1
|
Zhang Y, Qi X, Zhang X, Huang Y, Ma Q, Guo X, Wu Y. β-Cyclodextrin/carbon dots-grafted cellulose nanofibrils hydrogel for enhanced adsorption and fluorescence detection of levofloxacin. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 340:122306. [PMID: 38858025 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a novel hydrogel, β-cyclodextrin/carbon dots-grafted cellulose nanofibrils hydrogel (βCCH), was fabricated for removal and fluorescence determination of levofloxacin (LEV). A comprehensive analysis was performed to characterize its physicochemical properties. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted, revealing that βCCH reached a maximum adsorption capacity of 1376.9 mg/g, consistent with both Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models, suggesting that the adsorption process of LEV on βCCH was primarily driven by chemical adsorption. The removal efficiency of βCCH was 99.2 % under the fixed conditions (pH: 6, initial concentration: 20 mg/L, contact time: 300 min, temperature: 25 °C). The removal efficiency of βCCH for LEV still achieved 97.3 % after five adsorption-desorption cycles. By using βCCH as a fluorescent probe for LEV, a fast and sensitive method was established with linear ranges of 1-120 mg/L and 0.2-1.0 μg/L and a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.09 μg/L. The viability of βCCH was estimated based on the economic analysis of the synthesis process and the removal of LEV, demonstrating that βCCH was more cost-effective than commercial activated carbon. This study provides a novel approach for preparing a promising antibiotic detection and adsorption material with the advantages of stability, and cost-effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Xinmiao Qi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Xin Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Yiqiang Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen Y, Gao R, Sun Y, Waterhouse GIN, Qiao X, Xu Z. Development of ZrO(OH) 2@HCS co-modified molecularly imprinted gel-based electrochemical sensing platform for sensitive and selective detection of tert-butylhydroquinone in foods. Food Chem 2024; 460:140600. [PMID: 39068803 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a novel molecularly imprinted gel (MIG)-based electrochemical sensor equipped with hydrated zirconium oxide@hollow carbon spheres (ZrO(OH)2@HCS) was developed for highly sensitive and selective detection of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) in foods. The MIG was synthesized by using L-histidine to rapidly cross-link cationic guar gum, acrylamide and TBHQ through intermolecular hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions at room temperature, which offered outstanding specific recognition performance for TBHQ. ZrO(OH)2@HCS possessing excellent conductivity and water dispersibility was employed for signal amplification. Under optimal conditions, the MIG-ZrO(OH)2@HCS/GCE sensor showed a wide dynamic detection range (0.025-100 μM) with a low limit of detection (6.7 nM). TBHQ recovery experiments were conducted in spiked peanut oil and milk powder, yielding excellent recoveries. Moreover, the sensor was successfully utilized to detect TBHQ levels in snowflake chicken cutlets, crispy fried pork and boneless chicken fillets, and the results were in agreement with those obtained by the high performance liquid chromatography method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Agricultural University, Shandong, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Rui Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Agricultural University, Shandong, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Yufeng Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Agricultural University, Shandong, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | | | - Xuguang Qiao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Agricultural University, Shandong, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Zhixiang Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Agricultural University, Shandong, Tai'an 271018, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aneja R, Chauhan A, Chauhan T, Vyas R, Saini VK. Understanding adsorption selectivity in zirconium-pillared clays for biogas upgradation: the role of metal/clay ratio. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34018-x. [PMID: 38922470 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Biogas, as a sustainable energy source, encounters challenges in practical applications due to impurities, notably carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogen (N2). This study investigates the effect of metal/clay ratio on the adsorption selectivity of porous zirconium-pillared clay adsorbents for biogas upgradation. Comprehensive analyses including nitrogen adsorption/desorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were conducted to evaluate the physicochemical properties. Adsorption properties for Zr-pillared clays for biogas components such as CO2, CH4, and N2, at 25 °C under different pressures were investigated. The ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) was employed to assess selectivity for three binary gas mixtures (CO2/CH4, CO2/N2, and CH4/N2). Results revealed the substantial impact of Zr/Clay ratio on both adsorption capacity and selectivity of the prepared materials. For instance, the maximum adsorption capacity of gases varies as ZrPILC-4 > ZrPILC-2 > ZrPILC-8 > ZrPILC-1, whereas the adsorption selectivity for CO2/CH4 separation (at 1000 kPa) varies as ZrPILC-1 > ZrPILC-2 > ZrPILC-8 > ZrPILC-4. Interestingly, the ZrPILC-8 with maximum surface area (147 m2∙g-1) did not show maximum adsorption capacity for all the three gases, which was attributed to its lower pore volume, and basal spacing, as compared to ZrPILC-4. Amongst all the pillared samples, the ZrPILC-1 exhibited highest selectivity for all binary mixtures (at 1000 kPa), signifies increased nonspecific interactions due to its lower surface area. Its separation performance, particularly for CO2/CH4 mixture exceeded that of the parent clay by 1.5 times. A significant increase in the working capacity of the prepared samples underscores the efficacy of these pillared materials in separating biogas components. This study provides valuable insights into effects of Zr/clay ratio for developing robust pillared adsorbents, contributing to the advancement of sustainable biomethane production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riya Aneja
- Materials and Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, School of Environment & Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun, 248001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anuj Chauhan
- Materials and Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, School of Environment & Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun, 248001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Tanya Chauhan
- Materials and Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, School of Environment & Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun, 248001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Renuka Vyas
- Materials and Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, School of Environment & Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun, 248001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vipin Kumar Saini
