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Araujo NM, Osiowy C. Hepatitis B Virus Genotype G: The Odd Cousin of the Family. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:872766. [PMID: 35432294 PMCID: PMC9009205 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.872766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With a widespread distribution but low prevalence worldwide, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype G (HBV/G) is a recently described genotype for which the origin and biology are poorly understood. Some unique features make HBV/G the most peculiar of all genotypes. In this review, we reflect on the major milestones in HBV/G research, highlighting the main aspects of its discovery, molecular epidemiology, and virological and clinical characteristics. We also illustrate common pitfalls in the routine detection, which may lead to underestimated rates of HBV/G infection. Large-scale analysis of data from dozens of articles was further performed, with the aim of gaining comprehensive insights into the epidemiological aspects of HBV/G. Finally, we point out recent findings on HBV/G origins and discuss new perspectives regarding the evolutionary history of HBV/G and the plausibility of an African geographic re-emergence of this genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M. Araujo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carla Osiowy
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Carla Osiowy,
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2
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Wang L, Zhao J, Liu J, Zhen C, Zhang M, Dong Y, Gan Y, Xu Z, Li Y, Zhu S, Wang FS. Long-term benefits of interferon-α therapy in children with HBeAg-positive immune-active chronic hepatitis B. J Viral Hepat 2021; 28:1554-1562. [PMID: 34448324 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The long-term benefits of interferon-α (IFN-α) treatment in children with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remain unclear. We conducted a retrospective and real-world study to evaluate the safety and long-term clearance rates of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in CHB children who received IFN-α monotherapy for 72 weeks and were with 13-year follow-up visit. Participants treated with IFN-α (n = 316) were more likely to become HBeAg negatve (39.87% vs. 27.37%; p < .05) and HBsAg negative (11.08% vs. 3.16%; p < .05) by the end of the treatment period than untreated participants (n = 95). Treated participants also had higher cumulative rates of HBeAg loss (74.13% vs. 59.27%; p < .05) and HBsAg loss (46.95 vs. 33.11%; p < 0.05) than untreated participants in parallel by the end of 13-year follow-up. In particular, the cumulative rate of HBsAg loss was higher in treated children aged 1-7 years than in those aged 8-17 years (71.40% vs. 39.0%; p < .01). Children who were HBeAg-negative at the end of IFN-α treatment or who had serum alanine aminotransferase levels of ≥80 IU/L at baseline were likely to have higher cumulative HBsAg loss rates. Accordingly, HBeAg loss at 72 weeks was positively associated with the cumulative HBsAg loss rate in untreated children. There were no serious adverse events of IFN-α therapy for the treated patients throughout the study period. Overall, IFN-α therapy was effective in obtaining higher long-term cumulative rates of HBeAg and HBsAg loss in children with HBeAg-positive immune-active CHB, especially among those aged 1-7 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, China.,Department of Live disease, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinfang Zhao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaye Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Zhen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Live disease, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Live disease, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Gan
- Department of Live disease, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Department of Live disease, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shishu Zhu
- Department of Live disease, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, China.,Department of Infectious Disease, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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3
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Liang P, Zu J, Zhuang G. A Literature Review of Mathematical Models of Hepatitis B Virus Transmission Applied to Immunization Strategies From 1994 to 2015. J Epidemiol 2017; 28:221-229. [PMID: 29276213 PMCID: PMC5911672 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20160203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A mathematical model of the transmission dynamics of infectious disease is an important theoretical epidemiology method, which has been used to simulate the prevalence of hepatitis B and evaluate different immunization strategies. However, differences lie in the mathematical processes of modeling HBV transmission in published studies, not only in the model structure, but also in the estimation of certain parameters. This review reveals that the dynamics model of HBV transmission only simulates the spread of HBV in the population from the macroscopic point of view and highlights several main shortcomings in the model structure and parameter estimation. First, age-dependence is the most important characteristic in the transmission of HBV, but an age-structure model and related age-dependent parameters were not adopted in some of the compartmental models describing HBV transmission. In addition, the numerical estimation of the force of HBV infection did not give sufficient weight to the age and time factors and is not suitable using the incidence data. Lastly, the current mathematical models did not well reflect the details of the factors of HBV transmission, such as migration from high or intermediate HBV endemic areas to low endemic areas and the kind of HBV genotype. All of these shortcomings may lead to unreliable results. When the mathematical model closely reflects the fact of hepatitis B spread, the results of the model fit will provide valuable information for controlling the transmission of hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifeng Liang
- Department of Statistics, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
| | - Jian Zu
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Guihua Zhuang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center
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4
