under wave: Indoor microcosms and level IV fugacity models. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134799. [PMID: 38838527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Estuaries and coasts are located at the land-sea interface, where sediment liquefaction due to strong wave action results in significant material exchange at the sediment-seawater system. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as organic pollutants, are distributed across various media. Herein, the impact of wave was studied on the release of PAHs through indoor microcosmic experiments combined with a level IV fugacity model. Comparison revealed that the release amount and rate of PAHs during static consolidation stage were minimal, whereas wave action substantially enhanced the release. Particularly the sediments in a liquefied state, the PAHs release in Stage III was 1.55-1.86 times that in Stage II, reaching 84.73 μg/L. The loss of soil strength and strong hydrodynamic effects resulted in a substantial release of PAHs into seawater along with suspended solids. Due to volatility of 2-ring PAHs and difficult desorption of 6-ring PAHs, 3-5-ring PAHs are the main contributors to releases into seawater. The model results also indicated that the three PAHs had different fates in the sediment-seawater system, with sediment serving as an important "reservoir" for benzo[a]pyrene entering seawater, while functioning as both a "sink" and a "source" for pyrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Lu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Weijun Tian
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, PR China.
| | - Zhuo Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Meile Chu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Surong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Bingkun Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Mengyuan Zou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Bingjie Huo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Guohui Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, PR China
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Zhang S, Xu D, Tian W, Lu Z, Zhou Y, Chu M, Zhao J, Liu B, Cao H, Zhang R, Chen Z. The effect of bioturbation on the release behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from sediments: A sediment-seawater microcosm experiment combined with a fugacity model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 349:123933. [PMID: 38583795 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The effects of two benthonic species, Perinereis aibuhitensis and Matuta planipes Fabricius, on the release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from sediments were investigated using a sediment-seawater microcosm. A Level IV fugacity model was used to simulate the behavior and fate of PAHs in the environment. This study revealed that both benthos significantly influenced the release of PAHs, and Matuta planipes Fabricius had a stronger disturbance effect than another. The final concentrations of Matuta planipes Fabricius group, Perinereis aibuhitensis group and the control group in the seawater phase reached 10.8, 9.94 and 7.90 μg/L, respectively. There were certain differences in the behaviour of the two benthonic species. Matuta planipes Fabricius caused more sediment resuspension, while Perinereis aibuhitensis increased the total organic carbon (TOC) content in the environment. The vertical concentration distribution of sediment indicated that vertical mixing was slightly stronger in the Matuta planipes Fabricius group than that in the Perinereis aibuhitensis group. The fugacity model effectively simulated the release behavior of PAHs, providing insight into PAH transport and distribution. The results demonstrated that bioturbation could promote the release of PAHs from seawater. The amount of PAHs released was significantly correlated with the biological habits of the benthos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, PR China
| | - Dongpo Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, PR China
| | - Weijun Tian
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, PR China.
| | - Zhiyang Lu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, PR China
| | - Yuhang Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, PR China; Standard Testing Group Co., Ltd, Qingdao, 266100, PR China
| | - Meile Chu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, PR China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Qingdao, 266100, PR China
| | - Bingkun Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, PR China
| | - Huimin Cao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, PR China
| | - Ruijuan Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, PR China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, PR China
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Huang QY, Hou R, Xu R, Lin L, Li HX, Liu S, Qian PY, Cheng YY, Xu XR. Organophosphate flame retardants and their metabolites in the Pearl River Estuary: Occurrence, influencing factors, and ecological risk control strategies based on a mass balance model. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 184:108478. [PMID: 38330749 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Estuaries serve as crucial filters for land-based pollutants to the open sea, but there is a lack of information on the migration and fate of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) within estuaries. This study focused on the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) by examining the co-occurrence of OPFRs and their metabolites and quantifying their transport fluxes using a mass balance model. The seawater concentrations of OPFRs and their metabolites exhibited significant seasonal variations (p < 0.01), while the sediment concentrations of OPFRs reflected the long-term distributional equilibrium in the PRE. The concentration of Σ9OPFRs in seawater showed a relentless dilution from the entrance to the offshore region in the normal and wet seasons, which was significantly in accordance with the gradients of pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and salinity (p < 0.05). Furthermore, horizontal migration dominated the transport of OPFRs, and the inventory assessment revealed that both the water column and sediment were important reservoirs in the PRE. According to the estimated fluxes from the mass balance model, riverine input emerged as the principal pathway for OPFR entry into the PRE (1.55 × 105, 6.28 × 104, and 9.00 × 104 kg/yr in the normal, dry and wet seasons, respectively), whereas outflow to the open sea predominantly determined the main fates of the OPFRs. The risk quotient (RQ) results showed that EHDPHP (0.835) in water posed medium ecological risk, while other OPFRs and metabolites presented relatively lower risk (RQ < 0.1). The risk control effects were evaluated through scenario simulations of mathematical fitting between controllable source factors and the RQ of risky OPFR. The risk of EHDPHP in the PRE could be effectively reduced by restricting its concentrations in entrance region (<9.31, 8.67, and 12.7 ng/L in the normal, dry and wet seasons, respectively) of the PRE. This research offers foundational insights into environmental management and pollution control strategies for emerging pollutants in estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Ru Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Heng-Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan-Yue Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
