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Solanas E, Sanchez-Fuentes N, Serrablo A, Lue A, Lorente S, Cortés L, Lanas A, Baptista PM, Serrano MT. How Donor and Surgical Factors Affect the Viability and Functionality of Human Hepatocytes Isolated From Liver Resections. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:875147. [PMID: 35646956 PMCID: PMC9132360 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.875147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver resections are a significant source of primary human hepatocytes used mainly in artificial liver devices and pharmacological and biomedical studies. However, it is not well known how patient-donor and surgery-dependent factors influence isolated hepatocytes’ yield, viability, and function. Hence, we aimed to analyze the impact of all these elements on the outcome of human hepatocyte isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Solanas
- Aragón Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nieves Sanchez-Fuentes
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgical Division, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alejandro Serrablo
- Aragón Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.,Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgical Division, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alberto Lue
- Aragón Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Digestive Diseases, University Clinic Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sara Lorente
- Aragón Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Digestive Diseases, University Clinic Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis Cortés
- Aragón Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Digestive Diseases, University Clinic Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Angel Lanas
- Aragón Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Digestive Diseases, University Clinic Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pedro M Baptista
- Aragón Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain.,ARAID Foundation, Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carlos III University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Trinidad Serrano
- Aragón Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Digestive Diseases, University Clinic Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
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2
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Truant S, Baillet C, Gnemmi V, Fulbert M, Turpin A, Dardenne S, Leteurtre E, El Amrani M, Dharancy S, Dubuquoy L, Huglo D, Chesné C, Pruvot FR. The Impact of Modern Chemotherapy and Chemotherapy-Associated Liver Injuries (CALI) on Liver Function: Value of 99mTc-Labelled-Mebrofenin SPECT-Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy. Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 28:1959-1969. [PMID: 32833150 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-08988-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy is increasingly used before hepatic resection, with controversial impact regarding liver function. This study aimed to assess the capacity of 99mTc-labelled-mebrofenin SPECT-hepatobiliary scintigraphy (HBS) to predict liver dysfunction due to chemotherapy and/or chemotherapeutic-associated liver injuries (CALI), such as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) activity score (NAS). METHODS From 2011 to 2015, all consecutive noncirrhotic patients scheduled for a major hepatectomy (≥ 3 segments) gave informed consent for preoperative SPECT-HBS allowing measurements of segmental liver function. As primary endpoint, HBS results were compared between patients with versus without (1) preoperative chemotherapy (≤ 3 months); and (2) CALI, mainly steatosis, NAS (Kleiner), or SOS (Rubbia-Brandt). Secondary endpoints were (1) other factors impairing function; and (2) impact of chemotherapy, and/or CALI on hepatocyte isolation outcome via liver tissues. RESULTS Among 115 patients, 55 (47.8%) received chemotherapy. Sixteen developed SOS and 35 NAS, with worse postoperative outcome. Overall, chemotherapy had no impact on liver function, except above 12 cycles. In patients with CALI, a steatosis ≥ 30% significantly compromised function, as well as NAS, especially grades 2-5. Conversely, SOS had no impact, although subjected to very low patients number with severe SOS. Other factors impairing function were diabetes, overweight/obesity, or fibrosis. Similarly, chemotherapy in 73 of 164 patients had no effect on hepatocytes isolation outcome; regarding CALI, steatosis ≥ 30% and NAS impaired the yield and/or viability of hepatocytes, but not SOS. CONCLUSIONS In this first large, prospective study, HBS appeared to be a valuable tool to select heavily treated patients at risk of liver dysfunction through steatosis or NAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Truant
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Transplantation, Univ. Lille, CHRU Lille, Lille, France. .,CANTHER laboratory Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies UMR-S1277 INSERM, Team Mucins, Cancer and Drug Resistance, 59000, Lille, France.