- Materials and Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, School of Environment & Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun, 248001, Uttarakhand, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Trieu TND, Nguyen NTT, Nguyen TTT, Nguyen DTC, Tran TV. A comparative study on the malachite green dye adsorption of chemically synthesized and green MgFe 2O 4 nanoparticles using gerbera floral waste extract. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:41638-41655. [PMID: 37743447 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29779-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The situation of discharging a large amount of dyes from the textile industries has caused many adverse effects on human health and the ecosystems. Emerging bio-nanomaterials represent a new trend in efficient dye removal in aqueous media. Herein, we mention that MgFe2O4 bioprepared using gerbera extract has been successfully used to adsorb malachite green (MG) in water. A comparison was made to determine the dye removal efficiency between biogenic MgFe2O4 (MFOB) and chemical MgFe2O4 (MFOC). The spherical MFOB material exhibited a large surface area of 85.0 m2 g-1 and high crystallinity. The obtained outcomes showed that the highest adsorption capacity of MG dye was 584.49 mg g-1 at a MFOB dose of 0.05 g L-1 and MG concentration of 10 mg L-1. Higher correlation coefficients in the Langmuir isotherm suggested monolayer adsorption of MG. The Box-Behnken design and response surface method were established to optimize MG removal percentage under the conditions, i.e., initial MG concentration (10-30 mg L-1), adsorbent dose (0.02-0.08 g L-1), and pH of dye solution (6-8). MFOB had good reusability with high removal efficiencies after three continuous cycles. Post reuse, this adsorbent still showed excellent stability through the verification of their structural properties in comparison with fresh MFOB, showing potential for practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Ngoc Doan Trieu
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Vietnam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Processing, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Ngoan Thi Thao Nguyen
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Thi Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Processing, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Duyen Thi Cam Nguyen
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Vietnam
| | - Thuan Van Tran
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Vietnam.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu Y, Yin Y, Luan YN, Wang Q, Zhao Z, Guo Z, Liu C. Efficient phosphate removal by Mg-La binary layered double hydroxides: synthesis optimization, adsorption performance, and inner mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:29132-29147. [PMID: 38568311 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32838-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Layered double hydroxides (LDH) hold great promise as phosphate adsorbents; however, the conventional binary LDH exhibits low adsorption rate and adsorption capacity. In this study, Mg and La were chosen as binary metals in the synthesis of Mg-La LDH to enhance phosphate efficient adsorption. Different molar ratios of Mg to La (2:1, 3:1, and 4:1) were investigated to further enhance P adsorption. The best performing Mg-La LDH, with Mg to La ratio is 4:1 (LDH-4), presented a larger adsorption capacity and faster adsorption rate than other Mg-La LDH. The maximum adsorption capacity (87.23 mg/g) and the rapid adsorption rate in the initial 25 min of LDH-4 (70 mg/(g·h)) were at least 1.6 times and 1.8 times higher than the others. The kinetics, isotherms, the effect of initial pH and co-existing anions, and the adsorption-desorption cycle experiment were studied. The batch experiment results proved that the chemisorption progress occurred on the single-layered LDH surface and the optimized LDH exhibited strong anti-interference capability. Furthermore, the structural characteristics and adsorption mechanism were further investigated by SEM, BET, FTIR, XRD, and XPS. The characterization results showed that the different metal ratios could lead to changes in the metal hydroxide layer and the main ions inside. At lower Mg/La ratios, distortion occurred in the hydroxide layer, resulting in lower crystallinity and lower performance. The characterization results also proved that the main mechanisms of phosphate adsorption are electrostatic adsorption, ion exchange, and inner-sphere complexation. The results emphasized that the Mg-La LDH was efficient in phosphate removal and could be successfully used for this purpose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Xu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Yue Yin
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Ya-Nan Luan
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Zhonghong Guo
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Changqing Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
El-Qelish M, Maged A, Elwakeel KZ, Bhatnagar A, Elgarahy AM. Dual valorization of coastal biowastes for tetracycline remediation and biomethane production: A composite assisted anaerobic digestion. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133143. [PMID: 38056261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Harnessing coastal biowaste for dual valorization in water treatment and biofuel production holds paramount importance for sustainability and resource challenges. This study investigated the potential of engineered composite (CABC) derived from coastal biowaste-based materials for tetracycline (TC) removal and biomethane production. High-yield calcium carbonate (CaCO3; 95.65%; bivalve shells) and biochar (GA-BC; 41.50%; green macroalgae) were produced and used as precursors for CABC. The characterization results revealed presence of β-CaCO3 and ν2-CO3 aragonite in CaCO3, and composite homogeneity was achieved. The CABC exhibited a maximum TC sorption capacity of 342.26 mg/g via synergistic sorption mechanisms (i.e., surface/pore filling, electrostatic attraction, calcium ion exchange, and chelation). Supplementation of anaerobic digestion process with GA-BC, CaCO3, and CABC was investigated via three consecutive cycles. Biochemical methane potential of glucose as a sole substrate was increased from 157.50 to 217.00, 187.00, and 259.00 mL-CH4, while dual substrate (glucose+TC) treatment was increased from 94.5 to 146.5, 129.0, and 153.00 mL-CH4 for GA-BC, CaCO3, and CABC, respectively. Moreover, system stability and TC removal were increased with the addition of GA-BC (40.90%), CaCO3 (16.30%), and CABC (53.70%). Therefore, this study exemplifies the circular bioeconomy approach, demonstrating the sustainable use of biowaste-derived composite for water treatment and biofuel production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Qelish
- Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St., Dokki, 12622 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ali Maged
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130 Mikkeli, Finland; Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Suez University, P.O. Box 43221, Suez, Egypt; Institute of Process Engineering, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria.
