1
|
Balaji N, Kukal S, Bhat A, Pradhan N, Minocha S, Kumar S. A quartet of cancer stem cell niches in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 79:39-51. [PMID: 39217065 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC), the most prevalent type of primary liver cancer, is known for its aggressive behavior and poor prognosis. The Cancer Stem Cell theory, which postulates the presence of a small population of self-renewing cells called Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs), provides insights into various clinical and molecular features of HCC such as tumor heterogeneity, metabolic adaptability, therapy resistance, and recurrence. These CSCs are nurtured in the tumor microenvironment (TME), where a mix of internal and external factors creates a tumor-supportive niche that is continuously evolving both spatially and temporally, thus enhancing the tumor's complexity. This review details the origins of hepatic CSCs (HCSCs) and the factors influencing their stem-like qualities. It highlights the reciprocal crosstalk between HCSCs and the TME (hypoxic, vascular, invasive, and immune niches), exploring the signaling pathways involved and how these interactions control the malignant traits of CSCs. Additionally, it discusses potential therapeutic approaches targeting the HCSC niche and their possible uses in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Balaji
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Samiksha Kukal
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Anjali Bhat
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Nikita Pradhan
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Shilpi Minocha
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Saran Kumar
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang D, Zhang P, Yang Z, Hou G, Yang Z. miR-4461 inhibits liver cancer stem cells expansion and chemoresistance via regulating SIRT1. Carcinogenesis 2024; 45:463-474. [PMID: 36437743 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) were involved in tumorigenesis, progression, recurrence and drug resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, few miRNAs have been identified and entered clinical practice. We show here that miR-4461 expression is reduced in liver cancer stem cells (CSCs) and predicts the poor prognosis of HCC patients. Knockdown of miR-4461 enhances the self-renewal and tumorigenicity of liver CSCs. Conversely, forced miR-4461 expression inhibits liver CSCs self-renewal and tumorigenesis. Mechanically, miR-4461 directly targets sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) via binding to its 3' untranslated region in liver CSCs. The correlation of miR-4461 and SIRT1 was confirmed in human HCC patients' tissues. Additionally, we found that miR-4461 overexpression hepatoma cells are more sensitive to cisplatin treatment. Patient-derived xenografts also showed that miR-4461 high HCC xenografts are sensitive to cisplatin treatment. Clinical cohort analysis further confirmed that HCC patients with high miR-4461 benefited more from transcatheter arterial chemoembolization treatment. In conclusion, our findings revealed the crucial role of miR-4461 in liver CSCs expansion and cisplatin response, rendering miR-4461 as an optimal target for the prevention and intervention of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daji Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ziting Yang
- Department of Emergency, The 964th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Changchun, China
| | - Guojun Hou
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ziyu Yang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao H, Ling Y, He J, Dong J, Mo Q, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Yu H, Tang C. Potential targets and therapeutics for cancer stem cell-based therapy against drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Drug Resist Updat 2024; 74:101084. [PMID: 38640592 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2024.101084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common digestive malignancyin the world, which is frequently diagnosed at late stage with a poor prognosis. For most patients with advanced HCC, the therapeutic options arelimiteddue to cancer occurrence of drug resistance. Hepatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) account for a small subset of tumor cells with the ability of self-renewal and differentiationin HCC. It is widely recognized that the presence of CSCs contributes to primary and acquired drug resistance. Therefore, hepatic CSCs-targeted therapy is considered as a promising strategy to overcome drug resistance and improve therapeutic outcome in HCC. In this article, we review drug resistance in HCC and provide a summary of potential targets for CSCs-based therapy. In addition, the development of CSCs-targeted therapeuticsagainst drug resistance in HCC is summarized in both preclinical and clinical trials. The in-depth understanding of CSCs-related drug resistance in HCC will favor optimization of the current therapeutic strategies and gain encouraging therapeutic outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Zhao
- Department of Radiology, First affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuhang Ling
- Central Laboratory, First affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Huzhou Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine, First affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Hepatology, First affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jinling Dong
- Department of Hepatology, First affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qinliang Mo
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, First affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, First affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Central Laboratory, First affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Hepatology, First affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hongbin Yu
- Department of General Surgery, First affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chengwu Tang
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine, First affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, First affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jing F, Li X, Jiang H, Sun J, Guo Q. Combating drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma: No awareness today, no action tomorrow. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115561. [PMID: 37757493 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the sixth most common cancer worldwide, is associated with a high degree of malignancy and poor prognosis. Patients with early HCC may benefit from surgical resection to remove tumor tissue and a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. Unfortunately, most patients with HCC are diagnosed at an advanced or distant stage, at which point resection is not feasible. Systemic therapy is now routinely prescribed to patients with advanced HCC; however, drug resistance has become a major obstacle to the treatment of HCC and exploring purported mechanisms promoting drug resistance remains a challenge. Here, we focus on the determinants of drug resistance from the perspective of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs), autophagy, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), exosomes, ferroptosis, and the tumor microenvironment (TME), with the aim to provide new insights into HCC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanbo Jing
- The department of clinical pharmacy. The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Li
- The department of clinical pharmacy. The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Qingdao Haici Hospital, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jialin Sun
- The department of clinical pharmacy. The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qie Guo
- The department of clinical pharmacy. The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yan ZJ, Chen L, Wang HY. To be or not to be: The double-edged sword roles of liver progenitor cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188870. [PMID: 36842766 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Given the liver's remarkable and unique regenerative capacity, researchers have long focused on liver progenitor cells (LPCs) and liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs). LPCs can differentiate into both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. However, the mechanism underlying cell conversion and its distinct contribution to liver homeostasis and tumorigenesis remain unclear. In this review, we discuss the complicated conversions involving LPCs and LCSCs. As the critical intermediate state in malignant transformation, LPCs play double-edged sword roles. LPCs are not only involved in hepatic wound-healing responses by supplementing liver cells and bile duct cells in the damaged liver but may transform into LCSCs under dysregulation of key signaling pathways, resulting in refractory malignant liver tumors. Because LPC lineages are temporally and spatially dynamic, we discuss crucial LPC subgroups and summarize regulatory factors correlating with the trajectories of LPCs and LCSCs in the liver tumor microenvironment. This review elaborates on the double-edged sword roles of LPCs to help understand the liver's regenerative potential and tumor heterogeneity. Understanding the sources and transformations of LPCs is essential in determining how to exploit their regenerative capacity in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jun Yan
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai 200438, PR China; Key Laboratory of Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer (SMMU), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200438, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Tumor Biology (EHBH), Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai 200438, PR China; Key Laboratory of Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer (SMMU), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200438, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Tumor Biology (EHBH), Shanghai 200438, PR China.