| | - Clio Baillet
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Maxence Fulbert
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Transplantation, Univ. Lille, CHRU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Anthony Turpin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Sabrina Dardenne
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Transplantation, Univ. Lille, CHRU Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Mehdi El Amrani
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Transplantation, Univ. Lille, CHRU Lille, Lille, France.,CANTHER laboratory Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies UMR-S1277 INSERM, Team Mucins, Cancer and Drug Resistance, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Dharancy
- Hepatology Unit, Univ. Lille, Lille, France.,LIRIC-Lille Inflammation Research International Center-U995, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Laurent Dubuquoy
- Hepatology Unit, Univ. Lille, Lille, France.,LIRIC-Lille Inflammation Research International Center-U995, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Damien Huglo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - François-René Pruvot
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Transplantation, Univ. Lille, CHRU Lille, Lille, France
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3
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Beckwitt CH, Clark AM, Wheeler S, Taylor DL, Stolz DB, Griffith L, Wells A. Liver 'organ on a chip'. Exp Cell Res 2018; 363:15-25. [PMID: 29291400 PMCID: PMC5944300 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays critical roles in both homeostasis and pathology. It is the major site of drug metabolism in the body and, as such, a common target for drug-induced toxicity and is susceptible to a wide range of diseases. In contrast to other solid organs, the liver possesses the unique ability to regenerate. The physiological importance and plasticity of this organ make it a crucial system of study to better understand human physiology, disease, and response to exogenous compounds. These aspects have impelled many to develop liver tissue systems for study in isolation outside the body. Herein, we discuss these biologically engineered organoids and microphysiological systems. These aspects have impelled many to develop liver tissue systems for study in isolation outside the body. Herein, we discuss these biologically engineered organoids and microphysiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin H Beckwitt
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Research and Development Service, VA Pittsburgh Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Amanda M Clark
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sarah Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - D Lansing Taylor
- Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Linda Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alan Wells
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Research and Development Service, VA Pittsburgh Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA.
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4
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Squires JE, Soltys KA, McKiernan P, Squires RH, Strom SC, Fox IJ, Soto-Gutierrez A. Clinical Hepatocyte Transplantation: What Is Next? CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2017; 4:280-289. [PMID: 29732274 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-017-0165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of review Significant recent scientific developments have occurred in the field of liver repopulation and regeneration. While techniques to facilitate liver repopulation with donor hepatocytes and different cell sources have been studied extensively in the laboratory, in recent years clinical hepatocyte transplantation (HT) and liver repopulation trials have demonstrated new disease indications and also immunological challenges that will require the incorporation of a fresh look and new experimental approaches. Recent findings Growth advantage and regenerative stimulus are necessary to allow donor hepatocytes to proliferate. Current research efforts focus on mechanisms of donor hepatocyte expansion in response to liver injury/preconditioning. Moreover, latest clinical evidence shows that important obstacles to HT include optimizing engraftment and limited duration of effectiveness, with hepatocytes being lost to immunological rejection. We will discuss alternatives for cellular rejection monitoring, as well as new modalities to follow cellular graft function and near-to-clinical cell sources. Summary HT partially corrects genetic disorders for a limited period of time and has been associated with reversal of ALF. The main identified obstacles that remain to make HT a curative approach include improving engraftment rates, and methods for monitoring cellular graft function and rejection. This review aims to discuss current state-of-the-art in clinical HT and provide insights into innovative approaches taken to overcome these obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Squires
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kyle A Soltys
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplant Institute, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Patrick McKiernan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Robert H Squires
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Stephen C Strom
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ira J Fox
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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Uno Y, Takata R, Kito G, Yamazaki H, Nakagawa K, Nakamura Y, Kamataki T, Katagiri T. Sex- and age-dependent gene expression in human liver: An implication for drug-metabolizing enzymes. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 32:100-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.10.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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6
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Prediction of the metabolic clearance of benzophenone-2, and its interaction with isoeugenol and coumarin using cryopreserved human hepatocytes in primary culture. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 90:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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7
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Maximising the use of freshly isolated human hepatocytes. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2015; 78:85-92. [PMID: 26639314 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Freshly isolated human hepatocytes are the best model for predicting adverse drug reactions. However, their preparation and use present the investigator with many variables that are beyond their control. These include operation continuity and timing, size and number of cut surfaces on liver tissue and the prior history of the patient. To exploit the potential of freshly isolated human hepatocytes a method is required to preserve the cells in their initial in vivo like state. This experimental pausing allows experiments to be prioritised at convenient times of the day. METHODS A novel approach for selecting viable human hepatocytes by functional attachment to a gelatin gel is described rather than relying on their physical characteristics. The cells are preserved as a monolayer on the semi-solid support at 10°C as single spherical entities. RESULTS The hepatocytes can be released into suspension, when required, by a temperature transition to 37°C for 20min. The cells can be used in suspension or as a monolayer. The length of preservation depends upon the source tissue. Hepatocytes from normal liver can be maintained for at least 4days and demonstrated to have the same level of CYP3A4 and the enzymes involved in glucuronidation and sulphation as freshly isolated cells. Cells from fatty liver, attached to gelatin, vary in their preservation time but it is at least 24h and so confluent monolayers, that survive at 37°C can be generated the following day. DISCUSSION The technique enables freshly isolated human hepatocytes to be used more effectively. They can be preserved in times of plenty so more experimentation is possible. Alternatively, with poorer fatty cells the initial attachment on gelatin enables confluent monolayers of lipid rich cells to be studied.
