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Song X, Kong F, Liu BF, Song Q, Ren NQ, Ren HY. Combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of temperature response of microalgae using waste activated sludge extracts for promising biodiesel production. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 251:121120. [PMID: 38237459 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Waste activated sludge (WAS) as one of the major pollutants with a significant annual production, has garnered significant attention regarding its treatment and utilization. If improperly discharged, it not only caused environmental pollution but also led to the wastage of valuable resources. In this study, the microalgae growth and lipid accumulation using waste activated sludge extracts (WASE) under different temperature conditions were investigated. The highest lipid content (59.13%) and lipid productivity (80.41 mg L-1 d-1) were obtained at cultivation temperatures of 10 and 25 °C, respectively. It was found that microalgae can effectively utilize TN/TP/NH4+-N and other nutrients of WASE. The highest utilization rates of TP, TN and NH4+-N were achieved at a cultivation temperature of 10 °C, reaching 84.97, 77.49 and 92.32%, respectively. The algal fatty acids had carbon chains predominantly ranging from C14 to C18, making them suitable for biodiesel production. Additionally, a comprehensive analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics revealed up-regulation of genes associated with triglyceride assembly, the antioxidant system of algal cells, and cellular autophagy, as well as the accumulation of metabolites related to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and lipids. This study offers novel insights into the microscopic mechanisms of microalgae culture using WASE and approaches for the resource utilization of sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Song
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Fanying Kong
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Bing-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Qingqing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hong-Yu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, China.
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Cen C, Zhang K, Zhang T, Wu J, Mao X. Exploring the ignored role of escaped algae in a pilot-scale DWDS: Disinfectant consumption, DBP yield and risk formation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122599. [PMID: 37739259 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient treatments during bloom-forming seasons allow algae to enter the subsequent drinking water distribution system (DWDS). Yet, scarce information is available regarding the role escaped algae to play in the DWDS, and how they interact with the system. Thus, three scenarios were conducted: a pilot DWDS with algae (a), pipe water (b), and pipe water with algae (c). Experimental results showed that, compared to biofilm and bulk water, escaped algae required fewer disinfectants. Competition for disinfectants varied with algal strains (Microcystis aeruginosa, MA; Pseudanabaena sp., PS) and disinfectant types (chlorine, Cl2; chloriamine, NH2Cl). Algae in the MA-Cl2 group showed the highest demand (6.25%-36.02%). However, the low-concentration disinfectants distributed to algae could trigger distinct algal status alternations. Cl2 diffused into intact MA cells and reacted with intracellular compositions. Damaged PS cells reached 100% within 2 h. Typical disinfection byproducts (DBPs), including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids and halogenated acetonitriles were examined. Disinfectant types and algal strains affected DBP yield and distribution. Although disinfectants consumed by algae might not promote dissolved DBP formation, especially for THMs. DBP formation of the other components was affected by escaped algae via changing disinfectant assignment (reduced by 45.45% for MA-Cl2) and transformation efficiency (by 34.52%). The cytotoxicity risks were estimated. Dissolved DBP-induced risks were not added when escaped algae occurred, whereas disruption and release of intracellular substances increased risks; the maximum cytotoxicity did not occur at 12 h rather than at the end (24 h). Overall, this study provided an innovative perspective on algal-related water quality issues in water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cen
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kejia Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314100, China.
| | - Tuqiao Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314100, China
| | - Jiajia Wu
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xinwei Mao
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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