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Chen K, Kim S, Yang S, Varadkar T, Zhou ZZ, Zhang J, Zhou L, Liu XM. Advanced biomanufacturing and evaluation of adeno-associated virus. J Biol Eng 2024; 18:15. [PMID: 38360753 PMCID: PMC10868095 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-024-00409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) has been developed as a safe and effective gene delivery vehicle to treat rare genetic diseases. This study aimed to establish a novel biomanufacturing process to achieve high production and purification of various AAV serotypes (AAV2, 5, DJ, DJ8). First, a robust suspensive production process was developed and optimized using Gibco Viral Production Cell 2.0 in 30-60 mL shaker flask cultures by evaluating host cells, cell density at the time of transfection and plasmid amount, adapted to 60-100 mL spinner flask production, and scaled up to 1.2-2.0-L stirred-tank bioreactor production at 37 °C, pH 7.0, 210 rpm and DO 40%. The optimal process generated AAV titer of 7.52-8.14 × 1010 vg/mL. Second, a new AAV purification using liquid chromatography was developed and optimized to reach recovery rate of 85-95% of all four serotypes. Post-purification desalting and concentration procedures were also investigated. Then the generated AAVs were evaluated in vitro using Western blotting, transmission electron microscope, confocal microscope and bioluminescence detection. Finally, the in vivo infection and functional gene expression of AAV were confirmed in tumor xenografted mouse model. In conclusion, this study reported a robust, scalable, and universal biomanufacturing platform of AAV production, clarification and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University (OSU), 151 W Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Seulhee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 W 19th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Siying Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University (OSU), 151 W Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Tanvi Varadkar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University (OSU), 151 W Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Zhuoxin Zora Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University (OSU), 151 W Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jiashuai Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 W 19th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Lufang Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 W 19th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Margaret Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University (OSU), 151 W Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), The Ohio State University, 650 Ackerman Rd, Columbus, OH, 43202, USA.
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Multiple roles of haem in cystathionine β-synthase activity: implications for hemin and other therapies of acute hepatic porphyria. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:229241. [PMID: 34251022 PMCID: PMC8298261 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20210935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of haem in the activity of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is reviewed and a hypothesis postulating multiple effects of haem on enzyme activity under conditions of haem excess or deficiency is proposed, with implications for some therapies of acute hepatic porphyrias. CBS utilises both haem and pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) as cofactors. Although haem does not participate directly in the catalytic process, it is vital for PLP binding to the enzyme and potentially also for CBS stability. Haem deficiency can therefore undermine CBS activity by impairing PLP binding and facilitating CBS degradation. Excess haem can also impair CBS activity by inhibiting it via CO resulting from haem induction of haem oxygenase 1 (HO 1), and by induction of a functional vitamin B6 deficiency following activation of hepatic tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and subsequent utilisation of PLP by enhanced kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) and kynureninase (Kynase) activities. CBS inhibition results in accumulation of the cardiovascular risk factor homocysteine (Hcy) and evidence is emerging for plasma Hcy elevation in patients with acute hepatic porphyrias. Decreased CBS activity may also induce a proinflammatory state, inhibit expression of haem oxygenase and activate the extrahepatic kynurenine pathway (KP) thereby further contributing to the Hcy elevation. The hypothesis predicts likely changes in CBS activity and plasma Hcy levels in untreated hepatic porphyria patients and in those receiving hemin or certain gene-based therapies. In the present review, these aspects are discussed, means of testing the hypothesis in preclinical experimental settings and porphyric patients are suggested and potential nutritional and other therapies are proposed.
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Bustad HJ, Kallio JP, Vorland M, Fiorentino V, Sandberg S, Schmitt C, Aarsand AK, Martinez A. Acute Intermittent Porphyria: An Overview of Therapy Developments and Future Perspectives Focusing on Stabilisation of HMBS and Proteostasis Regulators. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E675. [PMID: 33445488 PMCID: PMC7827610 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is an autosomal dominant inherited disease with low clinical penetrance, caused by mutations in the hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) gene, which encodes the third enzyme in the haem biosynthesis pathway. In susceptible HMBS mutation carriers, triggering factors such as hormonal changes and commonly used drugs induce an overproduction and accumulation of toxic haem precursors in the liver. Clinically, this presents as acute attacks characterised by severe abdominal pain and a wide array of neurological and psychiatric symptoms, and, in the long-term setting, the development of primary liver cancer, hypertension and kidney failure. Treatment options are few, and therapies preventing the development of symptomatic disease and long-term complications are non-existent. Here, we provide an overview of the disorder and treatments already in use in clinical practice, in addition to other therapies under development or in the pipeline. We also introduce the pathomechanistic effects of HMBS mutations, and present and discuss emerging therapeutic options based on HMBS stabilisation and the regulation of proteostasis. These are novel mechanistic therapeutic approaches with the potential of prophylactic correction of the disease by totally or partially recovering the enzyme functionality. The present scenario appears promising for upcoming patient-tailored interventions in AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene J. Bustad
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (H.J.B.); (J.P.K.)
| | - Juha P. Kallio
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (H.J.B.); (J.P.K.)
| | - Marta Vorland
- Norwegian Porphyria Centre (NAPOS), Department for Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (M.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Valeria Fiorentino
- INSERM U1149, Center for Research on Inflammation (CRI), Université de Paris, 75018 Paris, France; (V.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Sverre Sandberg
- Norwegian Porphyria Centre (NAPOS), Department for Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (M.V.); (S.S.)