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8
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Kluge M, Reutzel-Selke A, Napierala H, Hillebrandt KH, Major RD, Struecker B, Leder A, Siefert J, Tang P, Lippert S, Sallmon H, Seehofer D, Pratschke J, Sauer IM, Raschzok N. Human Hepatocyte Isolation: Does Portal Vein Embolization Affect the Outcome? Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 22:38-48. [PMID: 26449914 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary human hepatocytes are widely used for basic research, pharmaceutical testing, and therapeutic concepts in regenerative medicine. Human hepatocytes can be isolated from resected liver tissue. Preoperative portal vein embolization (PVE) is increasingly used to decrease the risk of delayed postoperative liver regeneration by induction of selective hypertrophy of the future remnant liver tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PVE on the outcome of hepatocyte isolation. Primary human hepatocytes were isolated from liver tissue obtained from partial hepatectomies (n = 190) using the two-step collagenase perfusion technique followed by Percoll purification. Of these hepatectomies, 27 isolations (14.2%) were performed using liver tissue obtained from patients undergoing PVE before surgery. All isolations were characterized using parameters that had been described in the literature as relevant for the outcome of hepatocyte isolation. The isolation outcomes of the PVE and the non-PVE groups were then compared before and after Percoll purification. Metabolic parameters (transaminases, urea, albumin, and vascular endothelial growth factor secretion) were measured in the supernatant of cultured hepatocytes for more than 6 days (PVE: n = 4 and non-PVE: n = 3). The PVE and non-PVE groups were similar in regard to donor parameters (sex, age, and indication for surgery), isolation parameters (liver weight and cold ischemia time), and the quality of the liver tissue. The mean initial viable cell yield did not differ between the PVE and non-PVE groups (10.16 ± 2.03 × 10(6) cells/g vs. 9.70 ± 0.73 × 10(6) cells/g, p = 0.499). The initial viability was slightly better in the PVE group (77.8% ± 2.03% vs. 74.4% ± 1.06%). The mean viable cell yield (p = 0.819) and the mean viability (p = 0.141) after Percoll purification did not differ between the groups. PVE had no effect on enzyme leakage and metabolic activity of cultured hepatocytes. Although PVE leads to drastic metabolic alterations and changes in hepatic blood flow, embolized liver tissue is a suitable source for the isolation of primary human hepatocytes and is equivalent to untreated liver tissue in regard to cell yield and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kluge
- 1 General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Reutzel-Selke
- 1 General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Napierala
- 1 General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Herbert Hillebrandt
- 1 General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebeka Dalma Major
- 1 General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Struecker
- 1 General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Annekatrin Leder
- 1 General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeffrey Siefert
- 1 General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Tang
- 1 General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen Lippert
- 1 General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannes Sallmon
- 2 Neonatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- 1 General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Johann Pratschke
- 1 General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Igor M Sauer
- 1 General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Nathanael Raschzok
- 1 General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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9
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An algorithm that predicts the viability and the yield of human hepatocytes isolated from remnant liver pieces obtained from liver resections. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107567. [PMID: 25313881 PMCID: PMC4196847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolated human primary hepatocytes are an essential in vitro model for basic and clinical research. For successful application as a model, isolated hepatocytes need to have a good viability and be available in sufficient yield. Therefore, this study aims to identify donor characteristics, intra-operative factors, tissue processing and cell isolation parameters that affect the viability and yield of human hepatocytes. Remnant liver pieces from tissue designated as surgical waste were collected from 1034 donors with informed consent. Human hepatocytes were isolated by a two-step collagenase perfusion technique with modifications and hepatocyte yield and viability were subsequently determined. The accompanying patient data was collected and entered into a database. Univariate analyses found that the viability and the yield of hepatocytes were affected by many of the variables examined. Multivariate analyses were then carried out to confirm the factors that have a significant relationship with the viability and the yield. It was found that the viability of hepatocytes was significantly decreased by the presence of fibrosis, liver fat and with increasing gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity and bilirubin content. Yield was significantly decreased by the presence of liver fat, septal fibrosis, with increasing aspartate aminotransferase activity, cold ischemia times and weight of perfused liver. However, yield was significantly increased by chemotherapy treatment. In conclusion, this study determined the variables that have a significant effect on the viability and the yield of isolated human hepatocytes. These variables have been used to generate an algorithm that can calculate projected viability and yield of isolated human hepatocytes. In this way, projected viability can be determined even before isolation of hepatocytes, so that donors that result in high viability and yield can be identified. Further, if the viability and yield of the isolated hepatocytes is lower than expected, this will highlight a methodological problem that can be addressed.