| | - Hong-Yang Wang
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai 200438, PR China; Key Laboratory of Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer (SMMU), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200438, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Tumor Biology (EHBH), Shanghai 200438, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhou XH, Li JR, Zheng TH, Chen H, Cai C, Ye SL, Gao B, Xue TC. Portal vein tumor thrombosis in hepatocellular carcinoma: molecular mechanism and therapy. Clin Exp Metastasis 2023; 40:5-32. [PMID: 36318440 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-022-10188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT), a common complication of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), remains the bottleneck of the treatments. Liver cancer cells potentially experienced multi-steps during PVTT process, including cancer cells leave from cancer nest, migrate in extracellular matrix, invade the vascular barrier, and colonize in the portal vein. Accumulated evidences have revealed numerous of molecular mechanisms including genetic and epigenetic regulation, cancer stem cells, immunosuppressive microenvironment, hypoxia, et al. contributed to the PVTT formation. In this review, we discuss state-of-the-art PVTT research on the potential molecular mechanisms and experimental models. In addition, we summarize PVTT-associated clinical trials and current treatments for PVTT and suppose perspectives exploring the molecular mechanisms and improving PVTT-related treatment for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Hao Zhou
- Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Hepatic Oncology, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, 200032, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jing-Ru Li
- Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Hepatic Oncology, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, 200032, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tang-Hui Zheng
- Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Hepatic Oncology, Xiamen Branch, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen, 361015, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Hepatic Oncology, Xiamen Branch, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen, 361015, China
| | - Chen Cai
- Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Hepatic Oncology, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, 200032, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Sheng-Long Ye
- Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Hepatic Oncology, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, 200032, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Tong-Chun Xue
- Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Hepatic Oncology, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li L, Xun C, Yu CH. Role of microRNA-regulated cancer stem cells in recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Hepatol 2022; 14:1985-1996. [PMID: 36618329 PMCID: PMC9813843 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i12.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the most common cancers, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a high rate of tumor recurrence, tumor dormancy, and drug resistance after initial successful chemotherapy or radiotherapy. A small subset of cancer cells, cancer stem cells (CSCs), exhibit stem cell characteristics and are present in various cancers, including HCC. The dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) often accompanies the occurrence and development of HCC. miRNAs can influence tumorigenesis, progression, recurrence, and drug resistance by regulating CSCs properties, which supports their clinical utility in managing and treating HCC. This review summarizes the regulatory effects of miRNAs on CSCs in HCC with a special focus on their impact on HCC recurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Chen Xun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhuzhou Central Hospital, Zhuzhou 412000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chun-Hong Yu
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen W, Wang R, Zhao Y, Li Y, Wang X, Peng W, Bai S, Zheng M, Liu M, Cheng B. CD44v6+ Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells Maintain Stemness Properties through Met/cJun/Nanog Signaling. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:5853707. [PMID: 36387747 PMCID: PMC9663228 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5853707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are characterized by their self-renewal and differentiation abilities. CD44v6 is a novel CSC marker that can activate various signaling pathways. Here, we hypothesized that the HGF/Met signaling pathway promotes stemness properties in CD44v6+ hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells via overexpression of the transcription factor, cJun, thus representing a valuable target for HCC therapy. Magnetic activated cell sorting was used to separate the CD44v6+ from CD44v6- cells, and Met levels were regulated using lentiviral particles and the selective Met inhibitor, PHA665752. An orthotopic liver xenograft tumor model was used to assess the self-renewal ability of CD44v6+ cells in immunodeficient NOD/SCID mice. Luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were also conducted using cJun-overexpressing 293 T cells to identify the exact binding site of cJun in the Nanog promoter. Our data demonstrate that CD44v6 is an ideal surface marker of liver CSCs. CD44v6+ HCC cells express higher levels of Met and possess self-renewal and tumor growth abilities. Xenograft liver tumors were smaller in nude mice injected with shMet HCC cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of liver tissue specimens revealed that high Met levels in HCC cells were associated with poor patient prognosis. Further, a cJun binding site was identified 1700 bp upstream of the Nanog transcription start site and mutation of the cJun binding site reduced Nanog expression. In conclusion, the HGF/Met signaling pathway is important for maintenance of stemness in CD44v6+ HCC cells by enhancing expression of cJun, which binds 1700 bp upstream of the Nanog transcription start site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China 430030
| | - Ronghua Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China 430030
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15213
| | - Yuchong Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China 430030
| | - Yawen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China 430030
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China 563003
| | - Xiju Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China 430030
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyi Street No. 28, Guiyang, Guizhou, China 550000
| | - Wang Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China 430030
| | - Shuya Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China 430030
| | - Mengli Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China 430030
| | - Man Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China 430030
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Taikang Tongji Wuhan Hospital, Wuhan, China 430050
| | - Bin Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China 430030
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cancer Stem Cells in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Molecular Mechanisms in Stemness Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012327. [PMID: 36293184 PMCID: PMC9604119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains the most predominant type of liver cancer with an extremely poor prognosis due to its late diagnosis and high recurrence rate. One of the culprits for HCC recurrence and metastasis is the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are a small subset of cancer cells possessing robust stem cell properties within tumors. CSCs play crucial roles in tumor heterogeneity constitution, tumorigenesis, tumor relapse, metastasis, and resistance to anti-cancer therapies. Elucidation of how these CSCs maintain their stemness features is essential for the development of CSCs-based therapy. In this review, we summarize the present knowledge of intrinsic molecules and signaling pathways involved in hepatic CSCs, especially the CSC surface markers and associated signaling in regulating the stemness characteristics and the heterogeneous subpopulations within the CSC pool. In addition, we recapitulate the effects of crucial extrinsic cellular components in the tumor microenvironment, including stromal cells and immune cells, on the modulation of hepatic CSCs. Finally, we synopsize the currently valuable CSCs-targeted therapy strategies based on intervention in these intrinsic and extrinsic molecular mechanisms, in the hope of shedding light on better clinical management of HCC patients.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kim M, Hui KM, Shi M, Reau N, Aloman C. Differential expression of hepatic cancer stemness and hypoxia markers in residual cancer after locoregional therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:3247-3259. [PMID: 36097402 PMCID: PMC9592798 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and transarterial radioembolization (TARE) treatment to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are effective tools to control tumor growth, prolong survival, palliate symptoms, and improve quality of life for patients with intermediate-stage HCC. Nevertheless, there is high variability of local HCC responses to locoregional therapies; therefore, better and personalized prediction of tumor response to TACE is necessary for management of patients with HCC, especially when these modalities of treatment are used to bridge patients for liver transplant. Here, we investigated differential expression of hepatic cancer stem cell and hypoxia in residual HCC after TACE treatment in comparison with TARE. A publicly available gene data set was screened for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in TACE_Response compared with TACE_Non-response HCC. Analysis of the GSE104580 data set displayed a total of 406 DEGs, including 196 down-regulated and 210 up-regulated DEGs. Of the 196 down-regulated DEGs, three hepatic cancer stem cell (CSC) markers and 11 hypoxia-related genes were identified. Immunohistochemical staining of hepatic CSC and hypoxia markers on explant liver tissues exhibited more intense positive staining of hepatic CSC markers (CD24, EpCAM) and hypoxia marker carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) in residual tumor nodule from patients with HCC treated with TACE compared with nontreated patients. Furthermore, Pearson's correlation analysis revealed the significant correlation between hepatic CSC markers and hypoxia marker, CA9. Conclusion: Hepatic CSC and hypoxia markers predict nonresponse to TACE and are differentially expressed in residual tumor after TACE compared with TARE. In the long term, TACE-induced hypoxia may select an aggressive HCC phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miran Kim
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Section of HepatologyRush UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Kam Man Hui
- Department of Cellular & Molecular ResearchNational Cancer Center SingaporeSingapore,Department of BiochemistryYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore,Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologyA*STARSingapore,Duke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingapore
| | - Ming Shi
- Department of Liver SurgeryCancer Center, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Nancy Reau
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Section of HepatologyRush UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Costica Aloman
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Section of HepatologyRush UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Integration of OV6 expression and CD68 + tumor-associated macrophages with clinical features better predicts the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Transl Oncol 2022; 25:101509. [PMID: 36030750 PMCID: PMC9428913 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reliable prognostic indicators for accurately predicting postoperative outcomes in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients are lacking. Although cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in tumor microenvironment are implicated in the occurrence and development of HCC, whether the combination of CSC biomarkers and TAM populations could achieve better performance in predicting the prognosis of patients with HCC has been rarely reported. METHODS A total of 306 HCC patients were randomly divided into the training and validation cohorts at a 1:1 ratio, and the expression of OV6 and CD68 was assessed using immunohistochemistry in HCC samples. The prognostic value of these biomarkers for post-surgical survival and recurrence were evaluated by the curve of receiver operating characteristic and multivariate Cox regression analyses. RESULTS The density of OV6+ CSCs was positively correlated with the infiltration of CD68+ TAMs in HCC. Both high OV6 expression and CD68+ TAM infiltration was closely associated with poor overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of HCC patients. Moreover, overexpression of OV6 and infiltration of CD68+ TAMs were identified as independent prognostic factors for OS and PFS after liver resection. The integration of OV6 and CD68 with tumor size and microvascular invasion exhibited highest C-index value for survival predictivity in HCC patients than any other biomarkers or clinical indicators alone. CONCLUSION Incorporating intratumoral OV6 expression and CD68+ TAMs infiltration with established clinical indicators may serve as a promising prognostic signature for HCC, and could more accurately predict the clinical outcomes for HCC patients after liver resection.
Collapse
|
12
|
Cheng X, Lou K, Ding L, Zou X, Huang R, Xu G, Zou J, Zhang G. Clinical potential of the Hippo-YAP pathway in bladder cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:925278. [PMID: 35912245 PMCID: PMC9336529 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.925278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the world’s most frequent cancers. Surgery coupled with adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy is the current standard of therapy for BC. However, a high proportion of patients progressed to chemotherapy-resistant or even neoplasm recurrence. Hence, identifying novel treatment targets is critical for clinical treatment. Current studies indicated that the Hippo-YAP pathway plays a crucial in regulating the survival of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which is related to the progression and reoccurrence of a variety of cancers. In this review, we summarize the evidence that Hippo-YAP mediates the occurrence, progression and chemotherapy resistance in BC, as well as the role of the Hippo-YAP pathway in regulating bladder cancer stem-like cells (BCSCs). Finally, the clinical potential of Hippo-YAP in the treatment of BC was prospected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cheng
- First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Kecheng Lou
- First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Liang Ding
- First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zou
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Calculi Prevention, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ruohui Huang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Calculi Prevention, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Calculi Prevention, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Junrong Zou
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Calculi Prevention, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Guoxi Zhang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Calculi Prevention, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guoxi Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mechanisms of resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in liver cancer stem cells and potential therapeutic approaches. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:371-386. [PMID: 35818992 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The administration of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for the treatment of advanced-stage patients is common in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, therapy resistance is often encountered, and its emergence eventually curtails long-term clinical benefits. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are essential drivers of tumor recurrence and therapy resistance; thus, the elucidation of key hallmarks of resistance mechanisms of liver CSC-driven HCC may help improve patient outcomes and reduce relapse. The present review provides a comprehensive summary of the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of TKI resistance in liver CSCs, which mediate treatment failure, and discusses potential strategies to overcome TKI resistance from a preclinical perspective.