- Norwegian Organization for Quality Improvement of Laboratory Examinations (Noklus), Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Caroline Schmitt
- INSERM U1149, Center for Research on Inflammation (CRI), Université de Paris, 75018 Paris, France; (V.F.); (C.S.)
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, 92700 Colombes, France
| | - Aasne K. Aarsand
- Norwegian Porphyria Centre (NAPOS), Department for Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (M.V.); (S.S.)
- Norwegian Organization for Quality Improvement of Laboratory Examinations (Noklus), Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Aurora Martinez
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (H.J.B.); (J.P.K.)
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Zhao L, Wang X, Zhang X, Liu X, Ma N, Zhang Y, Zhang S. Therapeutic strategies for acute intermittent porphyria. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2020; 9:205-216. [PMID: 33139979 PMCID: PMC7586882 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2020.03089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by mutations in porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD), the third enzyme of the heme synthesis pathway. Symptoms of AIP usually manifest as intermittent acute attacks with occasional neuropsychiatric crises. The management of AIP includes treatment of acute attacks, prevention of attacks, long-term monitoring and treatment of chronic complications. Intravenous injection of heme is the most effective method of treating acute attacks. Carbohydrate loading is used when heme is unavailable or in the event of mild attacks. Symptomatic treatment is also needed during attacks. Prevention of attacks includes eliminating precipitating factors, heme prophylaxis and liver transplantation. New treatment options include givosiran (siRNA) to down-regulate ALA synthase-1 (ALAS1) and the messenger RNA of PBGD (PBGD mRNA) delivered to the liver cells of patients with AIP. Long-term monitoring of chronic complications includes regular liver-kidney function and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xinyang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoning Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiantao Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ningzhen Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yiran Zhang
- School of First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Songyun Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Address correspondence to:Songyun Zhang, Department of Endocrinology, The second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China. E-mail:
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Bustad HJ, Toska K, Schmitt C, Vorland M, Skjærven L, Kallio JP, Simonin S, Letteron P, Underhaug J, Sandberg S, Martinez A. A Pharmacological Chaperone Therapy for Acute Intermittent Porphyria. Mol Ther 2019; 28:677-689. [PMID: 31810863 PMCID: PMC7001003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) cause acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), an autosomal dominant disease where typically only one HMBS allele is mutated. In AIP, the accumulation of porphyrin precursors triggers life-threatening neurovisceral attacks and at long-term, entails an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, kidney failure, and hypertension. Today, the only cure is liver transplantation, and a need for effective mechanism-based therapies, such as pharmacological chaperones, is prevailing. These are small molecules that specifically stabilize a target protein. They may be developed into an oral treatment, which could work curatively during acute attacks, but also prophylactically in asymptomatic HMBS mutant carriers. With the use of a 10,000 compound library, we identified four binders that further increased the initially very high thermal stability of wild-type HMBS and protected the enzyme from trypsin digestion. The best hit and a selected analog increased steady-state levels and total HMBS activity in human hepatoma cells overexpressing HMBS, and in an Hmbs-deficient mouse model with a low-expressed wild-type-like allele, compared to untreated controls. Moreover, the concentration of porphyrin precursors decreased in liver of mice treated with the best hit. Our findings demonstrate the great potential of these hits for the development of a pharmacological chaperone-based corrective treatment of AIP by enhancing wild-type HMBS function independently of the patients’ specific mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene J Bustad
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Karen Toska
- Norwegian Porphyria Centre (NAPOS), Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Caroline Schmitt
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, 92700 Colombes, France; INSERM U1149, Center for Research on Inflammation (CRI), Université de Paris, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Marta Vorland
- Norwegian Porphyria Centre (NAPOS), Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars Skjærven
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Juha P Kallio
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Sylvie Simonin
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, 92700 Colombes, France; INSERM U1149, Center for Research on Inflammation (CRI), Université de Paris, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Letteron
- INSERM U1149, Center for Research on Inflammation (CRI), Université de Paris, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Jarl Underhaug
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Sverre Sandberg
- Norwegian Porphyria Centre (NAPOS), Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; The Norwegian Quality Improvement of Primary Care Laboratories, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Aurora Martinez
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
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Anderson KE. Acute hepatic porphyrias: Current diagnosis & management. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 128:219-227. [PMID: 31311713 PMCID: PMC6911835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Each of the four acute hepatic porphyrias is due to mutation of an enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway. The accumulation of pathway intermediates that occur most notably when these diseases are active is the basis for screening and establishing a biochemical diagnosis of these rare disorders. Measurement of enzyme activities and especially DNA testing also are important for diagnosis. Suspicion of the diagnosis and specific testing, particularly measurement of urinary porphobilinogen, are often delayed because the symptoms are nonspecific, even when severe. Urinary porphyrins are also measured, but their elevation is much less specific. If porphobilinogen is elevated, second line testing will establish the type of acute porphyria. DNA testing identifies the familial mutation and enables screening of family members. Management includes removal of triggering factors whenever possible. Intravenous hemin is the most effective treatment for acute attacks. Carbohydrate loading is sometimes used for mild attacks. Cyclic attacks, if frequent, can be prevented by a GnRH analogue. Frequent noncyclic attacks are sometime preventable by scheduled (e.g. weekly) hemin infusions. Long term complications may include chronic pain, renal impairment and liver cancer. Other treatments, including RNA interference, are under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl E Anderson
- The University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health and Internal Medicine, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-1109, United States of America.
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