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Gao S, Duan ZP, Chen Y, van der Meer F, Lee SS, Osiowy C, van Marle G, Coffin CS. Compartmental HBV evolution and replication in liver and extrahepatic sites after nucleos/tide analogue therapy in chronic hepatitis B carriers. J Clin Virol 2017; 94:8-14. [PMID: 28709006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) variants are associated with nucleos/tide analogue (NA) response and liver disease but it is unknown whether NA influences extrahepatic HBV persistence. OBJECTIVES To investigate HBV replication and genetic evolution in hepatic and extrahepatic sites of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) before and after NA therapy. STUDY DESIGN A total of 13 paired plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), were collected from chronic HBV carriers at baseline and after a median 53 weeks NA therapy as well as liver biopsy (N=7 baseline, N=5 follow-up). HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) and messenger (m) RNA in liver and PBMC were analyzed. HBV polymerase (P)/surface (S), basal core promoter (BCP)/pre-core (PC)/C gene clonal sequencing was done in plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and liver. RESULTS Compare to baseline, at ∼53 weeks follow-up, there was no significant change in HBV cccDNA levels in liver (0.2-0.08 copies/hepatocyte, p>0.05) or in PBMC 0.003-0.02 copies/PBMC, p>0.05), and HBV mRNA remained detectable in both sites. At baseline, BCP variants were higher in PBMC vs. liver and plasma. After therapy, drug resistant (DR) and immune escape (IE) variants increased in liver but IE and PC variants were more frequent in PBMC. HBV P/S diversity was significantly higher in PBMC compared to plasma. CONCLUSION Continuous HBV replication occurs in liver and PBMC and shows compartmentalized evolution under selective pressure of potent NA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- Calgary Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Ping Duan
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Samuel S Lee
- Calgary Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carla Osiowy
- Bloodborne Pathogens and Hepatitis Laboratory of the National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Guido van Marle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carla S Coffin
- Calgary Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Tsuzuki Y, Watanabe T, Iio E, Fujisaki S, Ibe S, Kani S, Hamada-Tsutsumi S, Yokomaku Y, Iwatani Y, Sugiura W, Okuse C, Okumura A, Sato Y, Tanaka Y. Virological characteristics of hepatitis B genotype G/A2 recombination virus in Japan. Hepatol Res 2016; 46:775-83. [PMID: 26517979 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM We identified four cases of infection with hepatitis B virus genotype G and A2 recombinant (HBV/G/A2) strains, which were initially overlooked by enzyme immunoassay-based genotyping. The patients were all men who have sex with men (MSM) and inhabited several metropolitan areas of Japan, suggesting that the recombinant strains may be circulating among high-risk groups such as MSM. Here, we investigated the genomic structure and virological properties of the HBV/G/A2 strains. METHODS Complete genome sequences of the isolates were determined and phylogenetically analyzed. Replication efficiency of HBV/G/A2 was investigated by transfecting plasmids containing 1.24-fold viral genome. The in vivo viral kinetics of HBV/G/A2 were investigated using chimeric mice with humanized livers. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the four strains were almost identical (>99.7% homologous). The preS2/S region of these strains was highly homologous to that of genotype A2 and the remaining region was almost identical to that of genotype G, reflecting inter-genotypic recombination. Interestingly, in all four cases, genotype A was co-infected as a minor population. In vitro analysis revealed that HBV/G/A2 had a low replication rate. Although detectable viremia was not measurable following the inoculation of HBV/G/A2 into chimeric mice, subsequent superinfection of HBV genotype A greatly enhanced HBV/G/A2 replication and viral spread. CONCLUSION We found that four cases of HBV/G/A2 recombinant among MSM patients in the metropolitan areas of Japan, and HBV/A co-infections are required for its efficient replication. High-risk groups such as MSM should be carefully tested for infection of genotype G-derived variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Tsuzuki
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya City University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsunamasa Watanabe
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Etsuko Iio
- Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Fujisaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shiro Ibe
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satomi Kani
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya City University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Susumu Hamada-Tsutsumi
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yokomaku
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Iwatani
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Wataru Sugiura
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chiaki Okuse
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Akihiko Okumura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Kainan Hospital, Yatomi, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Sato
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya City University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
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Tong S, Revill P. Overview of hepatitis B viral replication and genetic variability. J Hepatol 2016; 64:S4-S16. [PMID: 27084035 PMCID: PMC4834849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) greatly increases the risk for liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV isolates worldwide can be divided into ten genotypes. Moreover, the immune clearance phase selects for mutations in different parts of the viral genome. The outcome of HBV infection is shaped by the complex interplay of the mode of transmission, host genetic factors, viral genotype and adaptive mutations, as well as environmental factors. Core promoter mutations and mutations abolishing hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) expression have been implicated in acute liver failure, while genotypes B, C, subgenotype A1, core promoter mutations, preS deletions, C-terminal truncation of envelope proteins, and spliced pregenomic RNA are associated with HCC development. Our efforts to treat and prevent HBV infection are hampered by the emergence of drug resistant mutants and vaccine escape mutants. This paper provides an overview of the HBV life cycle, followed by review of HBV genotypes and mutants in terms of their biological properties and clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Tong
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, The Alpert Warren School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Peter Revill
- Research and Molecular Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia ()
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Chauhan R, Singh AK, Rooge S, Varshney A, Kumar M, Sarin SK. Analysis of hepatitis B virus genotype changes in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection on tenofovir therapy. J Med Virol 2016; 88:1364-75. [PMID: 26858138 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is often required for prolonged periods. We investigated the instance of one HBV genotype switching to another during tenofovir therapy. Of the 67 patients, genotype A was present in 6 (8.9%), D in 43 (65.6%), C in 1 (1.5%), and mixed in 17 (23.8%) patients. Genotype changes were detected in 51 (76.1%) patients on therapy during a follow-up of 192 (range 52-312) weeks. Inter-genotype changes were seen in 17 (33.3%) and intra-genotype in 28 (55%) and both inter- and intra-genotype in 6 of 51 (11.7%) patients. The distribution of genotypes in patients achieving complete virological response was genotype D, 32/43 (74.4%); genotype A, 6/6 (100%); and mixed genotypes, 13/17 (76.47%). The cumulative time of genotype switch among genotype A was 12 months (range 6-18), in genotype D, 12 months (range 6-48), and mixed genotype, 18 months (range 6-24). The type of inter-genotype switch most frequently detected among genotype A1 was from A1 to D1 5/6 (83.3%), followed by mixed to genotype D3 7/13 (54%) and among intra-genotype changes, from D1 to D3 in 14/20 (70%). Pretreatment HBV genotype was the only factor predicting inter-genotype switches with genotype A or mixed genotypes more likely to undergo inter-genotype switches as compared to genotype D patients (OR 66.6 [13.6-327.0, P < 0.001]). Compared to genotype D, genotype A, and mixed genotypes are more inclined to switch while on tenofovir therapy. Genotypes tend to switch and select to a particular type possibly due to constant antiviral drug pressure. J. Med. Virol. 88:1364-1375, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Chauhan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.,Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Health Science Centre, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Avishek K Singh