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10
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Wheeler SE, Clark AM, Taylor DP, Young CL, Pillai VC, Stolz DB, Venkataramanan R, Lauffenburger D, Griffith L, Wells A. Spontaneous dormancy of metastatic breast cancer cells in an all human liver microphysiologic system. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:2342-50. [PMID: 25314052 PMCID: PMC4264444 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Metastatic outgrowth in breast cancer can occur years after a seeming cure. Existing model systems of dormancy are limited as they do not recapitulate human metastatic dormancy without exogenous manipulations and are unable to query early events of micrometastases. Methods: Here, we describe a human ex vivo hepatic microphysiologic system. The system is established with fresh human hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells (NPCs) creating a microenvironment into which breast cancer cells (MCF7 and MDA-MB-231) are added. Results: The hepatic tissue maintains function through 15 days as verified by liver-specific protein production and drug metabolism assays. The NPCs form an integral part of the hepatic niche, demonstrated within the system through their participation in differential signalling cascades and cancer cell outcomes. Breast cancer cells intercalate into the hepatic niche without interfering with hepatocyte function. Examination of cancer cells demonstrated that a significant subset enter a quiescent state of dormancy as shown by lack of cell cycling (EdU− or Ki67−). The presence of NPCs altered the cancer cell fraction entering quiescence, and lead to differential cytokine profiles in the microenvironment effluent. Conclusions: These findings establish the liver microphysiologic system as a relevant model for the study of breast cancer metastases and entry into dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A M Clark
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D P Taylor
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [2] Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - C L Young
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - V C Pillai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D B Stolz
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [2] Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [3] McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [4] University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R Venkataramanan
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [2] Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - L Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - A Wells
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, S711 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [2] Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [3] McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [4] University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA [5] Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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11
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Clark AM, Wheeler SE, Taylor DP, Pillai VC, Young CL, Prantil-Baun R, Nguyen T, Stolz DB, Borenstein JT, Lauffenburger DA, Venkataramanan R, Griffith LG, Wells A. A microphysiological system model of therapy for liver micrometastases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1170-9. [PMID: 24821820 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214532596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis accounts for almost 90% of cancer-associated mortality. The effectiveness of cancer therapeutics is limited by the protective microenvironment of the metastatic niche and consequently these disseminated tumors remain incurable. Metastatic disease progression continues to be poorly understood due to the lack of appropriate model systems. To address this gap in understanding, we propose an all-human microphysiological system that facilitates the investigation of cancer behavior in the liver metastatic niche. This existing LiverChip is a 3D-system modeling the hepatic niche; it incorporates a full complement of human parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells and effectively recapitulates micrometastases. Moreover, this system allows real-time monitoring of micrometastasis and assessment of human-specific signaling. It is being utilized to further our understanding of the efficacy of chemotherapeutics by examining the activity of established and novel agents on micrometastases under conditions replicating diurnal variations in hormones, nutrients and mild inflammatory states using programmable microdispensers. These inputs affect the cues that govern tumor cell responses. Three critical signaling groups are targeted: the glucose/insulin responses, the stress hormone cortisol and the gut microbiome in relation to inflammatory cues. Currently, the system sustains functioning hepatocytes for a minimum of 15 days; confirmed by monitoring hepatic function (urea, α-1-antitrypsin, fibrinogen, and cytochrome P450) and injury (AST and ALT). Breast cancer cell lines effectively integrate into the hepatic niche without detectable disruption to tissue, and preliminary evidence suggests growth attenuation amongst a subpopulation of breast cancer cells. xMAP technology combined with systems biology modeling are also employed to evaluate cellular crosstalk and illustrate communication networks in the early microenvironment of micrometastases. This model is anticipated to identify new therapeutic strategies for metastasis by elucidating the paracrine effects between the hepatic and metastatic cells, while concurrently evaluating agent efficacy for metastasis, metabolism and tolerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Clark
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Biology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bioengineering, and the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sarah E Wheeler
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Biology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bioengineering, and the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Donald P Taylor
