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Liu C, Ruan F, Chen Z, Han J, Ding X, Han C, Ye L, Yang C, Yu Y, Zuo Z, He C. Phenanthrene-induced hyperuricemia with intestinal barrier damage and the protective role of theabrownin: Modulation by gut microbiota-mediated bile acid metabolism. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:174923. [PMID: 39047823 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is prevalent globally and potentially linked to environmental pollution. As a typical persistent organic pollutant, phenanthrene (Phe) poses threats to human health through biomagnification. Although studies have reported Phe-induced toxicities to multiple organs, its impact on uric acid (UA) metabolism remains unclear. In this study, data mining on NHANES 2001-2016 indicated a positive correlation between Phe exposure and the occurrence of hyperuricemia in population. Subsequently, adolescent Balb/c male mice were orally exposed to Phe at a dosage of 10 mg/kg bw every second day for 7 weeks, resulting in dysfunction of intestinal UA excretion and disruption of the intestinal barrier. Utilizing intestinal organoids, 16S rRNA sequencing of gut microbiota, and targeted metabolomic analysis, we further revealed that an imbalance in bile acid metabolism derived from gut microbiota might mediate the intestinal barrier damage. Additionally, the tea extract theabrownin (TB) effectively improved Phe-induced hyperuricemia and intestinal dysfunction at a dose of 320 mg/kg bw per day. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Phe exposure is positively associated with hyperuricemia and intestinal damage, which provides new insights into the toxic effects induced by Phe. Furthermore, the present study proposes that supplementation with TB would be a healthy and effective improvement strategy for patients with hyperuricemia and intestinal injury caused by environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Fengkai Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jianrong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Changshun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Lingxiao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yi Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Fujian Clinical Research Center for Chronic Glomerular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; Department of Endocrinology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chengyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; Department of Endocrinology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Li K, Wang F, Liu S, Cheng X, Xu J, Liu X, Zhang L. Response and adaptation mechanisms of Apostichopus japonicus to single and combined anthropogenic stresses of polystyrene microplastics or cadmium. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 204:116519. [PMID: 38850758 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) have become pervasive in marine ecosystems, exerting detrimental effects on marine life. The concurrent presence and interaction of MPs and heavy metals in aquatic environments could engender more insidious toxicological impacts. This study aimed to elucidate the potential impacts and underlying mechanisms of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs), cadmium (Cd), and their combined stress (MPs-Cd) on sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus). It focused on the growth, Cd bioaccumulation, oxidative stress responses, immunoenzymatic activities, and metabolic profiles, specifically considering PS-MPs sizes preferentially ingested by these organisms. The high-dose MPs (MH) treatment group exhibited an increase in cadmium bioavailability within the sea cucumbers. Exposure to PS-MPs or Cd triggered the activation of antioxidant defenses and immune responses. PS-MPs and Cd exhibited a synergistic effect on lysozyme (LZM) activity. A total of 149, 316, 211, 197, 215, 619, 434, and 602 differentially expressed metabolites were identified, distinguishing the low-dose MPs (ML), high-dose MPs (MH), low-dose Cd (LCd), low-dose MPs and low-dose Cd (MLLCd), high-dose MPs and low-dose Cd (MHLCd), high-dose Cd (HCd), low-dose MPs and high-dose Cd (MLHCd), high-dose MPs and high-dose Cd (MHHCd) groups, respectively. Metabolomic analyses revealed disruptions in lipid metabolism, nervous system function, signal transduction, and transport and catabolism pathways following exposure to PS-MPs, Cd, and MPs-Cd. Correlation analyses among key differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) underscored the interregulation among these metabolic pathways. These results offer new perspectives on the distinct and synergistic toxicological impacts of microplastics and cadmium on aquatic species, highlighting the complex interplay between environmental contaminants and their effects on marine life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Fayuan Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Binzhou Ocean Development Research Institute, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Xiaochen Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jialei Xu
- Zhongke Tonghe (Shandong) Ocean Technology Co., Ltd., Dongying 257200, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Zhongke Tonghe (Shandong) Ocean Technology Co., Ltd., Dongying 257200, China
| | - Libin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Cao Y, Bi L, Chen Q, Liu Y, Zhao H, Jin L, Peng R. Understanding the links between micro/nanoplastics-induced gut microbes dysbiosis and potential diseases in fish: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 352:124103. [PMID: 38734053 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
