1
|
Gallego-Durán R, Hadjihambi A, Ampuero J, Rose CF, Jalan R, Romero-Gómez M. Ammonia-induced stress response in liver disease progression and hepatic encephalopathy. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024:10.1038/s41575-024-00970-9. [PMID: 39251708 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-00970-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia levels are orchestrated by a series of complex interrelated pathways in which the urea cycle has a central role. Liver dysfunction leads to an accumulation of ammonia, which is toxic and is strongly associated with disruption of potassium homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, hypoxaemia and dysregulation of neurotransmission. Hyperammonaemia is a hallmark of hepatic encephalopathy and has been strongly associated with liver-related outcomes in patients with cirrhosis and liver failure. In addition to the established role of ammonia as a neurotoxin in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy, an increasing number of studies suggest that it can lead to hepatic fibrosis progression, sarcopenia, immune dysfunction and cancer. However, elevated systemic ammonia levels are uncommon in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. A clear causal relationship between ammonia-induced immune dysfunction and risk of infection has not yet been definitively proven. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms by which ammonia produces its diverse deleterious effects and their clinical relevance in liver diseases, the importance of measuring ammonia levels for the diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy, the prognosis of patients with cirrhosis and liver failure, and how our knowledge of inter-organ ammonia metabolism is leading to the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Gallego-Durán
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (HUVR/CSIC/US), Department of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Hadjihambi
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Javier Ampuero
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (HUVR/CSIC/US), Department of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Christopher F Rose
- Hepato-Neuro Laboratory, CRCHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (HUVR/CSIC/US), Department of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ballester MP, Durmazer EN, Qi T, Jalan R. The Value of Ammonia as a Biomarker in Patients with Cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis 2024. [PMID: 39095029 DOI: 10.1055/a-2378-8942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia is a product of amino acid metabolism that accumulates in the blood of patients with cirrhosis and plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Despite being one of the main drivers of brain dysfunction, for many years international societies stated that increased blood ammonia does not add any diagnostic, staging, or prognostic value for HE in patients with cirrhosis. Nonetheless, in the last decades, evidence is emerging that supports the utility of ammonia for risk stratification, but its role in guiding HE diagnosis, staging, and treatment is unclear and there is equipoise in its use in clinical practice. This review provides the latest evidence on the value of ammonia as a biomarker in patients with cirrhosis. Although correct measurement of ammonia requires disciplined sample collection, it provides extremely useful clinical guidance for the diagnosis of HE, offers prognostic information, and it defines a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pilar Ballester
- Hepatology Unit, Digestive Disease Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esra Nur Durmazer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tingting Qi
- Hepatology Unit, Department of Infectious Disease, Southern Medical University, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF Clif), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
De Rosa M, Giampaoli O, Sciubba F, Marini F, Tranfo G, Sisto R, Miccheli A, Tricarico L, Fetoni AR, Spagnoli M. NMR-based metabolomics for investigating urinary profiles of metal carpentry workers exposed to welding fumes and volatile organic compounds. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1386441. [PMID: 39171307 PMCID: PMC11335539 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1386441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Metal carpentry includes a wide range of work activities such as welding and cutting metallic components, use of solvents and paints. Therefore, the employees in these types of activities are mainly exposed to welding fumes and volatile organic solvents. Here, we present an NMR-based metabolomic approach for assessing urinary profiles of workers in the same company that are exposed to two different risk factors. Methods The study enrolled 40 male subjects exposed to welding fumes, 13 male subjects exposed to volatile organic compounds of a metal carpentry company, and 24 healthy volunteers. All samples were collected, in the middle of the working week at fast. Thirty-five urinary metabolites belonging to different chemical classes such as amino acids, organic acids and amines were identified and quantified. Results were processed by multivariate statistical analysis for identifying significant metabolites for each working group examined, compared to controls. Results Workers exposed to welding fumes displayed urinary increase in glutamine, tyrosine, taurine, creatine, methylguanidine and pseudouridine associated to oxidative impairment, while workers exposed to volatile organic compounds showed higher urinary levels of branched chain aminoacids. Conclusion Our work identified specific urinary profile related to each occupational exposure, even if it is below the threshold limit values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele De Rosa