- Department of Research, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sheetalnath Rooge
- Department of Research, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditi Varshney
- Department of Research, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shiv K Sarin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.,Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
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8
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Buti M, Tabernero D, Mas A, Homs M, Prieto M, Rodríguez-Frías F, Casafont F, Casillas R, González A, Miras M, Herrero JI, Castells L, Esteban R. Hepatitis B virus quasispecies evolution after liver transplantation in patients under long-term lamivudine prophylaxis with or without hepatitis B immune globulin. Transpl Infect Dis 2015; 17:208-20. [PMID: 25641570 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate an optimal long-term prophylactic strategy for prevention of hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence after liver transplantation, we conducted a randomized study of 29 transplant recipients receiving a short course of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIg) + lamivudine (LAM), followed by randomization to long-term prophylaxis with LAM with or without HBIg. METHODS The efficacy and safety, and impact on survival and HBV recurrence of these 2 prophylactic regimens were compared over a mean period of 10 years. In patients with viral recurrence, the HBV quasispecies in the surface/polymerase region were studied by ultra-deep pyrosequencing (UDPS). RESULTS The 10-year survival rate was 76% and was not affected by the type of prophylaxis. Four patients had hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) recurrence within the first 48 months after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). HBsAg-positive and -negative patients showed similar mean survival times, with no differences between the 2 regimens. Low HBV DNA levels were transiently detected in 32% of HBsAg-negative patients. UDPS showed major changes after OLT in the HBV quasispecies of patients with viral recurrence, which may be explained by a "bottleneck" effect of OLT together with prophylactic therapy. CONCLUSION Long-term survival after OLT in end-stage chronic hepatitis B patients was good with both prophylactic strategies. However, low, transient HBV DNA levels were detected even in the absence of HBsAg, showing the importance of continuing HBV prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Buti
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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9
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A rare case of HBV genotype fluctuation (shifting and reversion) after liver transplantation. J Clin Virol 2015; 71:93-7. [PMID: 26342803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Buti M, Casillas R, Riveiro-Barciela M, Homs M, Tabernero D, Salcedo MT, Rodriguez-Frias F, Esteban R. Tenofovir discontinuation after long-term viral suppression in HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B. Can HBsAg levels be useful? J Clin Virol 2015; 68:61-8. [PMID: 26071338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that antiviral treatment discontinuation is safe and associated with virologic remission in HBeAg-negative patients. However, the period of viral suppression and follow-up in these studies was relatively short. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether continuous viral suppression with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for more than 7 years is associated with HBsAg loss and sustained response after treatment discontinuation and receiving a full course of hepatitis B vaccination. STUDY DESIGN Patients with HBeAg-negative chronic HBV infection and more than 7 years of persistent viral suppression with tenofovir therapy were selected for treatment discontinuation and HBV vaccination. Follow-up with monthly ALT, HBV-DNA, and HBsAg determinations lasted 72 weeks. In patients with viral relapse, the viral quasispecies in the overlapping reverse transcriptase and small surface protein regions was analysed by ultra-deep pyrosequencing. RESULTS Eight of 17 HBeAg-negative patients accepted tenofovir discontinuation: 5 patients achieved sustained response (persistent HBV-DNA levels <2000IU/mL and normal ALT) despite an initial virologic relapse, one lost HBsAg, and two needed re-treatment. All patients with an on-treatment HBsAg level decline >5000IU/mL achieved sustained response. Patients with HBsAg level <100IU/mL during an ALT flare after antiviral discontinuation achieved sustained response. Significant changes were seen in the composition of the HBV quasispecies, and half the patients showed changes in HBV genotype. CONCLUSIONS Even though the majority of patients presented an initial relapse with selection of HBV variants, most achieved sustained response. Changes in HBsAg levels on and off treatment may be useful for predicting the likelihood of virologic remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Buti
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rosario Casillas
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Riveiro-Barciela
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Homs
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology (Virology Unit) Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Tabernero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology (Virology Unit) Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Salcedo
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodriguez-Frias
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology (Virology Unit) Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Esteban