Collapse
|
14
|
Correlation between Cancer Stem Cells, Inflammation and Malignant Transformation in a DEN-Induced Model of Hepatic Carcinogenesis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:2879-2886. [PMID: 35877422 PMCID: PMC9324326 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44070198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and cancer stem cells are known risk factors for tumorigenesis. The aetiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) involves a multistep pathological process that is characterised by chronic inflammation and hepatocyte damage, but the correlation between HCC, inflammation and cancer stem cells remains unclear. In this study, we examined the role of hepatic progenitor cells in a mouse model of chemical-induced hepatocarcinogenesis to elucidate the relationship between inflammation, malignant transformation and cancer stem cells. We used diethylnitrosamine (DEN) to induce liver tumour and scored for H&E and reticulin staining. We also scored for immunohistochemistry staining for OV-6 expression and analysed the statistical correlation between them. DEN progressively induced inflammation at week 7 (40%, 2/5); week 27 (75%, 6/8); week 33 (62.5%, 5/8); and week 50 (100%, 12/12). DEN progressively induced malignant transformation at week 7 (0%, 0/5); week 27 (87.5%, 7/8); week 33 (100%, 8/8); and week 50 (100%, 12/12). The obtained data showed that DEN progressively induced high-levels of OV-6 expression at week 7 (20%, 1/5); week 27 (37.5%, 3/8); week 33 (50%, 4/8); and week 50 (100%, 12/12). DEN-induced inflammation, malignant transformation and high-level OV-6 expression in hamster liver, as shown above, as well as applying Spearman’s correlation to the data showed that the expression of OV-6 was significantly correlated to inflammation (p = 0.001) and malignant transformation (p < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between the number of cancer stem cells, inflammation and malignant transformation in a DEN-induced model of hepatic carcinogenesis in the hamster.
Collapse
|
15
|
Singh R, Sharma A, Saji J, Umapathi A, Kumar S, Daima HK. Smart nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis and treatment. NANO CONVERGENCE 2022; 9:21. [PMID: 35569081 PMCID: PMC9108129 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-022-00313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Innovations in nanomedicine has guided the improved outcomes for cancer diagnosis and therapy. However, frequent use of nanomaterials remains challenging due to specific limitations like non-targeted distribution causing low signal-to-noise ratio for diagnostics, complex fabrication, reduced-biocompatibility, decreased photostability, and systemic toxicity of nanomaterials within the body. Thus, better nanomaterial-systems with controlled physicochemical and biological properties, form the need of the hour. In this context, smart nanomaterials serve as promising solution, as they can be activated under specific exogenous or endogenous stimuli such as pH, temperature, enzymes, or a particular biological molecule. The properties of smart nanomaterials make them ideal candidates for various applications like biosensors, controlled drug release, and treatment of various diseases. Recently, smart nanomaterial-based cancer theranostic approaches have been developed, and they are displaying better selectivity and sensitivity with reduced side-effects in comparison to conventional methods. In cancer therapy, the smart nanomaterials-system only activates in response to tumor microenvironment (TME) and remains in deactivated state in normal cells, which further reduces the side-effects and systemic toxicities. Thus, the present review aims to describe the stimulus-based classification of smart nanomaterials, tumor microenvironment-responsive behaviour, and their up-to-date applications in cancer theranostics. Besides, present review addresses the development of various smart nanomaterials and their advantages for diagnosing and treating cancer. Here, we also discuss about the drug targeting and sustained drug release from nanocarriers, and different types of nanomaterials which have been engineered for this intent. Additionally, the present challenges and prospects of nanomaterials in effective cancer diagnosis and therapeutics have been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ragini Singh
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, Shandong, China.
| | - Ayush Sharma
- Amity Center for Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine (ACNN), Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, 303002, Rajasthan, India
| | - Joel Saji
- Amity Center for Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine (ACNN), Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, 303002, Rajasthan, India
| | - Akhela Umapathi
- Amity Center for Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine (ACNN), Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, 303002, Rajasthan, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, Shandong, China
| | - Hemant Kumar Daima
- Amity Center for Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine (ACNN), Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, 303002, Rajasthan, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Quercetin Regulates Key Components of the Cellular Microenvironment during Early Hepatocarcinogenesis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020358. [PMID: 35204240 PMCID: PMC8868318 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a health problem worldwide due to its high mortality rate, and the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a key role in the HCC progression. The current ineffective therapies to fight the disease still warrant the development of preventive strategies. Quercetin has been shown to have different antitumor activities; however, its effect on TME components in preneoplastic lesions has not been fully investigated yet. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effect of quercetin (10 mg/kg) on TME components during the early stages of HCC progression induced in the rat. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses showed that quercetin decreases the size of preneoplastic lesions, glycogen and collagen accumulation, the expression of cancer stem cells and myofibroblasts markers, and that of the transporter ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 3 (ABCC3), a marker of HCC progression and multi-drug resistance. Our results strongly suggest that quercetin has the capability to reduce key components of TME, as well as the expression of ABCC3. Thus, quercetin can be an alternative treatment for inhibiting the growth of early HCC tumors.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abd El-Fattah EE, Saber S, Youssef ME, Eissa H, El-Ahwany E, Amin NA, Alqarni M, Batiha GES, Obaidullah AJ, Kaddah MMY, Ahmed Gaafar AG, Mourad AAE, Mostafa-Hedeab G, Abdelhamid AM. AKT-AMPKα-mTOR-dependent HIF-1α Activation is a New Therapeutic Target for Cancer Treatment: A Novel Approach to Repositioning the Antidiabetic Drug Sitagliptin for the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:720173. [PMID: 35095479 PMCID: PMC8790251 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.720173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIF-1α is a key factor promoting the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). As well, AKT-AMPKα-mTOR signaling is a promising target for cancer therapy. Yet, the AKT-AMPKα-mTOR-dependent activation of HIF-1α has not been studied in livers with HCC. In addition, the mechanisms underlying the potential antineoplastic effects of sitagliptin (STGPT), an antidiabetic agent, have not yet been elucidated. For that purpose, the N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-induced HCC mouse model was used in the present study using a dose of 100 mg/kg/week, i.p., for 8 weeks. NDEA-induced HCC mice received STGPT 20, 40, or 80 mg/kg starting on day 61 up to day 120. The present study revealed that STGPT inhibited HIF-1α activation via the interference with the AKT-AMPKα-mTOR axis and the interruption of IKKβ, P38α, and ERK1/2 signals as well. Accordingly, STGPT prolonged the survival, restored the histological features and improved liver function. Additionally, STGPT inhibited angiogenesis, as revealed by a significant downregulation in the VEGF and mRNA expression of CD309 with concomitant inhibition of tissue invasion was evident by an increased ratio of TIMP-1/MMP-2. STGPT exhibited apoptotic stimulatory effect as indicated upon calculating the BCL-2/Bax ratio and by the gene expression of p53. The decrease in AFP and liver index calculation, gene expression of Ki-67 confirmed the antiproliferative activity of STGPT. The anti-inflammatory potential was revealed by the decreased TNF-α level and the downregulation of MCP-1 gene expression. Moreover, an antifibrotic potential was supported by lower levels of TGF-β. These effects appear to be GLP1R-independent. The present study provides a potential basis for repurposing STGPT for the inhibition of HCC progression. Since STGPT is unlikely to cause hypoglycemia, it may be promising as monotherapy or adjuvant therapy to treat diabetic or even normoglycemic patients with HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eslam E Abd El-Fattah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Sameh Saber
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud E Youssef
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Hanan Eissa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Eman El-Ahwany
- Department of Immunology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Noha A Amin
- Department of Hematology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Alqarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Ahmad J Obaidullah
- Drug Exploration and Development Chair (DEDC), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Y Kaddah
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Center, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Gaafar Ahmed Gaafar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A E Mourad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Gomaa Mostafa-Hedeab
- Pharmacology Department and Health Research Unit, Medical College, Jouf University, Jouf, Saudi Arabia.,Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Amir Mohamed Abdelhamid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cancer stem cells in hepatocellular carcinoma - from origin to clinical implications. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:26-44. [PMID: 34504325 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00508-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive disease with a poor clinical outcome. The cancer stem cell (CSC) model states that tumour growth is powered by a subset of tumour stem cells within cancers. This model explains several clinical observations in HCC (as well as in other cancers), including the almost inevitable recurrence of tumours after initial successful chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, as well as the phenomena of tumour dormancy and treatment resistance. The past two decades have seen a marked increase in research on the identification and characterization of liver CSCs, which has encouraged the design of novel diagnostic and treatment strategies for HCC. These studies revealed novel aspects of liver CSCs, including their heterogeneity and unique immunobiology, which are suggestive of opportunities for new research directions and potential therapies. In this Review, we summarize the present knowledge of liver CSC markers and the regulators of stemness in HCC. We also comprehensively describe developments in the liver CSC field with emphasis on experiments utilizing single-cell transcriptomics to understand liver CSC heterogeneity, lineage-tracing and cell-ablation studies of liver CSCs, and the influence of the CSC niche and tumour microenvironment on liver cancer stemness, including interactions between CSCs and the immune system. We also discuss the potential application of liver CSC-based therapies for treatment of HCC.