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Biology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bioengineering, and the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Venkateswaran C Pillai
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Biology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bioengineering, and the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Carissa L Young
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02319, USA
| | | | - Transon Nguyen
- Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Biology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bioengineering, and the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02319, USA
| | - Raman Venkataramanan
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Biology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bioengineering, and the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02319, USA
| | - Alan Wells
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Biology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bioengineering, and the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and Pittsburgh VA Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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12
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Yang YH, Lin JK, Chen WS, Lin TC, Yang SH, Jiang JK, Chang SC, Lan YT, Lin CC, Yen CC, Tzeng CH, Wang WS, Chiang HL, Teng CJ, Teng HW. Duloxetine improves oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy in patients with colorectal cancer: an open-label pilot study. Support Care Cancer 2011; 20:1491-7. [PMID: 21814779 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-011-1237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This open-label pilot study is aimed to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of the antidepressant duloxetine, which is effective for diabetic neuropathic pain, in the treatment of chronic oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy (OIPN). METHODS We enrolled a total of 39 patients with stage III or IV colorectal cancer with chronic OIPN. They were treated with duloxetine by increasing the dose from 30 mg/day to 60 mg/day. Patients' pain intensity was rated at baseline and 12 weeks after duloxetine administration. The severity of neuropathic pain was evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS) score and the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3 (NCI-CTCAE v3.0). RESULTS Nine patients (23.1%) discontinued duloxetine before the end of treatment because of adverse events. Of the remaining 30 patients, 19 patients (63.3%) had a VAS score improvement. Among them, nine (47.4%) showed a simultaneous grade improvement, and the other 10 patients (52.6%) had a stable grade according to NCI-CTCAE v3.0. Treatment with duloxetine did not impair renal or liver function and did not interfere with chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Duloxetine is feasible in treating chronic OIPN with tolerable toxicity at a daily dose of 60 mg/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hsu Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Hospital Renai Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Isolation of primary human hepatocytes from normal and diseased liver tissue: a one hundred liver experience. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18222. [PMID: 21479238 PMCID: PMC3066224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful and consistent isolation of primary human hepatocytes remains a challenge for both cell-based therapeutics/transplantation and laboratory research. Several centres around the world have extensive experience in the isolation of human hepatocytes from non-diseased livers obtained from donor liver surplus to surgical requirement or at hepatic resection for tumours. These livers are an important but limited source of cells for therapy or research. The capacity to isolate cells from diseased liver tissue removed at transplantation would substantially increase availability of cells for research. However no studies comparing the outcome of human hepatocytes isolation from diseased and non-diseased livers presently exist. Here we report our experience isolating human hepatocytes from organ donors, non-diseased resected liver and cirrhotic tissue. We report the cell yields and functional qualities of cells isolated from the different types of liver and demonstrate that a single rigorous protocol allows the routine harvest of good quality primary hepatocytes from the most commonly accessible human liver tissue samples.
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14
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Petushkova NA, Pyatnitskiy MA, Lisitsa AV, Larina OV, Kuznetsova GP, Skipenko OG, Karuzina II, Archakov AI. Computational approach to characterization of human liver drug-metabolizing enzymes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 41:305-11. [PMID: 20599500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 are the key enzymes for activating and inactivating many drugs; individual expression levels of CYPs may play a crucial role in drug safety and drug efficacy. Statistical comparison of biochemical profiles of 23 human liver microsomes have been used to characterize human liver samples. The profile included 12 parameters, namely activity of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, cytochrome P450 content and cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase activities with marker substrates. Unsupervised statistical methods including cluster analysis and principal component analysis revealed with very high confidence the presence of two groups. Difference between the groups was explained by peculiarities of reductase activity and cytochrome P450 enzyme activities with 7-ethoxyresorufin, 7-methoxyresorufin, 7-methoxycoumarin, 7-benzyloxyresorufin and 7-benzyloxyquinoline. Results of biochemical assays coupled with multidimensional data analysis can be further used for targeted proteomic profiling of microsome oxidation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Petushkova
- V.N. Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Pogodinskaya St., Moscow, Russia.