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ottavia Giampaoli
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Sciubba
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Marini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tranfo
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology, Environmental and Occupational Hygiene, Istituto Nazionale Assicurazione contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro (INAIL), Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
| | - Renata Sisto
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology, Environmental and Occupational Hygiene, Istituto Nazionale Assicurazione contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro (INAIL), Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
| | - Alfredo Miccheli
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Tricarico
- Catholic University of the Sacred Hearth, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Fetoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences-Audiology Section, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariangela Spagnoli
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology, Environmental and Occupational Hygiene, Istituto Nazionale Assicurazione contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro (INAIL), Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Badal BD, Fagan A, Tate V, Mousel T, Gallagher ML, Puri P, Davis B, Miller J, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet P, Gedguadas R, Kupcinkas J, Thacker L, Bajaj JS. Substitution of One Meat-Based Meal With Vegetarian and Vegan Alternatives Generates Lower Ammonia and Alters Metabolites in Cirrhosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2024; 15:e1. [PMID: 38986526 PMCID: PMC11196077 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diet can affect ammoniagenesis in cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy (HE), but the impact of dietary preferences on metabolomics in cirrhosis is unclear. As most Western populations follow meat-based diets, we aimed to determine the impact of substituting a single meat-based meal with an equal protein-containing vegan/vegetarian alternative on ammonia and metabolomics in outpatients with cirrhosis on a meat-based diet. METHODS Outpatients with cirrhosis with and without prior HE on a stable Western meat-based diet were randomized 1:1:1 into 3 groups. Patients were given a burger with 20 g protein of meat, vegan, or vegetarian. Blood for metabolomics via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and ammonia was drawn at baseline and hourly for 3 hours after meal while patients under observation. Stool microbiome characteristics, changes in ammonia, and metabolomics were compared between/within groups. RESULTS Stool microbiome composition was similar at baseline. Serum ammonia increased from baseline in the meat group but not the vegetarian or vegan group. Metabolites of branched chain and acylcarnitines decreased in the meat group compared with the non-meat groups. Alterations in lipid profile (higher sphingomyelins and lower lysophospholipids) were noted in the meat group when compared with the vegan and vegetarian groups. DISCUSSION Substitution of a single meat-based meal with a non-meat alternatives results in lower ammoniagenesis and altered serum metabolomics centered on branched-chain amino acids, acylcarnitines, lysophospholipids, and sphingomyelins in patients with cirrhosis regardless of HE or stool microbiome. Intermittent meat substitution with vegan or vegetarian alternatives could be helpful in reducing ammonia generation in cirrhosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D. Badal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Richmond VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Andrew Fagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Richmond VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Victoria Tate
- Department of Dietetics, Richmond VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Travis Mousel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Richmond VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Mary Leslie Gallagher
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Richmond VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Puneet Puri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Richmond VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Brian Davis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Richmond VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jennifer Miller
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Richmond VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Masoumeh Sikaroodi
- Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Patrick Gillevet
- Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Rolandas Gedguadas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Juozas Kupcinkas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Leroy Thacker