Collapse
|
19
|
ATP-citrate lyase regulates stemness and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2021; 20:251-261. [PMID: 33129711 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most highly malignant tumors. Liver tumor-initiating cells (LTICs) have been considered to contribute to HCC progression and metastasis. ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), as a key enzyme for de novo lipogenesis, has been reported to be upregulated in various tumors. However, its expression and role in HCC and LTICs remain unknown. METHODS The expressions of ACLY in HCC tissues were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Kaplan-Meier curves and Chi-square test were used to determine the clinical significance of ACLY expression in HCC patients. A series of assays were performed to determine the function of ACLY on stemness, migration and invasion of HCC cells. Luciferase reporter assay, Western blotting and immunoprecipitation were used to study the regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling by ACLY. Rescue experiments were performed to investigate whether β-catenin was the mediator of ACLY-regulated stemness and migration in HCC cells. RESULTS ACLY was highly expressed in HCC tissues and LTICs. Overexpression of ACLY was significantly correlated with poor prognosis, progression and metastasis of HCC patients. Knockdown of ACLY remarkably suppressed stemness properties, migration and invasion in HCC cells. Mechanistically, ACLY could regulate the canonical Wnt pathway by affecting the stability of β-catenin, and Lys49 acetylation of β-catenin might mediate ACLY-regulated β-catenin level in HCC cells. CONCLUSIONS ACLY is a potent regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in modulating LTICs stemness and metastasis in HCC. ACLY may serve as a new target for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
Collapse
|
20
|
Malik A, Thanekar U, Amarachintha S, Mourya R, Nalluri S, Bondoc A, Shivakumar P. "Complimenting the Complement": Mechanistic Insights and Opportunities for Therapeutics in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 10:627701. [PMID: 33718121 PMCID: PMC7943925 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.627701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the liver and a leading cause of death in the US and worldwide. HCC remains a global health problem and is highly aggressive with unfavorable prognosis. Even with surgical interventions and newer medical treatment regimens, patients with HCC have poor survival rates. These limited therapeutic strategies and mechanistic understandings of HCC immunopathogenesis urgently warrant non-palliative treatment measures. Irrespective of the multitude etiologies, the liver microenvironment in HCC is intricately associated with chronic necroinflammation, progressive fibrosis, and cirrhosis as precedent events along with dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses. Central to these immunological networks is the complement cascade (CC), a fundamental defense system inherent to the liver which tightly regulates humoral and cellular responses to noxious stimuli. Importantly, the liver is the primary source for biosynthesis of >80% of complement components and expresses a variety of complement receptors. Recent studies implicate the complement system in liver inflammation, abnormal regenerative responses, fibrosis, carcinogenesis, and development of HCC. Although complement activation differentially promotes immunosuppressive, stimulant, and angiogenic microenvironments conducive to HCC development, it remains under-investigated. Here, we review derangement of specific complement proteins in HCC in the context of altered complement regulatory factors, immune-activating components, and their implications in disease pathogenesis. We also summarize how complement molecules regulate cancer stem cells (CSCs), interact with complement-coagulation cascades, and provide therapeutic opportunities for targeted intervention in HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astha Malik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Unmesha Thanekar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Surya Amarachintha
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Reena Mourya
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Shreya Nalluri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Alexander Bondoc
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Pranavkumar Shivakumar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tsuchiya H, Shiota G. Clinical and Biological Implications of Cancer Stem Cells in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Yonago Acta Med 2021; 64:1-11. [PMID: 33642898 DOI: 10.33160/yam.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor with poor prognosis, and is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Recently, the development of therapeutic drugs via novel mechanisms of action, involving molecular-targeted drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors, has progressed in the field of HCC. However, the recurrence rate remains high, and further improvement of the prognosis of patients with HCC is urgently needed. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a promising target for further development of novel anti-cancer drugs because they are reportedly involved in tumor initiation, maintenance, recurrence, and resistance to conventional therapies. Although several studies have already been conducted, the functions and roles of CSCs in the development and progression of tumors remain to be elucidated. In this review article, we will clarify the fundamental knowledge of CSCs necessary for the understanding of CSCs and will outline so-far identified markers specific to liver CSCs and the pathological and therapeutic implications of CSCs in HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Division of Medical Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Genomic Medicine and Regenerative Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Goshi Shiota
- Division of Medical Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Genomic Medicine and Regenerative Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Deng Y, Li M, Zhuo M, Guo P, Chen Q, Mo P, Li W, Yu C. Histone demethylase JMJD2D promotes the self-renewal of liver cancer stem-like cells by enhancing EpCAM and Sox9 expression. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100121. [PMID: 33434575 PMCID: PMC7948496 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) contribute to the high rate of tumor heterogeneity, metastasis, therapeutic resistance, and recurrence. Histone lysine demethylase 4D (KDM4D or JMJD2D) is highly expressed in colon and liver tumors, where it promotes cancer progression; however, the role of JMJD2D in CSCs remains unclear. Here, we show that JMJD2D expression was increased in liver cancer stem-like cells (LCSCs); downregulation of JMJD2D inhibited the self-renewal of LCSCs in vitro and in vivo and inhibited the lung metastasis of LCSCs by reducing the survival and the early lung seeding of circulating LCSCs. Mechanistically, JMJD2D promoted LCSC self-renewal by enhancing the expression of CSC markers EpCAM and Sox9; JMJD2D reduced H3K9me3 levels on the promoters of EpCAM and Sox9 to enhance their transcription via interaction with β-catenin/TCF4 and Notch1 intracellular domain, respectively. Restoration of EpCAM and Sox9 expression in JMJD2D-knockdown liver cancer cells rescued the self-renewal of LCSCs. Pharmacological inhibition of JMJD2D using 5-c-8HQ reduced the self-renewal of LCSCs and liver cancer progression. Collectively, our findings suggest that JMJD2D promotes LCSC self-renewal by enhancing EpCAM and Sox9 expression via Wnt/β-catenin and Notch signaling pathways and is a potential therapeutic target for liver cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, China
| | - Minghui Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Peng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Pingli Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wengang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, China.
| | - Chundong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lu Q, Gao J, Tang S, Li Z, Wang X, Deng C, Hu J, Tao Y, Wang Q. Integrated RNA Sequencing and Single-Cell Mass Cytometry Reveal a Novel Role of LncRNA HOXA-AS2 in Tumorigenesis and Stemness of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:10901-10916. [PMID: 33149607 PMCID: PMC7602917 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s272717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Accumulating evidence indicates that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in the development of many cancer types. However, the changes of lncRNAs expression profiles in hepatocarcinogenesis remain largely unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the clinical significance, oncogenic functions, and potential mechanism of cancer-related lncRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and Methods An in vitro hepatocellular carcinoma model was established via oncogene-mediated transformation with a combination of three genetic alterations, including hTERT overexpression, inactivation of P53, and KRAS activation. Changes of biological function and transcriptome profile in these cell lines were determined by colony formation assay, MTT assay, wound-healing scratch assay, xenograft nude mice model, mass cytometry and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Furthermore, 116 HCC tissues and its corresponding normal tumor-adjacent tissues were explored to validate the results of cell lines. Finally, RNA sequencing, single-cell mass cytometry and fluorescence-activated cell sorter were applied to evaluate the potential association between the expression of lncRNA and the stemness of HCC. Results LncRNA HOXA-AS2 was aberrantly upregulated and it may be involved in the regulation of cancer stem cells during oncogenic transformation. Consistently, lncRNA HOXA-AS2 expression was significantly upregulated in HCC and its higher expression positively correlated with poor prognosis and stem cell-related functions. Moreover, a specific cancer stem cell subpopulation with EPCAM+, C-MYC+ and CK19+ may exist in higher HOXA-AS2 expression HCC patients. Conclusion LncRNA HOXA-AS2 plays pivotal roles in the occurrence and progression of HCC, which may act as a therapeutic target for prognostic biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinchen Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of China.,Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamin Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of China.,Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaomei Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijian Li
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Wang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Caiwang Deng
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of China.,Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Tao
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of China.,Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lee IC, Fadera S, Liu HL. Strategy of differentiation therapy: effect of dual-frequency ultrasound on the induction of liver cancer stem-like cells on a HA-based multilayer film system. J Mater Chem B 2020; 7:5401-5411. [PMID: 31414097 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01120j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) and normal stem cells share the ability to self-renew and drive tumor formation, recurrence, and distant metastasis and are resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs. One potential therapeutic approach for targeting CSCs is to induce CSCs to differentiate into normal cancer cells to eliminate self-renewal and enhance drug sensitivity. We developed a hyaluronic acid (HA)-based multilayer film system for selecting CSC-like hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell colonies. Herein, we assess the differentiation therapy of HCC CSCs using dual-frequency low-intensity ultrasound (LIUS). HA-based multilayer films of poly (allylamine hydrochloride), (PAH/HA)6, were used to isolate CSC colonies. Colony formation, maintenance, and CSC marker expression were identified. The colony-formation rate was investigated, and putative CSC markers for CD44/CD133 expression after 7 days of culture were upregulated on (PAH/HA)6 multilayer films. Dual-frequency LIUS was used to induce CSC colony differentiation, and the phenotype variation, CSC marker expression, gene expression, drug-resistance ability, and invasion ability of CSC colonies with/without LIUS stimulation were compared. The numbers of colonies and CD44/CD133 double-positive cells and the expression levels of stem cell-related genes and proteins associated with stemness all decreased due to differentiation after LIUS exposure. Furthermore, a significant reduction in CSC drug resistance and invasion ability was observed. These results indicate that dual-frequency LIUS induces CSC differentiation and reduces drug resistance and invasion ability. Differentiation of CSCs provides an alternative therapeutic strategy to reverse CSC stemness and force their loss of self-renewal ability. CSC-targeted therapy holds great promise as an effective therapeutic approach for the treatment of human tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I-Chi Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan. and Neurosurgery Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Siaka Fadera