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Wang Y, Shan X, Liang Z, Shan Y, Huang W, Zhang D, Zen A, Zhou X, Zhao Y, Gong X, Xu G, Zhang X, Chen J, Huang A. Deep sequencing analysis of HBV genotype shift and correlation with antiviral efficiency during adefovir dipivoxil therapy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131337. [PMID: 26110616 PMCID: PMC4482366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Viral genotype shift in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients during antiviral therapy has been reported, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Methods 38 CHB patients treated with ADV for one year were selected for studying genotype shift by both deep sequencing and Sanger sequencing method. Results Sanger sequencing method found that 7.9% patients showed mixed genotype before ADV therapy. In contrast, all 38 patients showed mixed genotype before ADV treatment by deep sequencing. 95.5% mixed genotype rate was also obtained from additional 200 treatment-naïve CHB patients. Of the 13 patients with genotype shift, the fraction of the minor genotype in 5 patients (38%) increased gradually during the course of ADV treatment. Furthermore, responses to ADV and HBeAg seroconversion were associated with the high rate of genotype shift, suggesting drug and immune pressure may be key factors to induce genotype shift. Interestingly, patients with genotype C had a significantly higher rate of genotype shift than genotype B. In genotype shift group, ADV treatment induced a marked enhancement of genotype B ratio accompanied by a reduction of genotype C ratio, suggesting genotype C may be more sensitive to ADV than genotype B. Moreover, patients with dominant genotype C may have a better therapeutic effect. Finally, genotype shifts was correlated with clinical improvement in terms of ALT. Conclusions Our findings provided a rational explanation for genotype shift among ADV-treated CHB patients. The genotype and genotype shift might be associated with antiviral efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuefeng Shan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Liang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Youlan Shan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenxiang Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dazhi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Aizhong Zen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuyang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ge Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiuyu Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (ALH); (JC)
| | - Ailong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (ALH); (JC)
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A new trend of genotype distribution of hepatitis B virus infection in southeast China (Fujian), 2006-2013. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 143:2822-6. [PMID: 25648505 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268815000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HBV genotypes have specific geographical distributions and can serve as epidemiological markers. Accumulated data have shown that the major HBV genotypes in China are B and C. Here, the HBV genotypes were examined from 6817 blood samples, which were collected from patients with chronic HBV infection in Fujian Province during 2006-2013; genotype B was identified in 3384 patients (49·6%), while genotype C was identified in 3430 patients (50·3%). The percentage of patients infected with genotype C gradually increased with age from 39·5% (patients aged 50 years), reaching a peak of 67·3% in the 45-50 years age group. These results clearly demonstrate that the genotype distribution of HBV in Fujian Province has significantly changed in recent years with almost equal numbers of genotype B and genotype C infections existing in the entire patient population, while higher incidence of genotype C infection exists in older patients, but genotype B is no longer dominant in the Fujian area as previously reported.
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Caballero A, Gregori J, Homs M, Tabernero D, Gonzalez C, Quer J, Blasi M, Casillas R, Nieto L, Riveiro-Barciela M, Esteban R, Buti M, Rodriguez-Frias F. Complex Genotype Mixtures Analyzed by Deep Sequencing in Two Different Regions of Hepatitis B Virus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144816. [PMID: 26714168 PMCID: PMC4695080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assesses the presence and outcome of genotype mixtures in the polymerase/surface and X/preCore regions of the HBV genome in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Thirty samples from ten chronic hepatitis B patients were included. The polymerase/surface and X/preCore regions were analyzed by deep sequencing (UDPS) in the first available sample at diagnosis, a pre-treatment sample, and a sample while under treatment. HBV genotype was determined by phylogenesis. Quasispecies complexity was evaluated by mutation frequency and nucleotide diversity. The polymerase/surface and X/preCore regions were validated for genotyping from 113 GenBank reference sequences. UDPS yielded a median of 10,960 sequences per sample (IQR 16,645) in the polymerase/surface region and 11,595 sequences per sample (IQR 14,682) in X/preCore. Genotype mixtures were more common in X/preCore (90%) than in polymerase/surface (30%) (p<0.001). On X/preCore genotyping, all samples were genotype A, whereas polymerase/surface yielded genotypes A (80%), D (16.7%), and F (3.3%) (p = 0.036). Genotype changes in polymerase/surface were observed in four patients during natural quasispecies dynamics and in two patients during treatment. There were no genotype changes in X/preCore. Quasispecies complexity was higher in X/preCore than in polymerase/surface (p = 0.004). The results provide evidence of genotype mixtures and differential genotype proportions in the polymerase/surface and X/preCore regions. The genotype dynamics in HBV infection and the different patterns of quasispecies complexity in the HBV genome suggest a new paradigm for HBV genotype classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Caballero
- Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Gregori
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Liver Diseases Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Roche Diagnostics S.L., Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Maria Homs
- Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Tabernero
- Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Gonzalez
- Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Quer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Liver Diseases Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Blasi
- Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Casillas
- Liver Diseases Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leonardo Nieto
- Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Riveiro-Barciela
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Esteban
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Buti
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodriguez-Frias
- Liver Pathology Unit, Departments of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Wang W, Liang H, Zeng Y, Lin J, Liu C, Jiang L, Yang B, Ou Q. Establishment of a novel two-probe real-time PCR for simultaneously quantification of hepatitis B virus DNA and distinguishing genotype B from non-B genotypes. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 437:168-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Luo J, Li XH, Du Z, Lin GL, Ao YL, Pang YH, Wu YK, Li XY, Chong YT. HBV genotype changes in entecavir-naïve chronic hepatitis B patients. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:3484-3489. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i23.3484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype changes in entecavir (ETV)-naïve chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients.