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jasmohan S. Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Richmond VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Katayama K, Kakita N. Possible pathogenetic role of ammonia in liver cirrhosis without hyperammonemia of venous blood: The so-called latency period of abnormal ammonia metabolism. Hepatol Res 2024; 54:235-243. [PMID: 38323701 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.14022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Ammonia is also involved in many other pathological conditions seen in cirrhosis, such as sarcopenia, liver fibrosis, hepatocellular injury, immune dysfunction, and hyperammonemia. Furthermore, the ammonia level of the veins is a useful prognostic factor for cirrhosis. In cirrhosis without hyperammonemia of the vein, however, covert hepatic encephalopathy has been reported. This discrepancy is because of the anatomical features of ammonia metabolism. There are two systems in the body for detoxifying ammonia: one is the urea cycle in the liver, and the other is the glutamine synthesis pathway in skeletal muscle and other tissues. The blood processed in the liver's urea cycle is then transported via arteries to various organs. Further processing occurs in the brain and skeletal muscle's glutamine synthesis pathway before entering the veins. When the urea cycle function decreases in cirrhosis, the ammonia levels in the artery increase. In response, the glutamine synthesis pathway compensates by increasing the capacity to process ammonia. Therefore, the ammonia concentration in the veins downstream of skeletal muscles does not increase immediately. However, the brain and skeletal muscles, which receive arterial blood, might be exposed to high ammonia concentrations. In addition, branched-chain amino acids in venous blood decrease. This period is the transition phase from early- to late-phase cirrhosis, and understanding the pathophysiology during this stage is extremely important for preventing the progression of cirrhosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Katayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kaizuka City Hospital, Kaizuka, Osaka, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang CH, Amodio P. Can rifaximin for hepatic encephalopathy be discontinued during broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment? World J Hepatol 2024; 16:115-119. [PMID: 38495281 PMCID: PMC10941747 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v16.i2.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a formidable complication in patients with decompensated cirrhosis, often necessitating the administration of rifaximin (RFX) for effective management. RFX, is a gut-restricted, poorly-absorbable oral rifamycin derived antibiotic that can be used in addition to lactulose for the secondary prophylaxis of HE. It has shown notable reductions in infection, hospital readmission, duration of hospital stay, and mortality. However, limited data exist about the concurrent use of RFX with broad-spectrum antibiotics, because the patients are typically excluded from studies assessing RFX efficacy in HE. A pharmacist-driven quasi-experimental pilot study was done to address this gap. They argue against the necessity of RFX in HE during broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment, particularly in critically ill patients in intensive care unit (ICU). The potential for safe RFX discontinuation without adverse effects is clearly illuminated and valuable insight into the optimization of therapeutic strategies is offered. The findings also indicate that RFX discontinuation during broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy was not associated with higher rates of delirium or coma, and this result remained robust after adjustment in multivariate analysis. Furthermore, rates of other secondary clinical and safety outcomes, including ICU mortality and 48-hour changes in vasopressor requirements, were comparable. However, since the activity of RFX is mainly confined to the modulation of gut microbiota, its potential utility in patients undergoing extensive systemic antibiotic therapy is debatable, given the overlapping antibiotic activity. Further, this suggests that the action of RFX on HE is class-specific (related to its activity on gut microbiota), rather than drug-specific. A recent double-blind randomized controlled (ARiE) trial provided further evidence-based support for RFX withdrawal in critically ill cirrhotic ICU patients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics. Both studies prompt further discussion about optimal therapeutic strategy for patients facing the dual challenge of HE and systemic infections. Despite these compelling results, both studies have limitations. A prospective, multi-center evaluation of a larger sample, with placebo control, and comprehensive neurologic evaluation of HE is warranted. It should include an exploration of longer-term outcome and the impact of this protocol in non-critically ill liver disease patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hao Huang
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Piero Amodio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Padua, Padova 35122, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vilstrup H, Eriksen PL, Ott P. Further on ammonia concentration, -clearance, -removal, and -production. J Hepatol 2023; 79:e207-e208. [PMID: 37400017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Vilstrup
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
| | - Peter Lykke Eriksen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Peter Ott
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shawcross DL, Thabut D, Amodio P. Ammonia - an enduring foe - What evaluating whole body ammonia metabolism can teach us about cirrhosis and therapies treating hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol 2023:S0168-8278(23)00327-6. [PMID: 37178732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Debbie L Shawcross
- Institute of Liver Studies, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK; Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK.
| | - Dominique Thabut
- Brain Liver Salpêtrière Study Group, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine & Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris 75013, France; AP-HP; Sorbonne Université, Liver Intensive Care Unit, Hepatogastroenterology Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris 75013, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Piero Amodio
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|