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Hao-Li Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan. and Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu YC, Yeh CT, Lin KH. Cancer Stem Cell Functions in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061331. [PMID: 32466488 PMCID: PMC7349579 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant cause of cancer-related mortality owing to resistance to traditional treatments and tumor recurrence after therapy, which leads to poor therapeutic outcomes. Cancer stem cells (CSC) are a small subset of tumor cells with the capability to influence self-renewal, differentiation, and tumorigenesis. A number of surface markers for liver cancer stem cell (LCSC) subpopulations (EpCAM, CD133, CD44, CD13, CD90, OV-6, CD47, and side populations) in HCC have been identified. LCSCs play critical roles in regulating HCC stemness, self-renewal, tumorigenicity, metastasis, recurrence, and therapeutic resistance via genetic mutations, epigenetic disruption, signaling pathway dysregulation, or alterations microenvironment. Accumulating studies have shown that biomarkers for LCSCs contribute to diagnosis and prognosis prediction of HCC, supporting their utility in clinical management and development of therapeutic strategies. Preclinical and clinical analyses of therapeutic approaches for HCC using small molecule inhibitors, oncolytic measles viruses, and anti-surface marker antibodies have demonstrated selective, efficient, and safe targeting of LCSC populations. The current review focuses on recent reports on the influence of LCSCs on HCC stemness, tumorigenesis, and multiple drug resistance (MDR), along with LCSC-targeted therapeutic strategies for HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +886-3-211-8263
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu C, Li J, Wang W, Zhong X, Xu F, Lu J. miR-206 inhibits liver cancer stem cell expansion by regulating EGFR expression. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:1077-1088. [PMID: 32286127 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1739808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer stem cells (CSCs) are involved in tumorigenesis, progression, drug resistance and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the underlying mechanism for the propagation of liver cancer stem cells was unclear. Herein, we observed miR-206 expression was reduced in both chemoresistant HCCs and recurrent HCCs from patients. A dramatically decrease of miR-206 was detected in cluster of differentiation 133 (CD133) or epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)-positive liver CSCs and in CSC-enriched hepatoma spheres. Functional studies revealed that a forced expression of miR-206 inhibited liver CSCs expansion by suppressing the dedifferentiation of hepatoma cells and attenuating the self-renewal of liver CSCs. Mechanistically, bioinformatic and luciferase reporter analysis identified epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as a direct target of miR-206. Moreover, miR-206 downregulated the expression of EGFR in liver CSCs. There was a significant inverse correlation between miR-206 and EGFR mRNA expression in HCC samples. Special EGFR inhibitor Gefitinib abolished the discrepancy in liver CSC proportion and the self-renewal capacity between miR-206 overexpression hepatoma cells and control cells, which further confirmed that EGFR was required in miR-206-inhibited liver CSCs expansion. Conclusion: miR-206 could suppress HCC cell dedifferentiation and liver CSCs expansion by targeting EGFR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caifeng Liu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingyang Zhong
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhua Lu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
The Cancer Stem Cell in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030684. [PMID: 32183251 PMCID: PMC7140091 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition of intra-tumoral cellular heterogeneity has given way to the concept of the cancer stem cell (CSC). According to this concept, CSCs are able to self-renew and differentiate into all of the cancer cell lineages present within the tumor, placing the CSC at the top of a hierarchical tree. The observation that these cells—in contrast to bulk tumor cells—are able to exclusively initiate new tumors, initiate metastatic spread and resist chemotherapy implies that CSCs are solely responsible for tumor recurrence and should be therapeutically targeted. Toward this end, dissecting and understanding the biology of CSCs should translate into new clinical therapeutic approaches. In this article, we review the CSC concept in cancer, with a special focus on hepatocellular carcinoma.
Collapse
|
28
|
Lei Z, Tang X, Si A, Yang P, Wang L, Luo T, Guo G, Zhang Q, Cheng Z. microRNA-454 promotes liver tumor-initiating cell expansion by regulating SOCS6. Exp Cell Res 2020; 390:111955. [PMID: 32165166 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-initiating cells (T-ICs) are involved in the tumorigenesis, progression, drug resistance and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the underlying mechanism for the propagation of liver T-ICs remains unclear. Herein, we find that miR-454 is upregulated in liver T-ICs and has an important function in liver T-ICs. Functional studies have revealed that knockdown of miR-454 inhibits liver T-IC self-renewal and tumorigenesis. Conversely, forced miR-454 expression promotes liver T-IC self-renewal and tumorigenesis. Mechanistically, we found that miR-454 downregulates SOCS6 expression in liver T-ICs. The correlation between miR-454 and SOCS6 is validated in human HCC tissues. Furthermore, HCC cells that overexpress miR-454 are resistant to sorafenib treatment. Analysis of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) further demonstrates that miR-454 may predict sorafenib benefits in HCC patients. In conclusion, our findings reveal the crucial role of miR-454 in liver T-IC expansion and sorafenib response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqing Lei
- Hepato-pancreato-biliary Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuewu Tang
- Hepato-pancreato-biliary Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Anfeng Si
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Bayi Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Pinghua Yang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), And Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), And Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangmeng Guo
- Hepato-pancreato-biliary Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Center of Interventional Radiology & Vascular Surgery, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhangjun Cheng
- Hepato-pancreato-biliary Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wu CD, Lee JC, Wu HC, Lee CW, Lin CF, Hsu MC, Lin CT. Preclinical verification of the efficacy by targeting peptide-linked liposomal nanoparticles for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy. Nanobiomedicine (Rij) 2019; 6:1849543519880762. [PMID: 31908670 PMCID: PMC6937529 DOI: 10.1177/1849543519880762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of targeting peptides chemotherapy to overcome adverse event in the conventional chemotherapy for human hepatocellular carcinoma. Previously we reported several cancer-targeting peptides that bind specifically to cancer cells and their vascular endothelia: L-peptide (anti-cancer cell membrane), RLLDTNRPLLPY; SP-94-peptide (anti-hepatoma cell membrane), SFSHHTPILP; PC5-52-peptide (anti-tumor endothelia), SVSVGMKPSPRP; and control peptide, RLLDTNRGGGGG. In this study, these peptides were linked to liposomal iron oxide nanoparticles to localize the targeted tumor cells and endothelia, and to dextran-coated liposomal doxorubicin (L-D) to treat nonobese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient mice bearing hepatoma xenografts. Our results showed that L-peptide-linked liposomal doxorubicin could inhibit tumor growth with very mild adverse events. Use of the control peptide led to a decrease in the xenograft size but also led to marked apoptotic change in the visceral organ. In conclusion, L-peptide-linked liposomal doxorubicin, SP-94-peptide, and PC5-52-peptide can be used for the treatment of hepatoma xenografts in nonobese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient mice with minimal adverse events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Der Wu
- Institute and Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Jen-Chieh Lee
- Institute and Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Hang-Chung Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Chung-Wei Lee
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Feng Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Chen Hsu
- Institute and Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Chin-Tarng Lin
- Institute and Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chen L, Wu M, Ji C, Yuan M, Liu C, Yin Q. Silencing transcription factor FOXM1 represses proliferation, migration, and invasion while inducing apoptosis of liver cancer stem cells by regulating the expression of ALDH2. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:285-295. [PMID: 31580537 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study is performed to explore the role of transcription factor FOXM1 in promoting the self-renewal and proliferation of liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) by regulating the expression of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2). METHODS CD133+ CD24+ LCSCs were sorted and identified. A series of experiments were carried out to determine the proliferation, colony formation rate, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of LCSCs after interfering with FOXM1. Proliferation-, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-, apoptosis-, and stemness-related factors were then detected by western blot analysis. Tumor xenograft in nude mice was used to figure out the role of FOXM1 in tumorigenesis in vivo by regulating ALDH2 expression. Luciferase activity assay was conducted to determine whether FOXM1 could target ALDH2 promoter region and thereby affecting ALDH2 expression. RESULTS The sorted CD133+ CD24+ Huh-7 cells had the characteristic of stem cells. FOXM1 was highly expressed in CD133+ CD24+ Huh-7 cells. Silencing FOXM1 inhibited the proliferation and colony formation of LCSCs and decreased the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67 protein; inhibited the migration, invasion, and EMT of LCSCs while promoting the apoptosis of LCSCs, as well as promoted the expression of Bax and cleaved-caspase-3, and inhibited the expression of Bcl-2. Silencing FOXM1 inhibited the expression of Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2 in LCSCs by decreasing the expression of ALDH2. in vivo experiment, silencing FOXM1 suppressed tumorigenesis of LCSCs by decreasing the expression of ALDH2. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence that silencing FOXM1 inhibits stemness of LCSCs by decreasing the expression of ALDH2, and represses the proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumorigenesis while inducing the apoptosis of LCSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Meiyun Wu
- NP, RN, Department of Nursing, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Kaohsiung, Doctoral student, College of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University