METHODS: Thirty-eight ETV-naïve CHB patients treated and followed at our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Blood serum samples were collected at months 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24. HBV DNA was retrieved from those samples and subjected to amplification, sequencing, and genotyping.
RESULTS: A total of 100 serum samples were collected from 38 CHB patients included in this study. Among all detected serum samples, genotype B was detected in 80 cases, genotype C was detected in 20 cases, and genotypes A, D, E, F, G, H, I and J were not detected in those samples. HBV genotype was detected to switch among 11 ETV-naïve patients. Six patients changed from genotype C to genotype B, and 5 cases switched from genotype B to genotype C. Of 14 patients who had reserved baseline serum, HBV genotype changed in 5 patients, including 2 patients switching from genotype B to genotype C and 3 patients from genotype C to genotype B. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the genetic distance of genetic sequences changed between baseline and the time point when HBV genotype changed.
CONCLUSION: HBV genotype may change in ETV-naive CHB patients, and the mechanisms require further investigation.
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Wen Z, Zhang H, Zhang M, Tan D, Li Q, Zhang H, Wu P, Deng L. Effect of hepatitis B virus genotypes on the efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil antiviral therapy. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2014; 14:e10813. [PMID: 25237370 PMCID: PMC4165986 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.10813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B is a common infectious disease in China. Many studies have shown that the genotype of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is probably associated with the efficacy of some antiviral drugs such as interferon α (IFN-α) and Lamivudine (LAM). However, the association between HBV genotype and adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) is controversial. ADV is the most popular antiviral drug in China due to its low price, good antiviral efficacy, few side effects, and convenient of administration. OBJECTIVES This study focused on the effect of HBV genotypes on antiviral efficacy of ADV in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB). PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 526 HBeAg-positive patients with CHB were randomly allocated into two groups. One group took ADV and another group took placebo. Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with multiple pairs of genotype-specific primers (nPCR-MPP) was used to analyze genotypes of HBV in these patients. Antiviral efficacy after treatment for three, six, 12 months was compared among the patients with different HBV genotypes. RESULTS Genotype B (73.6%) and genotype C (26.4%) were detected in these patients. After treatment for 12 months, the rate of HBV DNA seroclearance, ALT normalization, and HBeAg seroconversion were significantly higher in ADV group than in placebo group (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in these three rates between patients infected with genotype B and C (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS HBV genotypes B and C have no significant difference in virologic, biochemical, and immunologic response to ADV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Wen
- Department of Hepatology, Infectious Disease Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
- Corresponding Author: Zhili Wen, Infectious Disease Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330002, China. Tel: +86-13870608072, Fax: +86-0791-88499617, E-mail:
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Department of Hepatology, Infectious Disease Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Meiying Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Deming Tan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qinghua Li
- Department of Medicine, People’s Liberation Army Hospital 163, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Hepatology, Infectious Disease Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Hepatology, Infectious Disease Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Le Deng
- Department of Hepatology, Infectious Disease Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
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Roman S, Panduro A. HBV endemicity in Mexico is associated with HBV genotypes H and G. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:5446-5453. [PMID: 24023487 PMCID: PMC3761097 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i33.5446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes have distinct genetic and geographic diversity and may be associated with specific clinical characteristics, progression, severity of disease and antiviral response. Herein, we provide an updated overview of the endemicity of HBV genotypes H and G in Mexico. HBV genotype H is predominant among the Mexican population, but not in Central America. Its geographic distribution is related to a typical endemicity among the Mexicans which is characterized by a low hepatitis B surface antigen seroprevalence, apparently due to a rapid resolution of the infection, low viral loads and a high prevalence of occult B infection. During chronic infections, genotype H is detected in mixtures with other HBV genotypes and associated with other co-morbidities, such as obesity, alcoholism and co-infection with hepatitis C virus or human immunodeficiency virus. Hepatocellular carcinoma prevalence is low. Thus, antiviral therapy may differ significantly from the standard guidelines established worldwide. The high prevalence of HBV genotype G in the Americas, especially among the Mexican population, raises new questions regarding its geographic origin that will require further investigation.
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18
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Hepatitis B virus genotype change in children is closely related to HBeAg/anti-HBe seroconversion. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 57:363-6. [PMID: 23568048 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e318294c07a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Genotype changes have been observed during long-term follow-up in adults with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and distribution of HBV genotype shifts in treated and untreated European children during the different phases of chronic hepatitis B. METHODS The initial population consisted of 85 HBeAg-positive children who were sequentially investigated for HBV genotypes for a mean period of 7.1 years. During the survey, 65 patients seroconverted to anti-HBe and 24 received antiviral treatment. Genotyping was done by restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS Genotypes at enrollment were distributed as follows: D (n = 67), A (n = 11), B (n = 4), and C and mixed (n = 3). A genotype change was observed in 16 (19%) participants at last visit, of whom 1 of 20 (5%) remained persistently HBeAg positive and 15 of 65 (23%) children had seroconverted to anti-HBe (P < 0.001). The genotype shift was D to A or B in 9 individuals, A to D in 5, and A to B in 1. Genotype changes were more frequent in untreated than in treated subjects; however, the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that genotype change is a relatively frequent event in children with chronic hepatitis B after anti-HBe seroconversion and independent of treatment. The reasons why only some patients will experience this event remain to be clarified.