At present, the quantity of micro/nano plastics in the environment is steadily rising, and their pollution has emerged as a global environmental issue. The tendency of their bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms (especially fish) has intensified people's attention to their persistent ecotoxicology. This review critically studies the accumulation of fish in the intestines of fish through active or passive intake of micro/nano plastics, resulting in their accumulation in intestinal organs and subsequent disturbance of intestinal microflora. The key lies in the complex toxic effect on the host after the disturbance of fish intestinal microflora. In addition, this review pointed out the characteristics of micro/nano plastics and the effects of their combined toxicity with adsorbed pollutants on fish intestinal microorganisms, in order to fully understand the characteristics of micro/nano plastics and emphasize the complex interaction between MNPs and other pollutants. We have an in-depth understanding of MNPs-induced intestinal flora disorders and intestinal dysfunction, affecting the host's systemic system, including immune system, nervous system, and reproductive system. The review also underscores the imperative for future research to investigate the toxic effects of prolonged exposure to MNPs, which are crucial for evaluating the ecological risks posed by MNPs and devising strategies to safeguard aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Liuliu Bi
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yinai Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Haiyang Zhao
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Libo Jin
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Renyi Peng
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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Sha Y, Zhang D, Tu J, Zhang R, Shao Y, Chen J, Lu S, Liu X. Chronic exposure to tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate: Effects on intestinal microbiota and serum metabolism in rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 279:116469. [PMID: 38772141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) is a widely used organophosphate ester that can adversely affect animal or human health. The intestinal microbiota is critical to human health. High-dose exposure to TDCIPP can markedly affect the intestinal ecosystem of mice, but the effects of long-term exposure to lower concentrations of TDCIPP on the intestinal flora and body metabolism remain unclear. In this study, TDCIPP was administered to Sprague-Dawley rats by gavage at a dose of 13.3 mg/kg bw/day for 90 days. TDCIPP increased the relative weight of the kidneys (P = 0.017), but had no effect on the relative weight of the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, testes, and ovaries (P > 0.05). 16 S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that long-term TDCIPP exposure affected the diversity, relative abundance, and functions of rat gut microbes. The serum metabolomics of the rats showed that TDCIPP can disrupt the serum metabolic profiles, result in the up-regulation of 26 metabolites and down-regulation of 3 metabolites, and affect multiple metabolic pathways in rat sera. In addition, the disturbed genera and metabolites were correlated. The functions of some disturbed gut microbes were consistent with the affected metabolic pathways in the sera, and these metabolic pathways were all associated with kidney disease, suggesting that TDCIPP may cause kidney injury in rats by affecting the intestinal flora and serum metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Sha
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Jiazichao Tu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ruyue Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yijia Shao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jimei Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Bao S, Yi J, Xian B, Rao C, Xiang D, Tang W, Fang T. Global analysis of the adverse effects of micro- and nanoplastics on intestinal health and microbiota of fish. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134157. [PMID: 38569337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The wide occurrence of micro- and nanoplastics (MPs/NPs) within aquatic ecosystems has raised increasing concerns regarding their potential effects on aquatic organisms. However, the effects of MPs/NPs on intestinal health and microbiota of fish remain controversial, and there is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding how the impact of MPs/NPs is influenced by MPs/NPs characteristics and experimental designs. Here, we conducted a global analysis to synthesize the effects of MPs/NPs on 47 variables associated with fish intestinal health and microbiota from 118 studies. We found that MPs/NPs generally exerted obvious adverse effects on intestinal histological structure, permeability, digestive function, immune and oxidative-antioxidative systems. By contrast, MPs/NPs showed slight effects on intestinal microbial variables. Further, we observed that the responses of intestinal variables to MPs/NPs were significantly regulated by MPs/NPs characteristics and experimental designs. For instance, polyvinyl chloride plastics showed higher toxicity to fish gut than polyethylene and polystyrene did. Additionally, larval fish appeared to be more sensitive to MPs/NPs than juvenile fish. Collectively, this study highlights the potential impacts of MPs/NPs on intestinal health and microbiota of fish, and underscores the determinant role of MPs/NPs characteristics and experimental designs in MPs/NPs toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopan Bao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jia Yi