| | - Chunyi Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Miaoxian Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Chaoyang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Qiang Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ma XL, Sun YF, Wang BL, Shen MN, Zhou Y, Chen JW, Hu B, Gong ZJ, Zhang X, Cao Y, Pan BS, Zhou J, Fan J, Guo W, Yang XR. Sphere-forming culture enriches liver cancer stem cells and reveals Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 as a potential therapeutic target. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:760. [PMID: 31370822 PMCID: PMC6676608 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5963-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS The role of sphere-forming culture in enriching subpopulations with stem-cell properties in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unclear. The present study investigates its value in enriching cancer stem cells (CSCs) subpopulations and the mechanism by which HCC CSCs are maintained. METHODS HCC cell lines and fresh primary tumor cells were cultured in serum-free and ultra-low attachment conditions to allow formation of HCC spheres. In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to evaluate CSC characteristics. Expression levels of CSC-related genes were assessed by qRT-PCR and the correlation between sphere formation and clinical characteristics was investigated. Finally, gene expression profiling was performed to explore the molecular mechanism underlying HCC CSC maintenance. RESULTS We found that both cell lines and primary tumor cells formed spheres. HCC spheres possessed the capacity for self-renewal, proliferation, drug resistance, and contained different subpopulations of CSCs. Of interest, 500 sphere-forming Huh7 cells or 200 primary tumor cells could generate tumors in immunodeficient animals. Sphere formation correlated with size, multiple tumors, satellite lesions, and advanced stage. Further investigation identified that the PPARα-SCD1 axis plays an important role in maintenance of the CSC properties of HCC sphere cells by promoting nuclear accumulation of β-Catenin. Inhibition of SCD1 interfered with sphere formation, down-regulated expression of CSC-related markers, and reduced β-Catenin nuclear accumulation. CONCLUSIONS Sphere-forming culture can effectively enrich subpopulations with stem-cell properties, which are maintained through activation of the PPARα-SCD1 axis. Therefore, we suggest that targeting the SCD1-related CSC machinery might provide a novel insight into HCC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lu Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun-Fan Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bei-Li Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Min-Na Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Wen Chen
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zi-Jun Gong
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya Cao
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410078 China
| | - Bai-shen Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Rong Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhao Y, Zhu J, Shi B, Wang X, Lu Q, Li C, Chen H. The transcription factor LEF1 promotes tumorigenicity and activates the TGF-β signaling pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:304. [PMID: 31296250 PMCID: PMC6625065 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the most difficult subtype of esophageal cancer to treat due to the paucity of effective targeted therapy. ESCC is believed to arise from cancer stem cells (CSCs) that contribute to metastasis and chemoresistance. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis of ESCC patients remains poor. Methods In this study, we applied western blot, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, RNA-Seq analysis, luciferase reporter assay, Chip-qPCR, bioinformatics analysis, and a series of functional assays to show the potential role of LEF1 in regulating esophageal CSCs. Results We found that the overexpression of LEF1 was associated with aberrant clinicopathological characteristics and the poor prognosis of ESCC patients. In addition, the elevated expression of LEF1 and OV6 was significantly associated with aberrant clinicopathological features, and poor patient prognosis. Moreover, the overexpression of LEF1 was observed in esophageal CSCs purified by the magnetic sorting of adherent and spheroidal ESCC cells. The increased level of LEF1 in CSCs facilitated the expression of CSC markers, stem cell-like properties, resistance to chemotherapy, and tumorigenicity and increased the percentage of CSCs in ESCC samples. Conversely, the knockdown of LEF1 significantly diminished the self-renewal properties of ESCC. We showed that LEF1 played an important mechanical role in activating the TGF-β signaling pathway by directly binding to the ID1 gene promoter. A positive association between LEF1 and ID1 expression was also observed in clinical ESCC samples. Conclusion Our results indicate that the overexpression of LEF1 promotes a CSC-like phenotype in and the tumorigenicity of ESCC by activating the TGF-β signaling pathway. The inhibition of LEF1 might therefore be a novel therapeutic target to inactivate CSCs and inhibit tumor progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1296-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ji Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Bowen Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qijue Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chunguang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Hezhong Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li B, Liu D, Yang P, Li HY, Wang D. miR-613 inhibits liver cancer stem cell expansion by regulating SOX9 pathway. Gene 2019; 707:78-85. [PMID: 31075412 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer stem cells (CSCs) contribute to tumorigenesis, progression, drug resistance and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the underlying mechanism for the propagation of liver CSCs remains unclear. Herein, we observed miR-613 expression was downregulated in both chemoresistant and recurrent HCC patients. A remarkable decrease in miR-613 was detected in CD24 or OV6-positive liver CSCs and CSC-enriched hepatoma spheres. Down-regulation of miR-613 facilitated liver CSCs expansion by promoting the dedifferentiation of hepatoma cells and enhancing the self-renewal of liver CSCs. Mechanistically, bioinformatic and luciferase reporter analysis identified SOX9 as a direct target of miR-613. Overexpression of miR-613 inhibited the expression of SOX9 in HCC cells. Special SOX9 siRNA abolished the discrepancy in liver CSCs proportion and the self-renewal capacity between miR-613 overexpression hepatoma cells and control cells, which further confirmed that SOX9 was required in miR-613-inhibited liver CSCs expansion. Furthermore, hepatoma cells with miR-613 overexpression performed more sensitivity to cisplatin or sorafenib treatment. Conclusion: miR-613 could inhibit HCC cell dedifferentiation and liver CSCs expansion by targeting SOX9 signaling and may prove to be a novel therapeutic target for HCC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Cao County People's Hospital, Heze, Shandong Province 274400, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Cao County People's Hospital, Heze, Shandong Province 274400, China
| | - Pinghua Yang
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Heng-Yu Li
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Deyuan Wang
- Department of Oncology, Cao County People's Hospital, Heze, Shandong Province 274400, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhao Y, Lu Q, Li C, Wang X, Jiang L, Huang L, Wang C, Chen H. PRMT1 regulates the tumour-initiating properties of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through histone H4 arginine methylation coupled with transcriptional activation. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:359. [PMID: 31043582 PMCID: PMC6494844 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1595-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the most difficult subtype of esophageal cancer to treat due to a paucity of effective targeted therapy. ESCC is believed to arise from tumour initiating cells (TICs), which contribute to metastasis and chemoresistance. In this study, we found that Protein arginine methyltransferase 1(PRMT1) was highly expressed in ESCCs and associated with aberrant clinicopathological characteristics of ESCC patients. In ESCC specimens, the elevated expression of PRMT1 and OV6 was significantly associated with histologic grade, TNM stage and poor patient prognosis. Moreover, overexpression of PRMT1 was observed in esophageal TICs purified by magnetic sorting of adherent and spheroid ECA109/TE1 cells. The increased level of PRMT1 in TICs facilitated the expression of TIC markers, stem cell-like properties, resistance to chemotherapy, tumorigenicity and increased their percentages in ECSS samples. Conversely, knockdown of PRMT1 significantly diminished the self-renewal properties of ESCC. Moreover, we show that PRMT1 can catalyse histone H4R3 asymmetric dimethylation and promote transcription activation of down-stream genes. Further RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis reveals that overexpression of PRMT1 in ESCC cell lines activates Wnt/β-catenin and Notch signaling pathway. Together, our studies highlight that PRMT1 activates and maintains esophageal TICs by mediating transcription alteration through histone H4 arginine methylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Qijue Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunguang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hezhong Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ran RZ, Chen J, Cui LJ, Lin XL, Fan MM, Cong ZZ, Zhang H, Tan WF, Zhang GQ, Zhang YJ. miR-194 inhibits liver cancer stem cell expansion by regulating RAC1 pathway. Exp Cell Res 2019; 378:66-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
36
|
Zhou S, Du R, Wang Z, Shen W, Gao R, Jiang S, Fang Y, Shi Y, Chang A, Liu L, Liu C, Li N, Xiang R. TLR4 increases the stemness and is highly expressed in relapsed human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Med 2019; 8:2325-2337. [PMID: 30957973 PMCID: PMC6536932 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays an essential role in cancer progress. Here, we find that the expression of TLR4 in relapsed human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) clinical samples is higher than that in the non‐relapsed ones, which leads us to explore the role of TLR4 in cancer stemness. We reported that TLR4‐AKT signaling pathway was activated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in HCC cell lines to enhance the cancer stemness capacity, which was reflected by the increased percentage of CD133+CD49f+ population and side population, enhanced sphere formation, and the upregulation of stemness marker gene‐SOX2. Downregulation of SOX2 attenuated the enhanced HCC stemness induced by LPS, indicating SOX2 as a downstream mediator of LPS‐TLR4 signaling. The role of LPS‐TLR4 signaling in inducing HCC stemness was further confirmed by tumor xenograft experiment in vivo. Taken together, our findings provide a novel therapeutic target to prevent the recurrence of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhou
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Renle Du
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenglu Wang
- Biobank of Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenzhi Shen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruifang Gao
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Fang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuzhi Shi
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Antao Chang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Biobank of Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenghu Liu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Tianjin, China.,The 2011 Project Collaborative Innovation Center for Biological Therapy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Tianjin, China.,The 2011 Project Collaborative Innovation Center for Biological Therapy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
lncARSR promotes liver cancer stem cells expansion via STAT3 pathway. Gene 2019; 687:73-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
38
|
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers with high mortality rate. It is a heterogeneous cancer with diverse inter- and intra-heterogeneity, also in terms of histology, prognosis, and molecular profiles. A rapidly growing evidence has demonstrated that some HCCs, if not all, were caused by the activation of the cancer stem cells (CSC), a small population within the cancer that is responsible for the initiation and maintenance of cancer growth. Until now, various populations of hepatic CSC with more than ten different phenotypical protein markers, such as CD133, CD90, EpCAM, CD24, and CD13, have been identified and validated in xenotransplantation models. They are associated with risk factors, prognosis, chemo-resistance, and metastasis. This chapter summarizes available data on different hepatic CSC markers for the development of potential future therapy.