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Barbini L, Elizalde M, Torres C, Campos R. Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of hepatitis B virus in Mar del Plata city, Argentina. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 19:152-63. [PMID: 23871776 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to describe the current molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of HBV in Mar del Plata, an important Argentinean touristic city. The phylogenetic analysis of 29 HBV DNA positive serum samples showed that F1b was the predominant subgenotype (sgt, 62.1%), followed by sgt A2 (13.8%) and sgt F4, gt D and gt G (6.9% each). Among anti-HBc IgM positive samples, 75.0% were sgt F1b, followed by sgt F4 (12.5%), sgt A2 (6.25%) and sgt D (6.25%). Three recombinant full length genomes were found: two G/F1b (some of the first gt G detected in Argentina) and one F4/D2. The circulation of clinical important mutations in the city was described. Mutations at the HBsAg were detected in 34.5% of the analyzed samples, associated with laboratory diagnosis and antiviral treatment failures, immune escape and hepatocellular carcinoma. Most of the samples presented wild type BCP/PC sequences. Coalescence analysis for the most prevalent sgt F1b estimated that the diversification mainly occured during mid '90s and the tMRCA was estimated in 1987. Finally, the high presence of the autochthonous sgt F1b, associated with the anti-HBc IgM positive infection and its present-day diversification process, shows the strong impact of internal human migratory movements into the current population of Mar del Plata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Barbini
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 4(to) piso. (1113), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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20
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Alvarado-Mora MV, Pinho JRR. Distribution of HBV genotypes in Latin America. Antivir Ther 2013; 18:459-65. [PMID: 23792558 DOI: 10.3851/imp2599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 2 billion people worldwide are infected with HBV, and 350 million people are chronic carriers. HBV is classified into nine genotypes (A to I). Genotype F is the most prevalent in the Spanish-speaking countries and in the Amerindian population in South America. HBV genotype F was primarily found in indigenous populations from South America and is divided into four subgenotypes (F1 to F4). Subgenotype F1 is further divided into F1a (found in Costa Rica and El Salvador) and F1b (found in in Alaska, Argentina and Chile). Subgenotypes F2 and F3 cocirculate in the north of South America: F2a is found in Brazil and Venezuela, F2b is described only in Venezuela, F3 is frequent in Colombia, Venezuela and Panama, and F4 is reported from the central and south areas of South America, including Bolivia, Argentina and southern Brazil. HBV genotypes and subgenotypes have distinct geographical distributions. It is currently under discussion whether they are associated with different prognoses, considering the patterns of severity of liver diseases in various populations. Furthermore, global human migrations affect the pattern of genotype distribution, introducing genotypes differing from those found in the original inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica V Alvarado-Mora
- Laboratory of Tropical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 'João Alves de Queiroz and Castorina Bittencourt Alves', Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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21
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Ringelhan M, Heikenwalder M, Protzer U. Direct effects of hepatitis B virus-encoded proteins and chronic infection in liver cancer development. Dig Dis 2013; 31:138-51. [PMID: 23797136 DOI: 10.1159/000347209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks as the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide with currently limited treatment options. Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection accounts for HCC development in more than 50% of cases. The lifetime risk of HBV carriers to develop cirrhosis, liver failure or HCC is estimated to be as high as 15-40%. Although several pathways and triggers contributing to HCC development have been described, many features of hepatocellular carcinogenesis and the attributed direct role of viral factors remain elusive. Host genetic factors, the geographic area and epidemiologic factors, as well as the direct risk related to chronic HBV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, account for geographical and gender differences of HCC prevalence. There is growing evidence that hepatocarcinogenesis is a multistep process. Human HCC is typically preceded by chronic inflammation and apoptotic and nonapoptotic cell death with compensatory liver proliferation. However, we still lack a thorough understanding of the common underlying molecular mechanisms. High levels of HBV replication and chronicity of inflammation are known to independently increase the risk for HCC. A direct carcinogenic role of viral factors is very likely to contribute to liver cancer since HCC is known to also occur in noncirrhotic livers of individuals with an inactive chronic or even with occult HBV infection with no significant histological signs of inflammation or cytopathic effects. Furthermore, synergistic or independent viral risk factors for primary liver cancer development have been described, such as HBV genotype, integration of viral DNA into the host genome and direct effects of viral proteins. A broader understanding of these viral factors in hepatocarcinogenesis might give rise to new diagnostic and therapeutic means in the future. We review the current state of research in liver cancer development and focus on the role of direct viral factors in HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ringelhan
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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22