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15
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Seibert C, Davidson BR, Fuller BJ, Patterson LH, Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Multiple-approaches to the identification and quantification of cytochromes P450 in human liver tissue by mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:1672-81. [PMID: 19714871 DOI: 10.1021/pr800795r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the identification and approximate quantification of cytochrome P450 (CYP) proteins in human liver microsomes as determined by nano-LC-MS/MS with application of the exponentially modified protein abundance index (emPAI) algorithm during database searching. Protocols based on 1D-gel protein separation and 2D-LC peptide separation gave comparable results. In total, 18 CYP isoforms were unambiguously identified based on unique peptide matches. Further, we have determined the absolute quantity of two CYP enzymes (2E1 and 1A2) in human liver microsomes using stable-isotope dilution mass spectrometry, where microsomal proteins were separated by 1D-gel electrophoresis, digested with trypsin in the presence of either a CYP2E1- or 1A2-specific stable-isotope labeled tryptic peptide and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) for the isotope-labeled tryptic peptides and their natural unlabeled analogues quantification could be performed over the range of 0.1-1.5 pmol on column. Liver microsomes from four individuals were analyzed for CYP2E1 giving values of 88-200 pmol/mg microsomal protein. The CYP1A2 content of microsomes from a further three individuals ranged from 165 to 263 pmol/mg microsomal protein. Although, in this proof-of-concept study for CYP quantification, the two CYP isoforms were quantified from different samples, there are no practical reasons to prevent multiplexing the method to allow the quantification of multiple CYP isoforms in a single sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrin Seibert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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16
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Choi S, Sainz B, Corcoran P, Uprichard S, Jeong H. Characterization of increased drug metabolism activity in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-treated Huh7 hepatoma cells. Xenobiotica 2009; 39:205-17. [PMID: 19280519 DOI: 10.1080/00498250802613620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize Huh7 cells' baseline capacity to metabolize drugs and to investigate whether the drug metabolism was enhanced upon treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of major Phase I and Phase II enzymes were determined by quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and activities of major drug-metabolizing enzymes were examined using probe drugs by analysing relevant metabolite production rates. The expression levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes in control Huh7 cells were generally very low, but DMSO treatment dramatically increased the mRNA levels of most drug-metabolizing enzymes as well as other liver-specific proteins. Importantly, functionality assays confirmed concomitant increases in drug-metabolizing enzyme activity. Additionally, treatment of the Huh7 cells with 3-methylcholanthrene induced cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 expression. The results indicate that DMSO treatment of Huh7 cells profoundly enhances their differentiation state, thus improving the usefulness of this common cell line as an in vitro hepatocyte model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Choi
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology,University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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17
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Schiffer E, Frossard JL, Rubbia-Brandt L, Mentha G, Pastor CM. Hepatic regeneration is decreased in a rat model of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. J Surg Oncol 2009; 99:439-46. [PMID: 19353590 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Oxaliplatin is a chemotherapeutic drug for colorectal adenocarcinoma able to extend the indications for resection of colorectal liver metastases. However, the drug may severely injure hepatic sinusoids, inducing a sinusoidal obstruction syndrome in non-tumoral parenchyma with a risk of decreased regeneration in the remnant liver following partial hepatectomy. METHODS We then investigated the evolution of hepatic functions and liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy in rats with sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. The sinusoidal obstruction syndrome was induced with a single intragastric administration of monocrotaline (MCT). RESULTS MCT administration induced obstruction of the hepatic microcirculation and increased portal pressure, hepatic VEGF expression, and Ki67 positive hepatocytes. A mild cholestasis was present without modification of hepatic tests. Following a 70% hepatectomy, liver regeneration was significantly impaired by MCT administration and this impaired regeneration was associated with hepatocellular injury evidenced 1 week after hepatectomy. CONCLUSIONS The presence of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome impairs hepatic regeneration in this rat model of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Schiffer
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Hépatique et Imagerie Moléculaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva 1205, Switzerland
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18
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Nafidi O, Désy D, Létourneau R, Côté J, Plasse M, Vandenbroucke F, Roy A, Dagenais M, Lapointe RW. Hypertrophy of the non-embolized liver after chemotherapy. HPB (Oxford) 2009; 11:103-7. [PMID: 19590632 PMCID: PMC2697873 DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-2574.2009.00004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/30/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC(+)) and portal vein embolization (PVE) enables curative resection in more patients with colorectal-liver metastases (CRLM). However, after NC(+), structural alterations have been reported with the risk of post-operative hepatic failure. We undertook to determine if NC(+) toxicity limits future remnant liver (FRL) hypertrophy after PVE. METHODS PVE was performed in 20 patients, 13 (65%) of whom previously received a mean FOLFIRI (5-fluorouracil + leucovorin + irinotecan) regimen (NC(+)) of 6.6 cycles. The seven remaining patients served as the control group without NC (NC(-)). RESULTS CRLM were bilateral in 69% (NC(+)) and 57% (NC(-)), and synchronous in 84% (NC(+)) and 14% (NC(-)). The FRL hypertrophy rate was 54.1% (NC(+)) and 43.7% (NC(-)) (P= 0.3). CRLM were unresectable in four of our 20 patients, i.e. group NC(+): one insufficient FRL hypertrophy and one severe steatosis; and group NC(-): two tumoral progressions. In both groups, the operative parameters were comparable except for pedicular clamping: 8 (NC(+)) and 36 min (NC(-)), respectively (P < 0.05). Also, the surgical outcome rate and hospital stay were comparable. No significant pathological difference was observed between the two groups. No mortality occurred in either group. CONCLUSION In view of our limited experience, we conclude that hypertrophy of the non-embolized liver (FRL) is not altered after FOLFIRI-based NC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otmane Nafidi