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Bo Xian
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chenyang Rao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Dongfang Xiang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tao Fang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Jian M, Chen X, Liu S, Liu Y, Liu Y, Wang Q, Tu W. Combined exposure with microplastics increases the toxic effects of PFOS and its alternative F-53B in adult zebrafish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:170948. [PMID: 38365036 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) can adsorb and desorb organic pollutants, which may alter their biotoxicities. Although the toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and its alternative 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B) to organisms has been reported, the comparative study of their combined toxic effects with MPs on aquatic organisms is limited. In this study, adult female zebrafish were exposed to 10 μg/L PFOS/F-53B and 50 μg/L MPs alone or in combination for 14 days to investigate their single and combined toxicities. The results showed that the presence of MPs reduced the concentration of freely dissolved PFOS and F-53B in the exposure solution but did not affect their bioaccumulation in the zebrafish liver and gut. The combined exposure to PFOS and MPs had the greatest impact on liver oxidative stress, immunoinflammatory, and energy metabolism disorders. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed that the combined exposure to F-53B and MPs had the greatest impact on gut microbiota. Functional enrichment analysis predicted that the alternations in the gut microbiome could interfere with signaling pathways related to immune and energy metabolic processes. Moreover, significant correlations were observed between changes in gut microbiota and immune and energy metabolism indicators, highlighting the role of gut microbiota in host health. Together, our findings demonstrate that combined exposure to PFOS/F-53B and MPs exacerbates liver immunotoxicity and disturbances in energy metabolism in adult zebrafish compared to single exposure, potentially through dysregulation of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minfei Jian
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China; Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China.
| | - Yingxin Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China; School of New Energy Science and Engineering, Xinyu University, Xinyu 338004, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Qiyu Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Wenqing Tu
- School of Land Resources and Environment, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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Wang H, Xu J, Yuan Y, Wang Z, Zhang W, Li J. The Exploration of Joint Toxicity and Associated Mechanisms of Primary Microplastics and Methamphetamine in Zebrafish Larvae. TOXICS 2024; 12:64. [PMID: 38251019 PMCID: PMC10820113 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The co-existence of microplastics (MPs) and methamphetamine (METH) in aquatic ecosystems has been widely reported; however, the joint toxicity and associated mechanisms remain unclear. Here, zebrafish larvae were exposed individually or jointly to polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) MPs (20 mg/L) and METH (1 and 5 mg/L) for 10 days. The mortality, behavioral functions, and histopathology of fish from different groups were determined. PS MPs posed a stronger lethal risk to fish than PVC MPs, while the addition of METH at 5 mg/L significantly increased mortality. Obvious deposition of MPs was observed in the larvae's intestinal tract in the exposure groups. Meanwhile, treatment with MPs induced intestinal deposits and intestinal hydrops in the fish, and this effect was enhanced with the addition of METH. Furthermore, MPs significantly suppressed the locomotor activation of zebrafish larvae, showing extended immobility duration and lower velocity. METH stimulated the outcome of PS but had no effect on the fish exposed to PVC. However, combined exposure to MPs and METH significantly increased the turn angle, which declined in individual MP exposure groups. RNA sequencing and gene quantitative analysis demonstrated that exposure to PS MPs and METH activated the MAPK signaling pathway and the C-type lectin signaling pathway of fish, while joint exposure to PVC MPs and METH stimulated steroid hormone synthesis pathways and the C-type lectin signaling pathway in zebrafish, contributing to cellular apoptosis and immune responses. This study contributes to the understanding of the joint toxicity of microplastics and pharmaceuticals to zebrafish, highlighting the significance of mitigating microplastic pollution to preserve the health of aquatic organisms and human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; (H.W.); (J.X.); (Y.Y.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jindong Xu
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; (H.W.); (J.X.); (Y.Y.); (W.Z.)
| | - Yang Yuan
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; (H.W.); (J.X.); (Y.Y.); (W.Z.)
| | - Zhenglu Wang
- West China School of Public Health, West China Fourth Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; (H.W.); (J.X.); (Y.Y.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jiana Li
- Ningbo Academy of Ecological, Environmental Sciences, Ningbo 315000, China
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