| | - Khalid Z Elwakeel
- Environmental Chemistry Division, Environmental Science Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Amit Bhatnagar
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130 Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Ahmed M Elgarahy
- Environmental Chemistry Division, Environmental Science Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt; Egyptian Propylene and Polypropylene Company (EPPC), Port Said, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Luo Y, Lan Y, Liang S, Yu S, Xue M, Yin Z, Shen FF, Li X, Hong Z, Yan M, Xie C, Gao B. Rice husk hydrochar prepared by hydrochloric acid assisted hydrothermal carbonization for levofloxacin removal in bioretention columns. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 393:130105. [PMID: 38008223 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Hydrochars are promising adsorbents in pollutant removal for water treatment. Herein, hydrochloric acid (HCl) co-hydrothermally treated hydrochars were prepared from rice husk biomass at 180 °C via a one-step hydrothermal method. Adsorption behaviors of levofloxacin (LVX) on hydrochars were evaluated. The specific surface area and pore volume of the hydrochar synthesized in 5 mol/L HCl (5H-HC) were almost 17 and 8 times of untreated hydrochar, respectively. The 5H-HC sample exhibited the highest LVX adsorption capability at room temperature (107 mg/g). Thermodynamic experimental results revealed that adsorption was a spontaneous endothermic process. Yan model provided the best description of the breakthrough behavior of LVX in bioretention column, indicating that the adsorption on the samples involved several rate-limiting factors including diffusion and mass transfer. The results show that facile HCl co-hydrothermal carbonization of waste biomass can produce novel hydrochars with high LVX adsorption ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China; Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yuanwang Lan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Shuzhen Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Shuohan Yu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Mingshan Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.
| | - Zuozhu Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Fang-Fang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Xibao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Zhen Hong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Meiling Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Chan Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Maged A, Elgarahy AM, Hlawitschka MW, Haneklaus NH, Gupta AK, Bhatnagar A. Synergistic mechanisms for the superior sorptive removal of aquatic pollutants via functionalized biochar-clay composite. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 387:129593. [PMID: 37558100 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the successful synthesis of functionalized algal biochar-clay composite (FBKC). Subsequently, the sorption performance of FBKC towards norfloxacin (NFX) antibiotic and crystal violet dye (CVD) from water was extensively assessed in both batch and continuous flow systems. A series of characterization techniques were carried out for FBKC and the utilized precursors, indicating that the surface area of FBKC was increased thirty-fold with a well-developed pore structure compared to the original precursors. FBKC demonstrated a maximum sorption capacity of 192.80 and 281.24 mg/g for NFX and CVD, respectively. The suited fitting of the experimental data to Freundlich and Clark models suggested multi-layer sorption of NFX/CVD molecules. The mechanistic studies of NFX/CVD sorption onto FBKC unveiled multiple mechanisms, including π-π interaction, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction, and surface/pore filling effect. The estimated cost of 5.72 €/kg and superior sorption capacity makes FBKC an efficient low-cost sorbent for emergent water pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Maged
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130 Mikkeli, Finland; Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez University, P.O. Box 43518, El Salam City, Suez Governorate, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Elgarahy
- Environmental Chemistry Division, Environmental Science Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt; Egyptian Propylene and Polypropylene Company (EPPC), Port Said, Egypt.
| | - Mark W Hlawitschka
- Institute of Process Engineering, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Nils H Haneklaus
- Td Lab Sustainable Mineral Resources, University for Continuing Education Krems, Dr. Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Ashok Kumar Gupta
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Amit Bhatnagar
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130 Mikkeli, Finland
| |
Collapse
|