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang N, Wang S, Li MY, Hu BG, Liu LP, Yang SL, Yang S, Gong Z, Lai PBS, Chen GG. Cancer stem cells in hepatocellular carcinoma: an overview and promising therapeutic strategies. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2018; 10:1758835918816287. [PMID: 30622654 PMCID: PMC6304707 DOI: 10.1177/1758835918816287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor clinical outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients is ascribed to the resistance of HCC cells to traditional treatments and tumor recurrence after curative therapies. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified as a small subset of cancer cells which have high capacity for self-renewal, differentiation and tumorigenesis. Recent advances in the field of liver CSCs (LCSCs) have enabled the identification of CSC surface markers and the isolation of CSC subpopulations from HCC cells. Given their central role in cancer initiation, metastasis, recurrence and therapeutic resistance, LCSCs constitute a therapeutic opportunity to achieve cure and prevent relapse of HCC. Thus, it is necessary to develop therapeutic strategies to selectively and efficiently target LCSCs. Small molecular inhibitors targeting the core stemness signaling pathways have been actively pursued and evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies. Other alternative therapeutic strategies include targeting LCSC surface markers, interrupting the CSC microenvironment, and altering the epigenetic state. In this review, we summarize the properties of CSCs in HCC and discuss novel therapeutic strategies that can be used to target LCSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuozhou Wang
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR,
China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck
Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of
Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming-Yue Li
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong,
China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Bao-guang Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The
Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, Shandong,
China
| | - Li-ping Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas
Surgery, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen
People’s Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sheng-li Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical
College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shucai Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Pingshan
District People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province,
China
| | - Zhongqin Gong
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR,
China
| | - Paul B. S. Lai
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University
of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
SAR, China
| | - George G. Chen
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University
of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
SAR, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wang KJ, Wang C, Dai LH, Yang J, Huang H, Ma XJ, Zhou Z, Yang ZY, Xu WD, Hua MM, Lu X, Zeng SX, Wang HQ, Zhang ZS, Cheng YQ, Liu D, Tian QQ, Sun YH, Xu CL. Targeting an Autocrine Regulatory Loop in Cancer Stem-like Cells Impairs the Progression and Chemotherapy Resistance of Bladder Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:1070-1086. [PMID: 30397177 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) contribute to bladder cancer chemotherapy resistance and progression, but the associated mechanisms have not been elucidated. This study determined whether blocking an autocrine signaling loop in CSCs improves the therapeutic effects of cis-platinum on bladder cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The expression of the epithelial marker OV6 and other markers in human bladder cancer specimens was examined by IHC. The CSC properties of magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS)-isolated OV6+ and OV6- bladder cancer cells were examined. Molecular mechanisms were assessed through RNA-Seq, cytokine antibody arrays, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and other assays. An orthotopic bladder cancer mouse model was established to evaluate the in vivo effects of a YAP inhibitor (verteporfin) and a PDGFR inhibitor (CP-673451) on the cis-platinum resistance of OV6+ CSCs in bladder cancer. RESULTS Upregulated OV6 expression positively associated with disease progression and poor prognosis for bladder cancer patients. Compared with OV6- cells, OV6+ bladder cancer cells exhibited strong CSC characteristics, including self-renewal, tumor initiation in NOD/SCID mice, and chemotherapy resistance. YAP, which maintains the stemness of OV6+ CSCs, triggered PDGFB transcription by recruiting TEAD1. Autocrine PDGF-BB signaling through its receptor PDGFR stabilized YAP and facilitated YAP nuclear translocation. Furthermore, blocking the YAP/TEAD1/PDGF-BB/PDGFR loop with verteporfin or CP-673451 inhibited the cis-platinum resistance of OV6+ bladder cancer CSCs in an orthotopic bladder cancer model. CONCLUSIONS OV6 could be a helpful indicator of disease progression and prognosis for patients with bladder cancer, and targeting the autocrine YAP/TEAD1/PDGF-BB/PDGFR loop might serve as a remedy for cis-platinum resistance in patients with advanced bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jian Wang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Li-He Dai
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Ze-Yu Yang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Dong Xu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Mian Hua
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Xiong Zeng
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Qing Wang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Qiong Cheng
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Qin-Qin Tian
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Hao Sun
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China.
| | - Chuan-Liang Xu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cheng Z, Lei Z, Yang P, Si A, Xiang D, Zhou J, Hüser N. Long non-coding RNA THOR promotes liver cancer stem cells expansion via β-catenin pathway. Gene 2018; 684:95-103. [PMID: 30359743 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive liver tumor containing cancer stem cells (CSCs), which participate in tumor invasion, therapeutic resistance, and tumor relapse leading to poor outcome and limited therapeutic options. Recently, a novel lncRNA, THOR (testis-associated highly conserved oncogenic long non-coding RNA), was characterized in human cancers and shown to exhibit an oncogenic role. However, the role of THOR in liver cancer stem cells (CSCs) remains obscure. Herein, we observed high expression of THOR in chemoresistant hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). A remarkable increase of THOR expression in OV6 or EpCAM-positive liver CSCs as well as in CSC-enriched hepatoma spheres. Interference THOR suppressed liver CSC expansion by inhibiting the dedifferentiation of hepatoma cells and decreasing the self-renewal ability of liver CSCs. Mechanistically, we found β-catenin as the downstream of THOR in HCC cells. The special β-catenin inhibitor FH535 abolished the discrepancy in liver CSC proportion and the self-renewal capacity between THOR knockdown HCC cells and control cells, which further confirmed that β-catenin was required in THOR promoted liver CSCs expansion. Moreover, interference THOR hepatoma cells were more sensitive to sorafenib treatment, indicates that HCC patients with low THOR expression may benefit from sorafenib treatment. Collectively, THOR was upregulated in liver CSCs and could promote HCC cells dedifferentiation and liver CSCs expansion by targeting β-catenin signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangjun Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhengqing Lei
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pinghua Yang
- Department of Laparoscope, The Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anfeng Si
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Bayi Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Daimin Xiang
- National Liver Cancer Science Center, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahua Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Norbert Hüser
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Khaliq M, Ko S, Liu Y, Wang H, Sun Y, Solnica-Krezel L, Shin D. Stat3 Regulates Liver Progenitor Cell-Driven Liver Regeneration in Zebrafish. Gene Expr 2018; 18:157-170. [PMID: 29690953 PMCID: PMC6190120 DOI: 10.3727/105221618x15242506133273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
After liver injury, regeneration manifests as either (1) hepatocytes proliferating to restore the lost hepatocyte mass or (2) if hepatocyte proliferation is compromised, biliary epithelial cells (BECs) dedifferentiating into liver progenitor cells (LPCs), which subsequently differentiate into hepatocytes. Following pharmacogenetic ablation of hepatocytes in Tg(fabp10a:CFP-NTR) zebrafish, resulting in severe liver injury, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) and its target gene and negative regulator, socs3a, were upregulated in regenerating livers. Using either Stat3 inhibitors, JSI-124 and S3I-201, or stat3 zebrafish mutants, we investigated the role of Stat3 in LPC-driven liver regeneration. Although Stat3 suppression reduced the size of regenerating livers, BEC dedifferentiation into LPCs was unaffected. However, regenerating livers displayed a delay in LPC-to-hepatocyte differentiation and a significant reduction in the number of BECs. While no difference in cell death was detected, Stat3 inhibition significantly reduced LPC proliferation. Notably, stat3 mutants phenocopied the effects of Stat3 chemical inhibitors, although the mutant phenotype was incompletely penetrant. Intriguingly, a subset of socs3a mutants also displayed a lower number of BECs in regenerating livers. We conclude that the Stat3/Socs3a pathway is necessary for the proper timing of LPC-to-hepatocyte differentiation and establishing the proper number of BECs during LPC-driven liver regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish Khaliq
- *Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sungjin Ko
- *Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yinzi Liu
- †Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hualin Wang
- ‡China Zebrafish Resource Center, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yonghua Sun
- ‡China Zebrafish Resource Center, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Lila Solnica-Krezel
- †Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Donghun Shin
- *Department of Developmental Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Liu H, Wang Y, Xing X, Sun Y, Wei D, Chen G, Liu Q, Chen S, Liu X, Liu J. Comparative proteomics of side population cells derived from human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines with varying metastatic potentials. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:335-345. [PMID: 29928419 PMCID: PMC6006459 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis and recurrence following surgery are major reasons for the high mortality rate and poor prognosis associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to be able to cause cancer, and to be the primary cause of tumor recurrence and metastasis. The underlying mechanisms of the metastatic potential of CSCs is poorly understood. In the present study, side population (SP) cells were isolated from 4 HCC cell lines, and their self-renewal and migratory abilities were compared. The results demonstrate that SP cells from different cell lines exhibited similar self-renewal abilities but different metastatic potentials. Furthermore, the overall proteomes of the SP cells were systematically quantified. This revealed 11 and 19 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), upregulated and downregulated, respectively, associated with increased metastatic potential. These proteins were involved in the ‘regulation of mRNA processing’ and ‘cytoskeleton organization’ biological processes. The majority of the proteins were involved in ‘cell proliferation’, ‘migration’ and ‘invasion of cancer’, and may promote HCC metastasis in a synergistic manner. The AKT and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways may contribute to the regulation of HCC metastasis through regulating the DEPs in SP cells. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to demonstrate the overall proteome difference among SP cells from the different HCC cell lines with different metastatic potentials. The present study provides novel information regarding the metastatic potential of CSCs, which will facilitate further investigation of the topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Liu
- Liver Disease Center, The First Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Yingchao Wang
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China.,The Liver Center of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Xing
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China.,The Liver Center of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Ying Sun
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China.,College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China
| | - Dahai Wei
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China.,The Liver Center of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Geng Chen
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China.,The Liver Center of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Qinying Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Biotherapy, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Tumor Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Biotherapy, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Tumor Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China.,The Liver Center of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Jingfeng Liu
- Liver Disease Center, The First Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China.,The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China.,The Liver Center of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China.,Liver Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007; P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Huang H, Wang C, Liu F, Li HZ, Peng G, Gao X, Dong KQ, Wang HR, Kong DP, Qu M, Dai LH, Wang KJ, Zhou Z, Yang J, Yang ZY, Cheng YQ, Tian QQ, Liu D, Xu CL, Xu DF, Cui XG, Sun YH. Reciprocal Network between Cancer Stem-Like Cells and Macrophages Facilitates the Progression and Androgen Deprivation Therapy Resistance of Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:4612-4626. [PMID: 29691294 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Cancer stem-like cells (CSC) contribute to the progression and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) resistance of prostate cancer. As CSCs depend on their specific niche, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), elucidating the network between CSCs and TAMs may help to effectively inhibit the progression and ADT resistance of prostate cancer.Experimental Design: The underlying intracellular mechanism that sustains the stem-like characteristics of CSCs in prostate cancer was assessed via RNA sequencing, co-immunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and other assays. A coculture system and cytokine antibody arrays were used to examine the interaction network between CSCs and TAMs. In addition, an orthotopic prostate cancer model was established to evaluate the in vivo effects of the combined targeting of CSCs and their interaction with TAMs on ADT resistance.Results: Autophagy-related gene 7 (ATG7) facilitated the transcription of OCT4 via β-catenin, which binds to the OCT4 promoter, promoting CSC characteristics in prostate cancer, including self-renewal, tumor initiation, and drug resistance. In addition, CSCs remodeled their specific niche by educating monocytes/macrophages toward TAMs, and the CSC-educated TAMs reciprocally promoted the stem-like properties of CSCs, progression and ADT resistance of prostate cancer via IL6/STAT3. Furthermore, the combined targeting of CSCs and their interaction with TAMs by inhibiting ATG7/OCT4 and IL6 receptor effectively ameliorated ADT resistance in an orthotopic prostate cancer model.Conclusions: Targeting CSCs and their niche may prove to be a more powerful strategy than targeting CSCs alone, providing a rational approach to ameliorating ADT resistance in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 24(18); 4612-26. ©2018 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Huang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Zhen Li
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Peng
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Gao
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke-Qin Dong
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Ru Wang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - De-Pei Kong
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Qu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-He Dai
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai-Jian Wang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze-Yu Yang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Qiong Cheng
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin-Qin Tian
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan-Liang Xu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Feng Xu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Gang Cui
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University (Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital), Shanghai, China.