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Xu R, Liu S, Chen H, Hao QW, Hu YX, Li HX, Lin L, Hou R, Hong B, Yu S, Xu XR. An effective tool for tracking steroids and their metabolites at the watershed level: Combining fugacity modeling and a chemical indicator. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 326:121499. [PMID: 36972813 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Steroids have attracted concern worldwide because of their potential carcinogenicity and severe adverse effects on aquatic organisms. However, the contamination status of various steroids, particularly their metabolites, at the watershed level remains unknown. This was the first study to employ field investigations to elucidate the spatiotemporal patterns, riverine fluxes, and mass inventories, and conduct a risk assessment of 22 steroids and their metabolites. This study also developed an effective tool for predicting the target steroids and their metabolites in a typical watershed based on the fugacity model combined with a chemical indicator. Thirteen steroids in the river water and seven steroids in sediments were identified with total concentrations of 1.0-76 ng/L and <LOQ-121 ng/g, respectively. In water, the levels of steroids were higher in the dry season, but the opposite trend was observed in sediments. Approximately 89 kg/a flux of steroids were transported from the river to the estuary. Mass inventories indicated that sediments acted as crucial sinks for steroids. Steroids in rivers might pose low to medium risks to aquatic organisms. Importantly, the fugacity model combined with a chemical indicator effectively simulated the steroid monitoring results within an order of magnitude at the watershed level, and various key sensitivity parameter settings provided reliable steroid concentration predictions under different circumstances. Our results should benefit environmental management and pollution control of steroids and their metabolites at the watershed level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Qin-Wei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Yong-Xia Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Heng-Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Lang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Rui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Bing Hong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Shen Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
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Yuan S, Wang X, Jiang Z, Zhang H, Yuan S. Contribution of air-water interface in removing PFAS from drinking water: Adsorption, stability, interaction and machine learning studies. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 236:119947. [PMID: 37084575 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As a class of synthetic persistent organic pollutants, contamination of Per-and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in drinking water has attracted widespread concern. Aeration has been confirmed to enhance the removal of PFAS in drinking water by activated carbon (AC). However, the contribution of the air-water interface in removing PFAS is not yet to be fully understood at the molecular level. In this work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to investigate the role of nanobubble in removing PFAS in the aqueous environment. The result suggests that the free energies of the air-water interface are about 3-7 kcal mol-1 lower than that of the bulk water region, indicating that the transformation of PFAS from the water phase into the air-water interface is favorable from the viewpoint of thermodynamics. The interface-water partition coefficients (Psur/wat) of PFAS are in the order of PFOS > PFOA > PFHxS > PFBS. On the air-water-AC three-phase interface, PFBS can not only move along the interface region but also leave the interface region into water phase, while PFOS tended to move along the interface region until it was captured by AC. Finally, the ΔGwater-interface quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) models were developed to predict the removal efficiencies of PFAS enhanced by aeration in aquatic systems. The proposed mechanism promotes the understanding of the contribution of air-water interface in removing PFAS from drinking water by activated carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shideng Yuan
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100 PR China
| | - Xueyu Wang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100 PR China
| | - Zhaoli Jiang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100 PR China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100 PR China
| | - Shiling Yuan
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100 PR China.
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Sun Z, Zhang L, Dong D, Guo Z. Optimizing the multimedia fate model for characterizing environmental risks of florfenicol in seasonally ice-covered reservoirs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 323:121299. [PMID: 36804883 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Seasonally ice-covered reservoirs have both freeze-thaw and artificial regulation characteristics which could cause the accumulation of antibiotics. Florfenicol, one of the most widely used veterinary antibiotics, with an environmental persistence due to its fluorinated substituents has been detected in the suburban drinking water source reservoirs. In this study, a four-level fugacity model that is appropriate for ice-water-sediment systems was developed to predict the fate of florfenicol and assess its ecological risk in seasonally ice-covered reservoirs. The effects of freeze-thaw and artificial regulation processes on the volume variation of ice and water were considered by the model. The simulation accuracies in ice and water in the model were improved by 3.9% and 17.7%, respectively, compared with the traditional model. The results of mass transfer analysis showed that the inflow of florfenicol in tributaries and the volume variation of ice and water were the major factors influencing the concentration variation of florfenicol in the seasonally ice-covered reservoir. Additionally, ecological risk analysis showed that the values of risk quotients ranged from 0.019 to 0.038 which was consistently at a low ecological risk level. Our findings provide a modeling tool for predicting the fate of antibiotics with persistence and assessing their ecological risks in seasonally freeze-thaw reservoirs in cold regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zujian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Deming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Zhiyong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
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