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Baha W, Ennaji MM, Lazar F, Melloul M, El Fahime E, El Malki A, Bennani A. HBV genotypes prevalence, precore and basal core mutants in Morocco. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1157-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Pourkarim MR, Lemey P, Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Houspie L, Verbeeck J, Rahman M, Maes P, Vanwijngaerden E, Nevens F, Van Ranst M. Molecular characterization of hepatitis B virus strains circulating in Belgian patients co-infected with HIV and HBV: overt and occult infection. J Med Virol 2012; 83:1876-84. [PMID: 21915860 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have similar transmission routes, implying that patients infected with HIV are at particular risk for HBV infection. Patients who are co-infected with HIV and HBV progress more rapidly to end-stage liver disease and different HBV genotypes may have a distinct impact on disease progression. One hundred ninety-one anti-HBc-positive sera from Belgian patients co-infected with HIV and HBV were collected during 1998-2008. Full-length HBV genomes as well as large S or partial S genes were amplified and their molecular evolutionary history was analyzed. Clinically, 30 (65.8%) patients were categorized as "overt infection" and 16 (34.7%) cases were categorized as "occult infection." Five distinct HBV genotypes comprising A (69.6%), E (19.6%), followed by D, C, and G were detected. HBV genotype A was observed in all clinical groups and in patients with varying ethnical background. HBV genotype E could be detected in African patients who were mostly infected by heterosexual contacts. Several clinically important mutations at the HBs major hydrophilic region were detected in the new isolates but with no significant difference between occult and overt infection. The high prevalence of HBV genotype A in overt and occult cases, and in particular the detection of certain HBV subgenotypes in patients co-infected with HIV and HBV that carry diagnostic escape mutations, may provide useful information for national guidelines for prophylaxis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Reza Pourkarim
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium
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Rodriguez-Frías F, Tabernero D, Quer J, Esteban JI, Ortega I, Domingo E, Cubero M, Camós S, Ferrer-Costa C, Sánchez A, Jardí R, Schaper M, Homs M, Garcia-Cehic D, Guardia J, Esteban R, Buti M. Ultra-deep pyrosequencing detects conserved genomic sites and quantifies linkage of drug-resistant amino acid changes in the hepatitis B virus genome. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37874. [PMID: 22666402 PMCID: PMC3364280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selection of amino acid substitutions associated with resistance to nucleos(t)ide-analog (NA) therapy in the hepatitis B virus (HBV) reverse transcriptase (RT) and their combination in a single viral genome complicates treatment of chronic HBV infection and may affect the overlapping surface coding region. In this study, the variability of an overlapping polymerase-surface region, critical for NA resistance, is investigated before treatment and under antiviral therapy, with assessment of NA-resistant amino acid changes simultaneously occurring in the same genome (linkage analysis) and their influence on the surface coding region. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Serum samples obtained from chronic HBV-infected patients at pre-treatment and during sequential NA treatment with lamivudine, adefovir, and entecavir were analyzed by ultra-deep pyrosequencing (UDPS) using the GS-FLX platform (454 Life Sciences-Roche). The pre-treatment HBV quasispecies was not enriched with NA-resistant substitutions. The frequencies of this type of substitutions at pre-treatment did not predict the frequencies observed during lamivudine treatment. On linkage analysis of the RT region studied, NA-resistant HBV variants (except for rtA181T) were present in combinations of amino acid substitutions that increased in complexity after viral breakthrough to entecavir, at which time the combined variant rtL180M-S202G-M204V-V207I predominated. In the overlapping surface region, NA-resistant substitutions caused selection of stop codons in a significant percentage of sequences both at pre-treatment and during sequential treatment; the rtA181T substitution, related to sW172stop, predominated during treatment with lamivudine and adefovir. A highly conserved RT residue (rtL155), even more conserved than the essential residues in the RT catalytic motif YMDD, was identified in all samples. CONCLUSIONS UDPS methodology enabled quantification of HBV quasispecies variants, even those harboring complex combinations of amino acid changes. The high percentage of potentially defective genomes, especially in the surface region, suggests effective trans-complementation of these variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Rodriguez-Frías
- Biochemistry Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Revision of interpretation criteria of the INNO-LiPA HBV genotyping assay. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:3446. [PMID: 21878587 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00815-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Overestimation of incidence of hepatitis B virus mixed-genotype infections by use of the new line probe INNO-LiPA genotyping assay. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 49:1154-6. [PMID: 21177906 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01888-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The new version of the INNO-LiPA HBV genotyping assay (Innogenetics) developed to identify all hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes, A to H, has been evaluated in comparison with sequencing of PCR-amplified HBV DNA from 200 samples before or after cloning. The genotyping data obtained with INNO-LiPA were in agreement with those from direct sequencing in the 179 samples characterized by the two methods. INNO-LiPA revealed 28 mixed infections. However, sequencing after molecular cloning confirmed only 15 of them and did not identify any that were of genotype H (n = 9). Our study demonstrates that INNO-LiPA overestimates mixed infections as a result of erroneous genotype H detection.