- Departments of Surgery, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) – Hôpital St-LucMontreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Delphine Désy
- Departments of Pathology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) – Hôpital St-LucMontreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard Létourneau
- Departments of Surgery, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) – Hôpital St-LucMontreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean Côté
- Departments of Pathology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) – Hôpital St-LucMontreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marylène Plasse
- Departments of Surgery, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) – Hôpital St-LucMontreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Franck Vandenbroucke
- Departments of Surgery, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) – Hôpital St-LucMontreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - André Roy
- Departments of Surgery, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) – Hôpital St-LucMontreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Dagenais
- Departments of Surgery, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) – Hôpital St-LucMontreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Réal W Lapointe
- Departments of Surgery, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) – Hôpital St-LucMontreal, Quebec, Canada
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Mavri-Damelin D, Damelin LH, Eaton S, Rees M, Selden C, Hodgson HJF. Cells for bioartificial liver devices: the human hepatoma-derived cell line C3A produces urea but does not detoxify ammonia. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 99:644-51. [PMID: 17680661 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Extrahepatic bioartificial liver devices should provide an intact urea cycle to detoxify ammonia. The C3A cell line, a subclone of the hepatoma-derived HepG2 cell line, is currently used in this context as it produces urea, and this has been assumed to be reflective of ammonia detoxification via a functional urea cycle. However, based on our previous findings of perturbed urea-cycle function in the non-urea producing HepG2 cell line, we hypothesized that the urea produced by C3A cells was via a urea cycle-independent mechanism, namely, due to arginase II activity, and therefore would not detoxify ammonia. Urea was quantified using (15)N-ammonium chloride metabolic labelling with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Gene expression was determined by real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR, protein expression by western blotting, and functional activities with radiolabelling enzyme assays. Arginase inhibition studies used N(omega)-hydroxy-nor-L-arginine. Urea was detected in C3A conditioned medium; however, (15)N-ammonium chloride-labelling indicated that (15)N-ammonia was not incorporated into (15)N-labelled urea. Further, gene expression of two urea cycle genes, ornithine transcarbamylase and arginase I, were completely absent. In contrast, arginase II mRNA and protein was expressed at high levels in C3A cells and was inhibited by N(omega)-hydroxy-nor-L-arginine, which prevented urea production, thereby indicating a urea cycle-independent pathway. The urea cycle is non-functional in C3A cells, and their urea production is solely due to the presence of arginase II, which therefore cannot provide ammonia detoxification in a bioartificial liver system. This emphasizes the continued requirement for developing a component capable of a full repertoire of liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetra Mavri-Damelin
- Centre for Hepatology at the Royal Free-Hampstead Campus, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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20
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Vondran FWR, Katenz E, Schwartlander R, Morgul MH, Raschzok N, Gong X, Cheng X, Kehr D, Sauer IM. Isolation of primary human hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy: criteria for identification of the most promising liver specimen. Artif Organs 2008; 32:205-13. [PMID: 18201288 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2007.00524.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Demands for primary human hepatocytes are continuously increasing, while supply is insufficient due to limited cell sources. To improve cell availability, the present study investigates the influence of donor liver characteristics on the outcome of hepatocyte isolation from surgically removed liver tissue (n = 50). Hepatocytes were isolated from liver specimens using a standardized two-step collagenase perfusion technique. The patient's sex, previous chemotherapy, or histopathology have shown no influence. Donor age significantly affected the isolation outcome, but was not found suitable for predicting cell yields. Preoperative blood parameters did not correlate with cell yield, although cell function was affected: total protein, albumin synthesis, and cell viability were significantly decreased for serum gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT) levels >60 U/L. Specimens from patients with benign diseases gave significantly higher cell yields than tissue removed due to secondary and primary tumors, respectively. The indication for surgery is a valuable basis for identifying the most yielding specimens. Hepatocytes from donors with high GGT levels appear to show reduced functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wolfgang Rudolf Vondran
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany.