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Hao Sun
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Noncoding RNAs in liver cancer stem cells: The big impact of little things. Cancer Lett 2018; 418:51-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
46
|
Leng F, Liu F, Yang Y, Wu Y, Tian W. Strategies on Nanodiagnostics and Nanotherapies of the Three Common Cancers. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8040202. [PMID: 29597315 PMCID: PMC5923532 DOI: 10.3390/nano8040202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of nanomedicine has enriched the knowledge and strategies of treating diseases, and especially some incurable diseases, such as cancers, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and neurodegenerative diseases. The application of nanoparticles in medicine is in the core of nanomedicine. Nanoparticles can be used in drug delivery for improving the uptake of poorly soluble drugs, targeted delivery to a specific site, and drug bioavailability. Early diagnosis of and targeted therapies for cancers can significantly improve patients' quality of life and extend patients' lives. The advantages of nanoparticles have given them a progressively important role in the nanodiagnosis and nanotherapy of common cancers. To provide a reference for the further application of nanoparticles, this review focuses on the recent development and application of nanoparticles in the early diagnosis and treatment of the three common cancers (lung cancer, liver cancer, and breast cancer) by using quantum dots, magnetic nanoparticles, and gold nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Leng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Yongtao Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Weiqun Tian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhu J, Yu H, Chen S, Yang P, Dong Z, Ling Y, Tang H, Bai S, Yang W, Tang L, Shen F, Wang H, Wen W. Prognostic significance of combining high mobility group Box-1 and OV-6 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:912-923. [PMID: 29441453 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory environment and existence of cancer stem cells are critical for progression and intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after curative resections. Here, we investigated the prognostic significance of combining high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) expression and hepatic progenitor marker OV6 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Expression of HMGB1 and OV6 was evaluated using immunohistochemistry profiling in tissue microarrays containing samples from 208 HCC patients. Invasive clinical or pathological factors were found in patients with high expression of HMGB1 or OV6. Higher HMGB1 was associated with poorer clinical outcomes, and independently related to elevated 5-year recurrence incidence (85.5% vs. 62.4%, P<0.001). We also found that more OV6 positive staining was correlated with poor prognosis of HCC patients (P<0.001). Notably, expression of HMGB1 was positively correlated with OV6 in density (R2=0.032, P<0.001) and reversely related to HCC outcomes. Abnormal expression of HMGB1 in combination with positive staining of OV6 displayed poorer prognostic performance than single biomarker alone (area under curve (AUC) survival=0.696). Therefore, HMGB1 and OV6 positive staining are promising prognostic parameters for HCC, and we propose that HMGB1 and OV6 may cooperate with each other and predict poor prognosis of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Zhu
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Han Yu
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shuzhen Chen
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Pinghua Yang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zihui Dong
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yan Ling
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Shilei Bai
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wen Yang
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Liang Tang
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Feng Shen
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China. .,International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China. .,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory on Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Wen Wen
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China. .,International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction of Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China. .,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory on Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Vitamin C preferentially kills cancer stem cells in hepatocellular carcinoma via SVCT-2. NPJ Precis Oncol 2018; 2:1. [PMID: 29872720 PMCID: PMC5871898 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-017-0044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid, ascorbate, VC) is a potential chemotherapeutic agent for cancer patients. However, the anti-tumor effects of pharmacologic VC on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver cancer stem cells (CSCs) remain to be fully elucidated. Panels of human HCC cell lines as well as HCC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models were employed to investigate the anti-tumor effects of pharmacologic VC. The use of VC and the risk of HCC recurrence were examined retrospectively in 613 HCC patients who received curative liver resection as their initial treatment. In vitro and in vivo experiments further demonstrated that clinically achievable concentrations of VC induced cell death in liver cancer cells and the response to VC was correlated with sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2 (SVCT-2) expressions. Mechanistically, VC uptake via SVCT-2 increased intracellular ROS, and subsequently caused DNA damage and ATP depletion, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Most importantly, SVCT-2 was highly expressed in liver CSCs, which promoted their self-renewal and rendered them more sensitive to VC. In HCC cell lines xenograft models, as well as in PDX models, VC dramatically impaired tumor growth and eradicated liver CSCs. Finally, retrospective cohort study showed that intravenous VC use was linked to improved disease-free survival (DFS) in HCC patients (adjusted HR = 0.622, 95% CI 0.487 to 0.795, p < 0.001). Our data highlight that pharmacologic VC can effectively kill liver cancer cells and preferentially eradicate liver CSCs, which provide further evidence supporting VC as a novel therapeutic strategy for HCC treatment. Pharmacologic doses of vitamin C preferentially eradicate liver cancer stem cells and are associated with improved outcomes in patients. A team led by Hong-Yang Wang and Wen Yang from the Second Military Medical University in Shanghai, China, showed that clinically achievable concentrations of vitamin C effectively killed liver cancer cells and preferentially eradicated cancer stem cells in culture and in mouse transplant models. Cells with higher expression levels of a vitamin C transporter protein were more susceptible to the treatment, which explains why cancer stem cells, which highly express this transportor and use it for their own self-renewal, were especially sensitive to take in vitamin C, which led to a cascade that resulted in DNA damage, energy depletion, and ultimately cell death. A retrospective analysis of 613 patients with liver cancer showed that those who received intravenous vitamin C lived longer without disease relapse.
Collapse
|
49
|
Precision diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer in China. Cancer Lett 2018; 412:283-288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
50
|
Tajul Arifin K, Sulaiman S, Md Saad S, Ahmad Damanhuri H, Wan Ngah WZ, Mohd Yusof YA. Elevation of tumour markers TGF-β, M 2-PK, OV-6 and AFP in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-induced rats and their suppression by microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:879. [PMID: 29268718 PMCID: PMC5740965 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3883-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chlorella vulgaris (ChV), a unicellular green algae has been reported to have anticancer and antioxidant effects. The aim of this study was to determine the chemopreventive effect of ChV on liver cancer induced rats by determining the level and expression of several liver tumour markers. Methods Male Wistar rats (200–250 g) were divided into 4 groups according to the diet given: control group (normal diet), ChV group with three different doses (50, 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight), liver cancer- induced group (choline deficient diet + 0.1% ethionine in drinking water or CDE group), and the treatment group (CDE group treated with three different doses of ChV). Rats were killed at 0, 4, 8 and 12 weeks of experiment and blood and tissue samples were taken from all groups for the determination of tumour markers expression alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), M2-pyruvate kinase (M2-PK) and specific antigen for oval cells (OV-6). Results Serum level of TGF-β increased significantly (p < 0.05) in CDE rats. However, ChV at all doses managed to decrease (p < 0.05) its levels to control values. Expressions of liver tumour markers AFP, TGF-β, M2-PK and OV-6 were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in tissues of CDE rats when compared to control showing an increased number of cancer cells during hepatocarcinogenesis. ChV at all doses reduced their expressions significantly (p < 0.05). Conclusions Chlorella vulgaris has chemopreventive effect by downregulating the expression of tumour markers M2-PK, OV-6, AFP and TGF-β, in HCC-induced rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khaizurin Tajul Arifin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Suhaniza Sulaiman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Suhana Md Saad
- Department of Diagnostic & Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Management & Science University (MSU), University Drive, Seksyen 13, 40100, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hanafi Ahmad Damanhuri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Yasmin Anum Mohd Yusof
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|