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Alvarado Mora MV, Romano CM, Gomes-Gouvêa MS, Gutierrez MF, Botelho L, Carrilho FJ, Pinho JRR. Molecular characterization of the Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Colombia: a Bayesian inference on the genotype F. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2010; 11:103-8. [PMID: 20951841 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B is a worldwide health problem affecting about 2 billion people and more than 350 million are chronic carriers of the virus. Nine HBV genotypes (A to I) have been described. The geographical distribution of HBV genotypes is not completely understood due to the limited number of samples from some parts of the world. One such example is Colombia, in which few studies have described the HBV genotypes. In this study, we characterized HBV genotypes in 143 HBsAg-positive volunteer blood donors from Colombia. A fragment of 1306 bp partially comprising HBsAg and the DNA polymerase coding regions (S/POL) was amplified and sequenced. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were conducted using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach to obtain the maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree using BEAST v.1.5.3. Of all samples, 68 were positive and 52 were successfully sequenced. Genotype F was the most prevalent in this population (77%) - subgenotypes F3 (75%) and F1b (2%). Genotype G (7.7%) and subgenotype A2 (15.3%) were also found. Genotype G sequence analysis suggests distinct introductions of this genotype in the country. Furthermore, we estimated the time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) for each HBV/F subgenotype and also for Colombian F3 sequences using two different datasets: (i) 77 sequences comprising 1306 bp of S/POL region and (ii) 283 sequences comprising 681 bp of S/POL region. We also used two other previously estimated evolutionary rates: (i) 2.60 × 10(-4)s/s/y and (ii) 1.5 × 10(-5)s/s/y. Here we report the HBV genotypes circulating in Colombia and estimated the TMRCA for the four different subgenotypes of genotype F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Viviana Alvarado Mora
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, São Paulo Institute of Tropical Medicine and Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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Schaper M, Rodriguez-Frias F, Jardi R, Tabernero D, Homs M, Ruiz G, Quer J, Esteban R, Buti M. Quantitative longitudinal evaluations of hepatitis delta virus RNA and hepatitis B virus DNA shows a dynamic, complex replicative profile in chronic hepatitis B and D. J Hepatol 2010; 52:658-64. [PMID: 20346531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS This study presents a real-time reverse-transcription PCR (rt-RT-PCR) assay for hepatitis delta virus (HDV) RNA quantification, designed to clarify the interplay between HDV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) in chronic infection. METHODS Serum HDV-RNA and HBV-DNA were analysed by rt-RT-PCR in a cross-sectional study of 37 untreated chronic HDV patients, 25 of whom were also longitudinally studied. RESULTS In the cross-sectional study, both viruses were active in 15 (40.5%) patients and inactive in 4 (10.8%); HDV alone was active in 12 (32.4%) and HBV in 6 (16.2%). The longitudinal study showed seven replication profiles, with considerable fluctuating activity of one or both viruses, including alternating predominance. In 20% of cases, longitudinal HBV/HDV viral loads differed from cross-sectional results, indicating a risk of misinterpreting HBV/HDV interactions when assessing a single determination. Fluctuating HBV replication only increased in the presence of fluctuating HDV activity. HBsAg levels, stable in HBV single infection, fluctuated in HDV chronic infection. The results of both the cross-sectional and longitudinal study call into question the major suppressor effect of HDV over HBV, revealing an important role of HBV. CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal evaluation of viremia shows a complex interaction between HBV and HDV and is essential to understand the pathophysiology of chronic HDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Schaper
- Department of Biochemistry, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona 08035, Spain
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Novel method for genotyping hepatitis B virus on the basis of TaqMan real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:1105-11. [PMID: 20107090 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01442-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an important cause of cirrhosis and cancer of the liver. HBV is currently classified into eight genotypes, A to H. Accumulated evidence shows that the genotype influences both the clinical course of infection and the response to treatment. We describe a new method for genotyping based on TaqMan real-time PCR, which identifies all HBV genotypes without post-PCR processing. In this assay, each sample is processed in four multiplex real-time PCRs, each targeting two or three genotype-specific segments of HBV. By analyzing 185 samples representing all genotypes and different proportions of genotype mixtures, we could validate high accuracy of the assay. We conclude that this new assay represents a significant advancement for both diagnostics and clinical research because it is accurate, practical, and based on a technique that is well established in many virological laboratories.
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30
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Lacombe K, Bottero J, Lemoine M, Boyd A, Girard PM. HIV/hepatitis B virus co-infection: current challenges and new strategies. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 65:10-7. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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31
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Jardi R, Rodriguez-Frias F, Tabernero D, Homs M, Schaper M, Esteban R, Buti M. Use of the novel INNO-LiPA line probe assay for detection of hepatitis B virus variants that confer resistance to entecavir therapy. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:485-8. [PMID: 19052182 PMCID: PMC2643676 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01678-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A line probe assay (INNO-LiPA DR, version 3) for the detection of hepatitis B virus mutations that confer resistance to entecavir therapy was evaluated. The INNO-LiPA DR assay is a highly sensitive assay that is easily applicable for the detection and monitoring of entecavir resistance-conferring mutations and is more sensitive than sequencing for the detection of mixed sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosendo Jardi
- Departments of Biochemistry, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
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Osiowy C, Gordon D, Borlang J, Giles E, Villeneuve JP. Hepatitis B virus genotype G epidemiology and co-infection with genotype A in Canada. J Gen Virol 2009; 89:3009-3015. [PMID: 19008387 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/005124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype G (HBV/G) is an unusual variant, and little is known about its epidemiology and natural history, particularly the requirement for a co-infecting HBV genotype and their relationship during infection. This study investigated the quasispecies nature of co-infecting genotypes in 39 samples collected over a 6 year period from 13 HBV/G-infected patients. HBV/G infections were found to occur predominantly in males (92 %) and were primarily associated with male homosexual sex (67 %). All patients were infected with HBV/G and HBV/A, or a recombinant HBV/A/G strain. Co-infecting genotypic prevalence was often observed to fluctuate over time, with periods of HBV/G monoinfection in some patients. The average sequence divergence among Canadian HBV/G strains was 1.57+/-0.62 %. Thus, all HBV/G infections in Canada occur in the context of co-infection or recombination with HBV/A, and strains display increased sequence divergence compared with all known HBV/G sequences described to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Osiowy
- Section of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Bloodborne Pathogens and Hepatitis, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Diane Gordon
- Bloodborne Pathogens and Hepatitis, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jamie Borlang
- Bloodborne Pathogens and Hepatitis, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Giles
- Bloodborne Pathogens and Hepatitis, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Villeneuve
- Hôpital Saint Luc du Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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