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21
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Selden C, Mellor N, Rees M, Laurson J, Kirwan M, Escors D, Collins M, Hodgson H. Growth factors improve gene expression after lentiviral transduction in human adult and fetal hepatocytes. J Gene Med 2007; 9:67-76. [PMID: 17310477 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lentiviral vectors may be vectors of choice for transducing liver cells; they mediate integration in quiescent cells and offer potential for long-term expression. In adult liver, hepatocytes are generally mitotically quiescent. There has been controversy as to the necessity for lentiviral vector target cells to be in the cell cycle; currently, there is consensus that effective transduction can be achieved in quiescent hepatocytes, by using virus at high titre. However, transduction approaches which reduce the multiplicities of infection (MOIs) required provide potential benefit of cost and safety for therapeutic use. METHODS We used two late-generation HIV-based lentiviral vector systems (pHR-SIN-cppT SGW and pRRLSIN.cPPT.PGK.WPRE) encoding LacZ/GFP reporter genes to transduce adult and fetal human hepatocytes in vitro + /- growth factors, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression was observed microscopically, and quantified by fluorescence spectrometry for protein expression, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis to identify the proportion of cells expressing GFP, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for number of integrations. RESULTS Gene expression following lentiviral transduction of human liver cells in vitro was markedly enhanced by the growth factors HGF and EGF. In adult cells growth factors led to a greater proportion of cells expressing more GFP per cell, from more integration events. In human fetal cells, the proportion of transduced hepatocytes remained identical, but cells expressed more GFP protein. CONCLUSIONS This has implications for the design of regimes for liver cell gene therapy, allowing marked reduction of MOIs, and reducing both cost and risk of viral-mediated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Selden
- Department of Medicine, UCL Centre for Hepatology, Royal Free/Hampstead Campus, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, Hampstead, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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Hewes J. Re: Preoperative chemotherapy and the outcome of liver resection for colorectal metastases. World J Surg 2007; 31:1902. [PMID: 17487524 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-007-9065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Hewes
- Academic Division of Surgical Specialties, Royal Free Hospital, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK.
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Mavri-Damelin D, Eaton S, Damelin LH, Rees M, Hodgson HJF, Selden C. Ornithine transcarbamylase and arginase I deficiency are responsible for diminished urea cycle function in the human hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 39:555-64. [PMID: 17098461 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Revised: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A possible cell source for a bio-artificial liver is the human hepatblastoma-derived cell line HepG2 as it confers many hepatocyte functions, however, the urea cycle is not maintained resulting in the lack of ammonia detoxification via this cycle. We investigated urea cycle activity in HepG2 cells at both a molecular and biochemical level to determine the causes for the lack of urea cycle expression, and subsequently addressed reinstatement of the cycle by gene transfer. Metabolic labelling studies showed that urea production from 15N-ammonium chloride was not detectable in HepG2 conditioned medium, nor could 14C-labelled urea cycle intermediates be detected. Gene expression data from HepG2 cells revealed that although expression of three urea cycle genes Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthase I, Arginosuccinate Synthetase and Arginosuccinate Lyase was evident, Ornithine Transcarbamylase and Arginase I expression were completely absent. These results were confirmed by Western blot for arginase I, where no protein was detected. Radiolabelled enzyme assays showed that Ornithine Transcarbamylase functional activity was missing but that Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthase I, Arginosuccinate Synthetase and Arginosuccinate Lyase were functionally expressed at levels comparable to cultured primary human hepatocytes. To restore the urea cycle, HepG2 cells were transfected with full length Ornithine Transcarbamylase and Arginase I cDNA constructs under a CMV promoter. Co-transfected HepG2 cells displayed complete urea cycle activity, producing both labelled urea and urea cycle intermediates. This strategy could provide a cell source capable of urea synthesis, and hence ammonia detoxificatory function, which would be useful in a bio-artificial liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetra Mavri-Damelin
- The UCL Institute of Hepatology, Hampstead Campus, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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